Peng-tó
Peng-tó Kiōng-hô-kok Lýðveldið Ísland | |
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Kok-koa: Lofsöngur "Sèng-si" | |
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Siú-to͘ kap siāng-tōa siâⁿ-chhī | Reykjavík |
Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân | Peng-tó-gí |
Sêng-jīn ê kok-ka gí-giân | Peng-tó-gí |
Chèng-hú | tan-it-chè, gī-hoē-chè, kiōng-hô-kok |
• chóng-thóng | Halla Tómasdóttir |
• chóng-lí | Bjarni Benediktsson |
Li̍p-hoat ki-kò͘ | Althing |
Bīn-chek | |
• Lóng-chóng | 102,775 km2 (39,682 sq mi) (tē 106 miâ) |
• chúi-he̍k (%) | 2.07 |
Jîn-kháu | |
• 2021 nî kó͘-kè | 371,580 (tē 179 miâ) |
• 2011 nî phó͘-cha | 315,556 |
• Bi̍t-tō͘ | 3.5/km2 (9.1/sq mi) (tē 190 miâ) |
GDP (PPP) | 2020 nî kó͘-kè |
• Lóng-chóng | $19.8 cha̍p-ek (tē 142 miâ) |
• Pêng-kin | $54,482 (tē 16 miâ) |
GDP (bêng-gī) | 2020 nî kó͘-kè |
• Lóng-chóng | $20.8 cha̍p-ek |
• Pêng-kin | $57,189 (tē 5 miâ) |
Gini (2018 nî) |
![]() kē · tē 2 miâ |
HDI (2019 nî) |
![]() chin ko · tē 4 miâ |
Hoè-pè | Peng-tó króna (ISK) |
Sî-khu | UTC (GMT/WET) |
Sî-kan keh-sek | dd.mm.yyyy |
Khui-chhia hong-hiòng | iū |
Tiān-oē khu-hō | +354 |
ISO 3166 tāi-hō | IS |
Siōng-téng domain | .is |
Peng-tó Kiōng-hô-kok (冰島共和國, Peng-tó-gí: Lýðveldið Ísland) tī pak Tāi-se-iûⁿ, So͘-kat-lân kap Greenland ê tiong-kan. Peng-tó sī Pak-au kok-ka kî-tiong 1 kok.
Peng-tó sī siāng to͘-chhī-hòa ê Pak-au kok-ka, jîn-kháu chi̍t-pòaⁿ tòa siú-to· Reykjavík.
Hō-miâ
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Peng-tó ê hō-miâ ū chi̍t khoán kū-sek im-e̍k-gí sī I-su-lân.[1]
Tē-lí seng-thài
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Iceland_Mid-Atlantic_Ridge_Fig16.gif/220px-Iceland_Mid-Atlantic_Ridge_Fig16.gif)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Satellite_image_of_Iceland_in_September.jpeg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Iceland_in_September.jpeg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Iceland_satellite.jpg/220px-Iceland_satellite.jpg)
Peng-tó tī Bí-chiu kap Euro-A-chiu chit 2-tè tāi-lio̍k-pôaⁿ sio-pōng ê só·-chāi (hō-chò Tiong Tāi-se-iûⁿ Liông-chit, Mid-Atlantic Ridge), tì-tio̍h chhiâng-chāi ū hóe-soaⁿ tùi hái-té phû--chhut-lâi, án-ne lâi chō chhut bē-chió sin lio̍k-tē. Peng-tó pún-sin sī kî-tiong siāng-kài tōa--ê. Tó-siōng ê hóe-soaⁿ pêng-kin it~jī-cha̍p-nî po̍k-hoat 1 pái, chhèng--chhut-lâi ê hóe-hu (tephra) u-jiám cheng-seⁿ chia̍h--ê chháu-á, che le̍k-sú-siōng bat chin chē pái chō-chiâⁿ cheng-seⁿ kap lâng iau-iau--sí. Chē-chē un-choâⁿ kap phong-phài ê tē-hā-sio thê-kiong Peng-tó thiân-jiân ê lêng-goân, m̄-bián chhiūⁿ pa̍t-ūi tio̍h khò hòa-chio̍h jiân-liāu. Peng-tó lōe-tē sī ko-goân, oá Pak-ke̍k-khoan, tōa-pō·-hūn thàu-nî-tang khàm 1 têng peng-bō (Eng-gí: ice cap). Hô-chhoan ê chúi sam-put-gō·-sî ē e̍k-kîⁿ. Kē-tē só·-chāi in-ūi oá México-oan-lîu (Gulf Stream), khì-un pí-kàu khah un-hô.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bifr%C3%B6st_2004.jpg/220px-Bifr%C3%B6st_2004.jpg)
Peng-tó sī Au-chiu kok-ka tang-tiong seng-thài phò-hāi siāng-kài giâm-tiōng ê 1-ê. Chū khai-sí ū Pak-au-lâng tiàm hia khiā-khí kàu taⁿ, ē-sái kóng tōa-pō·-hūn ê chāi-tē ê chhiū-châng kap kî-thaⁿ ê si̍t-bu̍t lóng in-ūi kòe-thâu lī-iōng chôaⁿ-á thòaⁿ bē lo̍h-khì. Koh in-ūi khì-hāu hân-léng, chháu-châng têng hoat ê sok-tō· te̍k-pia̍t sô. Piáu-bīn ê si̍t-bu̍t it-tàn chheng-tiāu, ē-kha-têng khin, iù, koh sang ê hóe-hu-thô· chin kín tō khì hō· tó-siōng ê kông-hong tōa-hō· piàⁿ-piàⁿ tiāu. Kú-tn̂g sî-kan lia̍p-chek--khí-lâi ê pûi thô·-bah soah chi̍t-pòaⁿ án-ne lâi liû-sit. Hiān-tāi ê Peng-tó iû-goân tōa-phiàn bē-su soa-bô· kāng-khoán. Sui-bóng chèng-hu ū siat 1-ê pō·-mn̂g choan-kang hoa̍t-lo̍h chō-nâ ê sū-kang, chóng--sī bo̍k-chêng hāu-kó iú-hān.
Le̍k-sú sū-kiāⁿ
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Kong-goân 870 nî khai-sí ū lâng î-bîn khì kàu Peng-tó. Tōa-pō·-hūn lâi-chū sai Lo̍k-ui, chió-pō·-hūn sī chá-kî î-bîn khì kàu Britain Kûn-tó ê Viking-lâng kap in chhōa--ê Celt cha-bó·-lâng. 930 nî chó-iū tōa-pō·-hūn sek-ha̍p chèng-choh ê tē í-keng hông chiàm liáu-liáu ah, î-bîn tòe teh chió--khì.
Peng-tó gī-hōe tī 999 nî thong-kòe chiap-siū Ki-tok-kàu, thang î-chhî in hām Ki-tok-kàu Norge ê keng-chè koan-hē. Peng-tó khai-sí hiòng Lô-má la̍p-sòe. Kàu-hōe phài tāi-lio̍k-chek ê chú-kàu kàu Peng-tó.
Tī 13 sè-kí chêng-pòaⁿ, tó-siōng 5-ê thâu-lâng kap in tāi-piáu ê tōa ka-cho̍k sio-tak, pàng-hóe, thâi-sí bē-chió lâng. Peng-tó-lâng chôaⁿ-á tī 1262 hit nî iau-chhiáⁿ Lo̍k-ui ông thóng-tī. Tī 1397 nî Lo̍k-ui, Sūi-tián, Tan-be̍h chit 3-ê Pak-au ông-kok thóng-it tī kāng-1-ê ông ê miâ-gī-hā (Kalmar Tông-bêng), 1536 nî pun chò Sūi-tián kap Tan-be̍h 2 kok (Tan-be̍h-pêng pau-koah Lo̍k-ui kap Lo̍k-ui koán-hat ê hái-gōa léng-thó·). 1814 nî liáu-āu Lo̍k-ui kui Sūi-tián, ah Peng-tó (kap Greenland, Faroe Kûn-tó) lâu tī Tan-be̍h. 1874 nî Peng-tó tùi Tan-be̍h tit-tio̍h pō·-hūn chū-tī-koân. 1944 nî oân-choân tùi Tan-be̍h to̍k-li̍p--chhut-khì.
