Famous Greek Emperors & Kings

George I of Greece was elected king at 17, supported by Great Powers. He married Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia and became the first monarch of a new Greek dynasty. His reign of almost 50 years was marked by territorial gains and setbacks, including the peaceful cession of the Ionian Islands and the annexation of Thessaly from the Ottoman Empire. Despite successes, Greece was defeated in the Greco-Turkish War and George was assassinated during the First Balkan War in Thessaloniki.

Pyrrhus of Epirus was a Greek king and statesman known for his military prowess during the Hellenistic period. He became king of Epirus at a young age and was dethroned before regaining power with the help of Ptolemy I Soter. Pyrrhus fought against Rome in the Pyrrhic War, achieving costly victories but ultimately losing to the Romans. He also briefly held power in Sicily and Macedonia before meeting his end in battle at Argos. Pyrrhus was renowned as one of the greatest generals of antiquity, despite suffering heavy losses in his campaigns.

Constantine II of Greece served as the last king of Greece from 1964 to 1973. He was an accomplished sailor and Olympian, winning a gold medal in the 1960 Rome Olympics. Constantine also served on the International Olympic Committee. His reign was marked by political instability, culminating in the Colonels' Coup in 1967, which forced him into exile. Despite attempts to restore the monarchy, he accepted the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the Third Hellenic Republic in 1974.

George II of Greece ascended to the throne twice, facing challenges such as exile, abdication, and a failed coup. He supported an authoritarian regime and led the Greek government-in-exile during World War II. Following the war, a plebiscite preserved the monarchy, and he returned to Greece. His reign was marked by political turmoil, including the Greco-Turkish War and German invasion. George II passed away in 1947, without any children, and was succeeded by his younger brother, Paul.

Croesus was the king of Lydia from 585 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 547 or 546 BC. He reigned for 14 years and was known for his immense wealth, with his gifts being preserved at Delphi. His fall had a significant impact on the Greeks, becoming a legendary figure by the fifth century. Croesus' professional life was marked by his reign as king, his reputation for wealth, and his ultimate defeat by Cyrus.

Constantine I was King of Greece on two separate occasions. He served as commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Army during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and led Greek forces in the successful Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, expanding Greece's territory. His disagreement with Prime Minister Venizelos over entering World War I led to the National Schism and civil war. Constantine twice forced Venizelos to resign, went into exile in 1917, and was reinstated in 1920. He abdicated in 1922 after Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War.

Antiochus IV Epiphanes was a Greek Hellenistic king who ruled the Seleucid Empire. He ascended the throne controversially, facing opposition as a usurper. Notable events during his reign include his near-conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt, persecution of the Jews, and the rebellion of the Jewish Maccabees. His eccentric behavior and capricious actions, such as mingling with commoners and seeking municipal offices, earned him the nickname "The Mad." Antiochus's reign set a trend of power struggles and instability within the Seleucid Empire, ultimately contributing to its collapse.

Otto of Greece ascended to the throne at a young age and initially ruled as an absolute monarch, later granting a constitution in response to public pressure. Throughout his reign, he struggled to address Greece's poverty and faced economic challenges from external influences. His political strategy involved balancing the interests of the Great Powers supporting Greece while navigating internal affiliations. However, his standing among his subjects suffered due to incidents such as blockades by the British Royal Navy and an assassination attempt on Queen Amalia, eventually leading to his deposition in 1862 and subsequent exile.

Alexander of Greece became king during World War I after his father was exiled. Despite being stripped of his powers by political forces, he supported Greek troops in their conflicts. His reign saw the expansion of Greece's territory following the First World War and the Greco-Turkish War. He controversially married a commoner, causing scandal, and tragically died at a young age from a monkey bite. His sudden death raised doubts about the monarchy's future and led to political changes in Greece.

Marcian served as a domesticus under the commanders Ardabur and Aspar for fifteen years before becoming Roman emperor of the East from 450 to 457. As emperor, he reversed many policies of his predecessor, Theodosius II, particularly in dealings with the Huns led by Attila. Marcian revoked treaties with Attila, defeated the Huns in their homeland, and capitalized on the Hunnic confederation's fragmentation after Attila's death. He also convened the Council of Chalcedon, which defined Jesus as having both divine and human natures, leading to religious tensions within the empire.

