Relationships Strengthening Relationships How a Fearful Avoidant Attachment Style Can Affect Your Life By Cynthia Vinney, PhD Updated on November 02, 2023 Reviewed Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by mental health professionals. Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. Learn more. by Sabrina Romanoff, PsyD Print Verywell / Theresa Chiechi Table of Contents View All Table of Contents Take the Attachment Styles Quiz Adult Attachment Styles Causes Impact Coping Trending Videos Close this video player Fearful avoidant attachment is one of four adult attachment styles. Those with this insecure style of attachment have a strong desire for close relationships, but distrust others and fear intimacy. People with a fearful-avoidant attachment style distrust others and withdraw from relationships in order to avoid rejection. This leads people with a fearful-avoidant attachment to avoid the very relationships they crave. This article reviews how fearful-avoidant attachment style develops and describes the impacts it can have on an individual. If you are living with this attachment style, know that there are ways to cope and maintain healthy relationships. Origins of Attachment Theory Psychologist John Bowlby introduced attachment theory in 1969 to explain the bonds infants develop with their caregivers. He suggested that caregivers who are responsive and available will instill a sense of security in their babies that enables the child to go out and confidently explore the world. In the 1970s, Bowlby's colleague Mary Ainsworth expanded on his ideas by identifying three specific attachment patterns in infants, which accounted for both secure and insecure attachment styles. Take the Attachment Styles Quiz If you're unsure about your attachment style, this fast and free quiz can help you identify what your thoughts and behaviors may say about your attachment. This attachment styles quiz was reviewed by David Susman, PhD. The 10 Best Online Couples Therapy Services We Tried and Tested in 2024 Adult Attachment Styles in 1990, Bartholomew and Horowitz proposed a four-category model of adult attachment styles that introduced the idea of fearful-avoidant attachment. Bartholomew and Horowitz's categories were based on the combination of two working models: on the one hand, whether or not a person feels worthy of love and support, and on the other hand, whether or not one feels other people are trustworthy and available. This created four adult attachment styles, one secure style, and three insecure styles. Fearful-Avoidant Individuals with fearful avoidant attachment are a combination of the preoccupied and dismissive-avoidant styles of insecure attachment. They believe they are unlovable and also don't trust other people to support and accept them. Because they think others will eventually reject them, they withdraw from relationships. At the same time, however, they strongly desire intimacy because the acceptance of others helps them feel better about themselves. People with a fearful-avoidant attachment style want love, closeness, and connection, yet they fear and avoid it. Fearful-avoidant attachment can lead to behavior that may be confusing to friends and romantic partners. People with this style may encourage closeness at first and then emotionally or physically retreat when they start to feel vulnerable in the relationship. Preoccupied Those with preoccupied attachment believe they aren't worthy of love but generally feel others are supportive and accepting. Consequently, these individuals seek validation and self-acceptance through their relationships with others. Dismissive-Avoidant People with dismissive-avoidant attachment have a sense of their own self-worth but don't trust other people. This makes them dismissive of the value of intimacy, leading them to avoid close relationships. Secure People who have a secure attachment style believe they are worthy of love and that other people are trustworthy and responsive. As a result, they are comfortable with intimacy but are also secure enough to be on their own. Understanding Emotional Attachment and Whether Yours Is Healthy What Causes Fearful-Avoidant Attachment Style? Fearful-avoidant attachment is often caused by childhood in which at least one parent or caregiver exhibits frightening behavior. This frightening behavior can range from overt abuse to more subtle signs of anxiety or uncertainty, but the result is the same. When the child approaches the parent for comfort, the parent is unable to provide it. Because the caregiver does not offer a secure base and may function as a source of distress for the child, the child's impulse will be to start to approach the caregiver for comfort but will then withdraw. People who carry this fearful-avoidant attachment into adulthood will exhibit the same impulse to approach and then withdraw in their interpersonal relationships with friends, spouses, partners, colleagues, and