Keng-chè
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Chá-kî ê î-bîn chhì beh tiàm Peng-tó kiàn-li̍p Pak-au-sek ê keng-chè ki-chhó·. In tòa lâi gû, bé, ti, mî-iûⁿ, kap soaⁿ-iûⁿ chit 5 chióng tián-hêng ê Au-a-chiu cheng-seⁿ-á, kî-tiong mî-iûⁿ sò·-liōng siāng chē, ah ti-á kap soaⁿ-iûⁿ in-ūi bô ha̍h tong-tē seng-thài āu--lâi chôaⁿ-á hòng-khì. Lēng-gōa koh ū lia̍h tong-tē ê iá-seng tōng-bu̍t lâi chia̍h, kî-tiong hái-chhiūⁿ kap hái-chiáu chin kín tō chia̍h kah khu̍t-chéng--khì, só·-í āu--lâi nn̄g-pe̍h-chit chú-iàu tùi hî-á lâi. Che pau-koah khe-ô· lāi ê chun-hî, salmon, char (Salvelinus-sio̍k), kap iân-hái ê soat-hî kap haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). Soat-hî kap haddock te̍k-pia̍t tiōng-iàu: in thê-kiong chia̍h-mi̍h hō· Peng-tó-lâng ū-hoat-tō· tō·-kòe Sió Peng-hô Sî-tāi, jī-chhiáⁿ sī hiān-tāi Peng-tó-kok ê keng-chè tōng-le̍k.
Peng-tó ê keng-chè tiōng-sim tī Tiong-kó·-sî-tāi boán-kî khai-sí choán-hêng khì hái-sán-gia̍p. Hit-tong-sî Au-chiu tāi-lio̍k ê siâⁿ-chhī jîn-kháu tng teh sêng-tióng, che thê-kiong Peng-tó 1-ê goā-siau iân-hái hî-sán ê chhī-tiûⁿ khong-kan. Chú-iàu ê sán-phín sī pha̍k-ta liáu so-iâm ê soat-hî-koaⁿ. Peng-tó tó-siōng in-ūi bô tōa-châng chhiū thê-kiong chō-chûn ê bo̍k-châi, in tio̍h khò Lo̍k-ui, Eng-lân, Tek-kok, Hoat-kok kap O-lân ūn-su sán-phín kàu tāi-lio̍k. Peng-tó kàu-kah 20 sè-kí chho·-kî chiah ū ka-kī ê chûn-tūi. Lia̍h-hî ki-su̍t oân-ná tī hit-tōaⁿ sî-kî tōa-tōa hiān-tāi-hòa. Lông-gia̍p chiām-chiām ui--khì, jîn-kháu tòe teh sóa khì to·-chhī tiong-sim. Siâⁿ-chhī ê jîn-kháu tī 1920 nî-tāi thâu-1-pái pí chng-kha chē. Kàu-kah 1950 nî-tāi, Peng-tó ê gōa-siau-phín ū 9-siâⁿ í-siōng sī hái-sán.
Hiān-tāi ê keng-chè ki-chhó· kiàn-li̍p tòa hî-sán. Gōa-siau siu-ji̍p 6-siâⁿ í-siōng hām hî-gia̍p ū koan-hē. Kî-thaⁿ ê gōa-siau-phín pau-koah a-lú-mih, ferro-silicon, mî-chè-phín, kap hî-gia̍p hong-bīn ê siat-pī. Tōa-pō·-hūn gōa-siau khì Au-chiu Liân-bêng (EU), Europa Chū-iû Bō·-ek Hia̍p-hōe (EFTA), Bí-kok, Ji̍t-pún. 1970, 80 nî-tāi bat hoat-seng thong-hòe phòng-tiòng, siāng koân chhèng kàu 59% (1980); chòe-kīn kúi-nî í-keng lak lo̍h-lâi kàu 1.5% chó-iū. Hiān-chhú-sî ê sit-gia̍p-lu̍t te̍k-pia̍t kē, 1% chó-iū.