John V Palaiologos was the Byzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391, facing challenges such as civil war, the Black Death, and military defeats to the Ottoman Turks. He became emperor at a young age, leading to conflicts with regents and rivals. John V eventually assumed full power, attempting to gain Western support against the Turks but was imprisoned in Venice due to debts. He faced further political intrigues, being twice usurped from the throne before his death in 1391.

Philip II of Macedon was the king of Macedonia known for his military and diplomatic achievements. He reformed the army by establishing the Macedonian phalanx and using siege engines, leading to victories in battle. He also utilized effective diplomacy and marriage alliances to politically consolidate most of Classical Greece. After defeating Athens and Thebes at the Battle of Chaeronea, he established the League of Corinth to invade the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. His assassination led to the succession of his son, Alexander the Great, who continued his father's military ambitions.

Paul of Greece served as the King of Greece from 1947 until his death in 1964. During his reign, he faced challenges such as the Greek Civil War and strained international relations. He secured funds for post-war recovery, but was criticized for limiting democracy. Paul was known for his numerous state visits and efforts towards enosis. Despite being labeled a terrorist in British media, he worked to maintain stability and promote Greece's interests on the global stage.

Pisistratus was a prominent politician in ancient Athens who served as a tyrant during various periods in the late 6th century BC until his death. He is known for unifying Attica, implementing economic and cultural reforms, and founding the Panathenaic Games. Pisistratus championed the lower class, confronting the aristocracy to reduce their privileges and redistribute wealth. He funded religious and artistic programs to stimulate the economy and promote equality among the Athenian populace, leaving a lasting legacy in Athenian history.

Pelops was the king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus region in Greek mythology. He was venerated at Olympia, where his cult played a significant role in the founding myth of the Olympic Games. The sanctuary at Olympia was a central place for offering chthonic night-time libations to Pelops before paying homage to the sky-god Zeus. Pelops' professional life was intertwined with his role as a revered figure in the region, symbolizing unity and cultural significance through the celebration of the Olympic Games.

John III Ducas Vatatzes, also known as Emperor of Nicaea, ruled from 1221 to 1254. During his reign, he expanded the empire's territories, reclaimed lands from the Latin Empire, and strengthened diplomatic ties with neighboring states. John III implemented administrative reforms, promoted economic growth, and supported cultural and artistic development. He was known for his military achievements, successfully defending Nicaea against various threats. His reign was marked by stability and prosperity, setting a strong foundation for future rulers.

Cleomenes I was an influential Agiad King of Sparta from around 524 to 490 BC. He played a crucial role in leading the Greek resistance against the Persian Empire of Darius, contributing significantly to shaping the geopolitical balance of Classical Greece. His leadership and strategic prowess were instrumental in organizing the Greek forces and fostering alliances to stand against the Persian threat. Cleomenes I's professional life was marked by his dedication to defending Greek independence and promoting unity among the city-states.

Perseus of Macedon reigned as king from 179 to 168 BC, marking the end of the Antigonid Dynasty. His rule was overshadowed by his defeat at the Battle of Pydna during the Third Macedonian War, leading to the demise of Macedonia as an independent political entity. Perseus is often recognized as the final king of Macedonia, with his downfall signifying the end of an era for the kingdom. His legacy is intertwined with the shifting power dynamics and conflicts that shaped ancient Greece and Rome.

Oruç Reis, also known as Aruj Barbarossa, was an Ottoman corsair who later became Sultan of Algiers. He was a skilled and daring naval commander, known for his successful exploits in the Mediterranean Sea. Oruç Reis played a significant role in transporting refugees from Spain to North Africa, earning him the title Baba Aruj. His leadership and strategic prowess were instrumental in various battles against rival powers, particularly the Spanish. Oruç Reis met his end in a fierce battle against the Spanish forces at Tlemcen.

Antigonus II Gonatas was a Macedonian ruler known for restoring stability to the Antigonid dynasty in Macedon. He successfully defeated the Gauls who had invaded the Balkans, earning fame for his military prowess. Antigonus II Gonatas navigated through a period of anarchy and chaos to solidify his rule, implementing strategic political and military decisions that strengthened his position. His leadership and victories played a crucial role in shaping the political landscape of the region during his reign.

