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隱變量理論

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隱變量理論(英語:hidden variable theory)又稱隱變數理論,是由物理學家質疑量子力學完備性而提出的替代理論。歷史上隨著量子力學的發展,而提出了海森堡不確定原理等限制,一別於古典物理,諸如位置動量等無法同時精準測出其值;此外關於粒子位置等特性由機率密度描述所取代。一些物理學家例如愛因斯坦,認為量子力學並未完整地描述物理系統的狀態,亦即質疑量子力學是不完備的。因此量子力學的背後應該隱藏了一個尚未發現的理論,可以完整解釋物理系統所有可觀測量的演化行為,而避免掉任何不確定性或隨機性。

歷史上愛因斯坦是隱變量理論的主要倡導者,出於對標準量子力學詮釋的機率性解釋的不滿。[1]他曾說:「我相信上帝不擲骰子。」[2]

1935年,愛因斯坦與波多爾斯基羅森共同提出的EPR悖論(以姓氏字首為縮寫)試圖對哥本哈根詮釋做出挑戰,論文中指出「實在性元素」(即隱變量)應該加入量子力學中,俾使在量子纏結現象中不會出現鬼魅般的超距作用。在提出後,這樣的爭辯仍停留在物理哲學的範疇,直到約翰·貝爾提出貝爾定理方得區分兩者差異。透過實驗證實:一定類型的局域隱變量理論與實驗結果不相符,包括EPR佯謬中提出的詮釋版本。非局域(廣域)的隱變量理論最知名者為德布羅意-玻姆理論

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參考資料

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文内引用

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  1. ^ The Born-Einstein letters: correspondence between Albert Einstein and Max and Hedwig Born from 1916-1955, with commentaries by Max Born. Macmillan. 1971: 158. 
  2. ^ 愛因斯坦與馬克斯·玻恩的私人通信(1926年12月4日):Albert Einstein Archives页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) reel 8, item 180

延伸阅读

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  • Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen, "Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?" Physical Review 47, 777–780 (1935).
  • John Stewart Bell, "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox", Physics 1, (1964) 195–200. Reprinted in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  • D. Bohm and B. J. Hiley, The Undivided Universe, Routledge, 1993
  • Wolfgang Pauli, letter to M. Fierz dated 10 August 1954, reprinted and translated in K. V. Laurikainen, Beyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, p. 226.
  • Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations, translated by A. J. Pomerans, Harper & Row, New York, 1971, pp. 63–64.
  • Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, Bernard Diu and Franck Laloë, Mecanique quantique (see also Quantum Mechanics translated from the French by Susan Hemley, Nicole Ostrowsky, and Dan Ostrowsky; John Wiley & Sons 1982) Hermann, Paris, France. 1977.
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  • Arthur Fine, The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1986.
  • Thomas Kuhn. Black-Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity, 1894–1912 Chicago University Press. 1987.
  • Asher Peres, Quantum Theory: Concepts and Methods, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993.
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  • Roland Omnès, Understanding Quantum Mechanics, Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • Roman Jackiw and Daniel Kleppner, "One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics", Science, Vol. 289 Issue 5481, p. 893, August 2000.
  • Orly Alter and Yoshihisa Yamamoto. Quantum Measurement of a Single System (PDF). Wiley-Interscience. 2001. 136 pp. ISBN 9780471283089. doi:10.1002/9783527617128. Slides. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2014-02-03). 
  • Erich Joos, et al., Decoherence and the Appearance of a Classical World in Quantum Theory, 2nd ed., Berlin, Springer, 2003.
  • Wojciech Zurek (2003). "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical — Revisited", (An updated version of Physics Today, 44:36–44 (1991) article)
  • Wojciech Zurek, "Decoherence, einselection, and the quantum origins of the classical" in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.75, (715).
  • Asher Peres and Daniel Terno, "Quantum Information and Relativity Theory", Reviews of Modern Physics 76 (2004) 93.
  • Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Alfred Knopf 2004.
  • Maximilian Schlosshauer, "Decoherence, the Measurement Problem, and Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics", in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.76, pages 1267–1305, 2005.
  • Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli. "Relational Quantum Mechanics" The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2005 Edition).
  • Marco Genovese, "Research on hidden variable theories: a review of recent progresses", in Physics Reports, vol.413, 2005.

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