Thian-jiân chu-goân chió, âng-mo·-thô· sī chú-iàu ê chè-phín, iōng tī kiàn-tio̍k, pí chìn-kháu ê chhâ ke chin ē hô. Peng-tó lêng-goân chhiong-chiok, tē-hā-sio kap chúi-le̍k hoat-tiān iōng liáu ū chhun, bo̍k-chêng ū teh gián-kiù gōa-siau ê khó-hêng-sèng. Khai-hoat chia̍h-tiān kang-gia̍p mā teh khó-lū-tiong.
Tī kòe-khì 10 tang Peng-tó ū teh khai-hoat chè-chō-gia̍p kap ho̍k-bū-gia̍p, pau-koah chu-sìn kho-ki, seng-bu̍t kho-ki, kim-iông ho̍k-bū téng-téng. Koan-kong-gia̍p phòe-ha̍p seng-thài koan-kong ê sî-kiâⁿ thê-kiong lâng him-sióng hái-ang ê ki-hōe.
Peng-tó bô thih-lō·.
Kok-bîn-só·-tek pêng-kin 1 lâng pun Bí-kim 30,900 (2003 nî kó·-kè), pâi tī sè-kài chêng kúi-ūi-á. Kin-kù 2006 nî ê 1 phiⁿ OECD pò-kò, Peng-tó ê khoan-pîn phó·-ki̍p-lu̍t sī 26.7%, sī sè-kài tē 1 ūi (Hân-kok 25.4%). [1]
Chèng-tī
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Peng-tó tī 1944 nî tùi Tan-be̍h to̍k-li̍p, sêng-li̍p kiōng-hô-kok. Gī-hōe (Alþingi) tī 930 nî sêng-li̍p, 1799 nî thêng-chí ūn-chok, 1844 nî iū-koh têng oa̍h-tāng; hit-chūn ê kak-sek sī chò Tan-be̍h ông ê kò·-būn-thoân. Hiān-tāi ê Alþingi ū 63-ê gī-oân.
Chóng-thóng sī kok-ka ê thâu-lâng, koân-le̍k iú-hān, tī te̍k-sû chêng-hêng ē-sái chí-phài pō·-tiúⁿ. Chhōa-thâu ê pō·-tiúⁿ chiah sī chèng-hú ê thâu-lâng. In-ūi m̄-bat ū chèng-tóng soán kòe-pòaⁿ, chêng-kah-taⁿ ê chèng-hú lóng-chóng sī 2 tóng í-siōng cho·-sêng ê liân-ha̍p chèng-hú.
Chóng-thóng, kok-hōe, pō·-tiúⁿ, tē-hng gī-hōe lóng sī 4 tang kái-soán 1 pái.
Chú-iàu ê chèng-tóng: To̍k-li̍p Tóng, Chìn-pō· Tóng, Siā-hōe Bîn-chú Liân-bêng, Chó-phài-le̍k-tóng, Chū-iû Tóng.
Peng-tó bô kun-tūi.
Hêng-chèng
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sveitarf%C3%A9l%C3%B6g-landsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i.png/250px-Sveitarf%C3%A9l%C3%B6g-landsv%C3%A6%C3%B0i.png)
Peng-tó pun-chò 8 ê tē-khu (landsvæði), ē-kha koh pun-chò 26 ê hêng-chèng-khu (éng-kòe pun 23 ê koān, hō-chò sýslur). Lóng-chóng ū 104 ê hiong-tìn.
Jîn-kháu
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Peng-tó pún-té tāi-khài bô tòa lâng, nā ū mā ke̍k-ke kúi-ê-á Éire-lâng tòa tī hia (bo̍k-chêng pēng-bô khó-kó· chèng-kì).
