以色列國籍法
公民法 5712-1952 希伯來文:חוק האזרחות, התשי"ב-1952 | |
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以色列議會 | |
引用 | SH 95 146 |
地域範圍 | 以色列 |
制定機關 | 第二屆以色列議會 |
制定日期 | 1952年4月1號[1] |
施行日期 | 1952年7月14號[1] |
立法歷史 | |
首讀 | 1951年11月20號 |
二讀 | 1952年3月25-26號 |
三讀 | 1 April 1952年4月1號[2] |
廢止 | |
1925年巴勒斯坦國籍法 | |
現狀:獲修訂 |
以色列國籍法係以色列嘅國籍法,決定邊個有資格做以色列公民。依家主要嘅兩條法律來源,係1950年嘅回歸法同埋1952年嘅公民法。
每一位猶太人都有權移民去以色列同成爲以色列公民。跟住屬人主義,如果至少有一位父母係以色列公民,仔女就自然都會係公民。任何非猶太外邦人,當做永久居民住咗至少3年同埋講到基本希伯來文之後,就能夠歸化成爲公民。只有猶太人先有雙重國籍嘅權利,而非猶太人如果希望入籍,必需先放棄舊嘅國籍。
因爲以色列前身係英屬巴勒斯坦,所以有啲遺留嘅法律令情況比較複雜。再加上以色列係以“猶太民族國”嘅地位而立國,對於猶太人同非猶太人嘅處理方法未必一樣,所以更加亂。
國籍得失
[編輯]自動攞到
[編輯]所有至少一位父母係以色列公民嘅,自然都會係公民。如果唔喺以色列出世,就要係海外出世嘅第一代先可以做公民[3]。超過一代而又希望做公民嘅,可以喺回歸法之下向政府直接申請[4],經過同意就會成爲公民。
所有領養嘅小朋友自動會成爲公民,無論任何宗教背景[5]。所有喺以色列出世嘅18-21嵗,如果曾經冇任何其他國籍,又至少喺以色列連續住咗5年,就會成爲公民[6]。
自願歸化
[編輯]任何海外猶太人如果移民去以色列,就會喺回歸法之下自動成爲以色列公民[7]。截至2020年,以色列嘅猶太人口有21%係屬於海外移民[8]。
喺法律問題上,“猶太人”係任何媽媽係屬於猶太裔,或者一位改信猶太教嘅人。所有呢位猶太人嘅仔女、孫、配偶、或者配偶嘅仔女同孫,都會成爲公民。任何自願放棄猶太教嘅人亦會同時放棄佢嘅國籍[9]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Welcoming.jpg/220px-Welcoming.jpg)
非猶太永久居民喺申請入籍嘅時候,如果過去5年有3年都住喺以色列、識基本希伯來文、同放棄舊國籍,就能夠成爲公民[10]。對於曾經參與過以色列軍隊、父母已經歸化咗做公民嘅未成年人、或者對以色列有做過特別嘅貢獻,呢啲規矩有可能可以豁免[10]。
所有海外猶太人都有多重國籍嘅權利,因爲希望鼓勵佢哋移民去以色列,但又唔希望佢哋喪失原有嘅國籍。相反,所有非猶太人都一定要先放棄舊國籍,先能夠歸化成爲以色列公民。選擇歸化嘅非猶太人一般都係工作或者家庭原因,亦有啲係東耶路撒冷或者戈蘭高地嘅居民[11]。
失去國籍
[編輯]以色列公民可以自願放棄國籍,只要喺海外居住、有其他國籍、同埋冇任何對以色列嘅軍事義務[12]。有啲返以色列住嘅人,如果唔希望喪失其他國籍,可能寧願放棄以色列國籍[13]。喺2003-2015年之間,總共有8,308人自願放棄以色列國籍。有其他因爲打算移民海外或者攞其他國籍,而選擇放棄以色列國籍[14]。
除咗自願放棄之外,亦有啲情況係自動喪失以色列國籍。例如,如果有一位以色列公民俾人發現係唔誠實咁攞到國籍,又或者喺作爲公民期間做咗一啲背板國家嘅事,佢嘅國籍可能會自動失去[15]。除此之外,如果有以色列公民成爲以色列敵國嘅公民[16],例如敘利亞、黎巴嫩、伊拉克、伊朗等等,或者甚至非法咁去呢啲國家[17],都可能會沒收國籍。因爲背叛國家而失去國籍嘅,由1948年到依家總共只係出現咗3次[15]。
巴勒斯坦政策
[編輯]巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人地位
[編輯]喺第一次中東戰爭贏咗之後,以色列控制咗英屬巴勒斯坦嘅大部分地區,剩返嘅就只係約旦河西岸同埋加沙地帶,分別由約旦同埃及吞并咗[18]。聯合國估計有大約72萬位巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人流離失所[19],只有17萬留咗喺以色列[20]。雖然國際社會一般都支持巴勒斯坦回歸家鄉,但係以色列政府就依然唔容許。雙方都視對方為國家安全嘅威脅:因爲以色列周邊嘅國家唔時都會表示希望鏟除以色列國,所以對以色列係國家威脅;同時,以色列因爲呢個威脅而表示要維持治安,所以拒絕容許巴勒斯坦人大逃亡嘅人回歸家鄉,因爲怕出現同周邊阿拉伯國家一樣嘅反猶情緒[21]。
因爲咁,所以喺以色列住嘅非猶太人,特別係阿拉伯人,喺成爲公民嘅時候,就受到嚴格嘅限制。佢哋必需要係英屬巴勒斯坦時期嘅國民、喺1949年2月或之前申請咗做以色列居民、同埋喺申請國籍之前冇離開過以色列國土[22]。呢啲限制嘗試系統性咁排除阿拉伯人參與以色列嘅事務[19],亦因爲咁,所以當時大約90%喺以色列住嘅阿拉伯人,都成爲咗無國籍人民[20]。喺1980年,以色列議會更改咗國籍法,完全容許國内嘅阿拉伯人成爲公民[23]。
以色列佔領區
[編輯]以色列喺六日戰爭贏咗東耶路撒冷,並且將佢并入已經控制住嘅西耶路撒冷。但係,喺東耶路撒冷住嘅阿拉伯人並冇自動變成以色列公民,只係做到永久居民。因爲對希伯來文嘅要求,加上唔希望承認以色列對東耶路撒冷嘅控制,呢個地區嘅大部分阿拉伯人都冇申請歸化成爲以色列公民[24]。喺1980年,以色列通過咗法案,正式視東耶路撒冷為以色列國土[25]。截至2022年,東耶路撒冷嘅居民之中,有 5% 係以色列公民[26]。
喺戈蘭高地,當地嘅德魯茲派教徒成爲咗以色列永久居民。同樣,當地嘅居民並唔希望承認以色列對呢個地區嘅控制,所以大部分都保留咗敘利亞國籍[27]。截至2022年,戈蘭高地嘅德魯茲教徒,有 20% 係以色列公民[28]。
聯合國大會同埋聯合國安理會都視呢兩塊地為由非法侵略而攞返嚟嘅土地[29]。
榮譽國籍
[編輯]爲咗承認所有喺猶太人大屠殺期間,對保護猶太人做出極大貢獻嘅非猶太人,以色列會提供國際義人嘅榮譽,並且為佢哋提供榮譽國籍,同埋所有一個公民同樣會有嘅權利[30]。歷史上總共有130位非猶太人攞到呢個榮譽[31]。
睇埋
[編輯]出面網頁
[編輯]攷
[編輯]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Margalith 1953, p. 63.