children. Impacts of This Attachment Style People with fearful avoidant attachment want to form strong interpersonal bonds but also want to protect themselves from rejection. This leads them to seek out relationships but avoid true commitment or to leave as soon as a relationship gets too intimate. The belief that others will hurt them and that they can't measure up in a relationship lead those with a fearful-avoidant attachment to have a range of issues. Fearful-avoidant attachment is often considered the worst in terms of potential negative outcomes. For example, multiple studies have shown that there is an association between fearful-avoidant attachment and depression. Research by Van Buren and Cooley and Murphy and Bates found that it's the negative view of the self and the self-criticism that accompanies fearful-avoidant attachment that leaves those with this attachment style vulnerable to depression, social anxiety, and negative emotions, in general. Meanwhile, another study found that, in comparison to other attachment styles, fearful-avoidant attachment is predictive of more sexual partners in one's lifetime and a greater tendency to consent to sex even when it's unwanted. However, it is important to recognize that the effects of fearful-avoidant attachment depend on a variety of factors, including a person's coping style and the support they receive from others. Becoming more aware of your attachment style may help you learn to cope with it more effectively. What Disorganized Attachment Looks Like in a Relationship Coping With Fearful-Avoidant Attachment There are ways to deal with the challenges that come with a fearful-avoidant attachment style. These include: Learn About Your Attachment Style If you recognize yourself in the description of fearful-avoidant attachment, it helps to learn more as this will give you insight into the patterns and thought processes that may be keeping you from getting what you want from love and life. Keep in mind that each of the adult attachment categories is broad and may not be a perfect description of your behavior and feelings. Still, if you aren't aware of your patterns, you can't change them, so learning about the attachment style that best fits you can be the first step in this direction. Set and Communicate Boundaries in Relationships If you fear that sharing too much about yourself in a relationship too quickly will lead you to withdraw, slow things down. Communicate to your partner that you are most comfortable taking your time opening up and that you will be doing so gradually. You can also communicate what makes you anxious and what will help you feel more secure, enabling you to feel safer in the relationship. Be Kind to Yourself People with fearful-avoidant attachment think negatively about themselves and can often be self-critical. It can help you to learn to talk to yourself like you would a friend. This enables you to be more compassionate and understanding of yourself while shutting down self-criticism. Seek Out Therapy It can be helpful to discuss your challenges with fearful-avoidant attachment with a counselor or therapist. Research has shown, however, that fearful-avoidant attachment may impede treatment because people with this attachment style are prone to avoiding intimacy even with a therapist. As a result, it's important to seek out a therapist who has experience successfully treating people with fearful-avoidant attachment and therefore knows how to overcome this potential therapeutic hurdle. Get Help Now We've tried, tested, and written unbiased reviews of the best online therapy programs including Talkspace, BetterHelp, and ReGain. Find out which option is the best for you. 6 Sources Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61(2):226-244. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226 Envision Wellness. Fearful Avoidant Attachment in Adults. Van Buren A, Cooley EL. Attachment Styles, View of Self and Negative Affect. North American Journal of Psychology. 2002;4(3):417-430. Murphy B, Bates GW. Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression. Pers Individ Dif. 1997;22(6):835-844. doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)00277-2 Favez N, Tissot H. Fearful-Avoidant Attachment: A Specific Impact on Sexuality? J Sex Marital Ther. 2019;45(6):510-523. doi:10.1080/0092623x.2019.1566946 Reis S, Grenyer BFS. Fearful attachment, working alliance and treatment response for individuals with major depression. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2004;11(6):414-424. doi:10.1002/cpp.428 By Cynthia Vinney, PhD Cynthia Vinney, PhD is an expert in media psychology and a published scholar whose work has been published in peer-reviewed psychology journals. See Our Editorial Process Meet Our Review Board Share Feedback Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! What is your feedback? 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