Peng-tó chêng-kah-taⁿ î-bîn iú-hān, jîn-kháu chha-put-to lóng-sī chá-kî Skandinavia î-bîn ê hiō-tāi. Chit-ê te̍k-sek piáu-sī Peng-tó jîn-kháu te̍k-pia̍t sek-ha̍p chò ûi-thoân-ha̍k hong-bīn ê gián-kiù.
Bûn-hòa
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]Peng-tó-lâng tī kòe-khì chheng-gōa-nî oa̍h tī 1-ê pháiⁿ seng-chûn ê khoân-kéng tang-tiong. In āu--lâi o̍h ē-hiáu tiâu-chéng chó·-tē ê keng-chè bô·-sek thang sek-èng Peng-tó ê thiau-chiàn. Che chō-chiâⁿ tó-bîn thāi-tō· khim-hióng pó-siú, bô gōan-ì mā kám-kak bô pún-chîⁿ thang chhìn-chhái si̍t-giām, bō·-hiám.
Bat-jī-lu̍t 99.9%. Chhut-pán ê gia̍h nā chiàu jîn-kháu pí-lē lâi phēng, tī choân sè-kài sī pâi thâu-chêng-ūi. Peng-tó-gú pó-chûn kó·-chá Kó· Norse-oē ê te̍k-sek. Hiān-tāi ê Peng-tó-lâng (kap Føroyar-lâng) iáu tha̍k ū bat chheng-nî-chêng ê Kó· Norse bûn-hiàn. Lo̍k-ui-lâng tō bô chit-ê châi-tiāu. In ê sú-si (saga) kì-chài 12 sè-kí ê Lo̍k-ui kap Peng-tó le̍k-sú. Siāng ū miâ-siaⁿ ê hiān-tāi chok-ka sī Halldor Kiljan Laxness chit-ūi Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng ê tit-chióng-jîn.
Peng-tó mā pó-chûn Skandinavia í-chá ê hō-miâ hē-thóng. Tōa-pō·-hūn lâng bô sèⁿ. Kí 1-ê lē: ū 1-ê chhut-miâ ê cha-bó· koa-chheⁿ hō-chò Björk Guðmundsdóttir. Björk sī i kò-jîn ê miâ, tān-sī Guðmundsdóttir m̄ sī i ê sèⁿ. He ì-sù sī "Guðmundur ê cha-bó·-kiáⁿ", ah Guðmundur sī lāu-pē kò-jîn ê miâ. Siat-sú Björk ū hiaⁿ-tī, in ê miâ āu-piah tiāⁿ-tio̍h-sī Guðmundurson ("Guðmundur ê cha-po·-kiáⁿ"). Só·-í Peng-tó-lâng thong-siông kiò lâng ê kò-jîn miâ, tī chèng-sek ê tiûⁿ-bīn (chhin-chhiūⁿ kok-hōe-thiaⁿ) oân-ná sī án-ne. Hoat-lu̍t kui-tēng tio̍h iōng chit-ê hē-thóng; î-it ê lē-gōa sī 1913 nî chìn-chêng tō ū hō sèⁿ ê hit-kóa lâng kap in ê hiō-tāi. Cha-bó·-lâng kiat-hun liáu-āu it-poaⁿ kè-siok iōng pún-miâ.
Chham-chiàu
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- ↑ Tē-lí Kàu-kho-su Koàn Jī. Tiong Se Tōe-miâ Piáu. goân-loē-iông tī 2021-05-07 hőng khó͘-pih. 2017-04-09 khòaⁿ--ê.
Gōa-pō· liân-kiat
[siu-kái | kái goân-sí-bé]- Peng-tó ê koaⁿ-hong ji̍p-kháu
- Kok-hōe ê Eng-bûn bāng-chām Archived 2004-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.
- Chèng-hú ê Eng-bûn bāng-chām
- Siòng
- Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Gōa-kau-pō· lí-hêng chu-sìn
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