- ↑ "Citizenship Law, 1952" (希伯來文). Knesset. 原先內容歸檔喺3 March 2022. 喺2 March 2022搵到.
- ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, p. 4.
- ↑ "נוהל טיפול בהענקת אזרחות לקטין לפי סעיף 9(א)(2)" [Procedure for granting citizenship to a minor under Article 9(a)(2)] (PDF) (Hebrew). Population and Immigration Authority. 1 December 2019. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺12 November 2022. 喺16 October 2023搵到.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, pp. 5–6.
- ↑ Kassim 2000, p. 206.
- ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, pp. 2, 4.
- ↑ Jews, By Continent of Origin, Continent of Birth and Period of Immigration (PDF). Statistical Abstract of Israel 2020 (報告). Central Bureau of Statistics. 31 August 2021. 原先內容歸檔 (PDF)喺28 October 2021. 喺27 October 2021搵到.
- ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, p. 3.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Herzog 2017, pp. 61–62.
- ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, pp. 9–10.
- ↑ "Give up (renounce) Israeli citizenship – for Israelis living abroad". Government of Israel. 原先內容歸檔喺1 November 2020. 喺29 September 2021搵到.
- ↑ "Give up (renounce) Israeli citizenship in order to keep your foreign citizenship". Government of Israel. 原先內容歸檔喺5 October 2021. 喺29 September 2021搵到.
- ↑ Eichner, Itamar (23 June 2016). "8,308 Israelis renounced citizenship over past 12 years". Ynet. 原先內容歸檔喺7 April 2019. 喺29 September 2021搵到.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Harpaz & Herzog 2018, p. 6.
- ↑ Herzog 2010, pp. 62–63.
- ↑ Herzog 2010, p. 57.
- ↑ Kramer 2001, p. 984.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Davis 1995, p. 23.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Davis 1995, pp. 26–27.
- ↑ Kramer 2001, pp. 984–985.
- ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, pp. 4–5.
- ↑ Shachar 1999, pp. 250–251.
- ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, p. 12.
- ↑ Benvenisti 2012, p. 205.
- ↑ Hasson, Nir (29 May 2022). "Just 5 Percent of E. Jerusalem Palestinians Have Received Israeli Citizenship Since 1967". Haaretz. 原先內容歸檔喺11 January 2023. 喺18 October 2023搵到.
- ↑ Harpaz & Herzog 2018, pp. 11–12.
- ↑ Amun, Fadi (3 September 2022). "As ties to Syria fade, Golan Druze increasingly turning to Israel for citizenship". The Times of Israel. 原先內容歸檔喺5 July 2023. 喺18 October 2023搵到.
- ↑ Benvenisti 2012, pp. 203–205.
- ↑ "Raoul Wallenberg Is Granted Honorary Israeli Citizenship". The New York Times. Reuters. 17 January 1986. 原先內容歸檔喺7 July 2022. 喺26 October 2023搵到.
- ↑ Jeffay, Nathan (6 October 2011). "'Righteous' Moved to Israel After Saving Jews in Holocaust". The Forward. 原先內容歸檔喺21 May 2022. 喺26 October 2023搵到.
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