John VI Kantakouzenos was a Byzantine Greek nobleman, statesman, and general. He served as grand domestic under Andronikos III Palaiologos and regent for John V Palaiologos before reigning as Byzantine emperor from 1347 to 1354. Deposed by his former ward, he was forced to retire to a monastery and spent the remainder of his life as a monk and historian. Kantakouzenos had a long and varied career in both military and political roles within the Byzantine Empire, culminating in his short-lived reign as emperor.

Amyntas III was the king of Macedonia during two separate reigns, known for his strategic leadership and diplomatic skills. He successfully navigated through political challenges and conflicts, maintaining stability and expanding the influence of the kingdom. His reign saw advancements in military tactics and administrative reforms, laying the groundwork for his famous son, Philip II, to further solidify Macedon as a dominant power in the region. Amyntas III's legacy is characterized by his contributions to the growth and prosperity of Macedonia.

Polycrates was a renowned tyrant of Samos from the 540s BC to 522 BC. He was known for his exceptional leadership skills, combining military prowess with a reputation for enlightened rule. His professional life was characterized by strategic decision-making, military conquests, and the establishment of a prosperous and influential regime in Samos. Polycrates' legacy as a ruler was defined by his ability to maintain power through a combination of strength and benevolent governance, earning him a reputation as a successful and respected leader.

Archidamus II was a prominent leader of Sparta, known for his military prowess and strategic acumen. He rose to power as king and reigned for several years, during which he successfully led Sparta in various military campaigns and diplomatic endeavors. Archidamus II was respected for his leadership skills and ability to navigate complex political situations. He left a lasting legacy as a strong and capable ruler who played a key role in shaping the history of ancient Sparta.

Romanos III Argyros was a Byzantine noble who rose to become Emperor after marrying the daughter of his predecessor, Constantine VIII. As Emperor, he was known for his good intentions but ineffective leadership. He made detrimental changes to the tax system and military, leading a failed military campaign against Aleppo. He faced internal struggles, including conflicts with his wife and attempts on his throne. Romanos also invested heavily in religious buildings. His reign ended in controversy and his death, allegedly by murder, paved the way for his wife's lover to succeed him.

Cleomenes III, a king of Sparta from 235 to 222 BC, sought to reform the Spartan state during his reign. He engaged in war against the Achaean League led by Aratus of Sicyon from 229 to 222 BC, culminating in his defeat at the Battle of Sellasia. Following this defeat, Cleomenes fled to Ptolemaic Egypt, where he later attempted a failed revolt in 219 BC. Subsequently, facing defeat and capture, Cleomenes committed suicide.

Eucratides I, also known as Eucratides the Great, was a significant Greco-Bactrian king who reigned during 172/171–145 BC. He was renowned for his conquests in northern India and the minting of an extensive and prestigious coinage, reflecting his rule of notable importance and prosperity. His reign marked a period of power and influence, with his successors being the final Greek rulers in Bactria. Eucratides left a lasting legacy as a skilled and successful ruler in the region.

Admetus, a king of Pherae in Thessaly, was known for his leadership and administrative skills. His professional life was marked by strategic decision-making and effective governance. He maintained diplomatic relations with neighboring kingdoms, ensuring stability and prosperity for his people. Admetus was respected for his wisdom and ability to navigate political challenges. He implemented policies that promoted economic growth and cultural development in his kingdom. Overall, his reign was characterized by strength, resilience, and a commitment to the well-being of his subjects.

Demaratus was a king of Sparta known for his opposition to co-ruler Cleomenes I. Dethroned due to accusations of illegitimacy, he sought refuge in the Achaemenid Empire under King Darius I. He was granted land and cities in Asia Minor, integrating into Persian society while retaining influence. Demaratus served as an advisor to Xerxes I during the Second Persian invasion of Greece, providing strategic insights about Greek military tactics.

Agis II was the 18th Eurypontid king of Sparta, ruling alongside his Agiad co-monarch Pausanias. Known for his military prowess and leadership skills, Agis II played a significant role in Spartan politics and warfare. He was actively involved in various military campaigns, including the Corinthian War and conflicts against Persian forces. Agis II's strategic decisions and diplomatic efforts helped shape Sparta's influence in the region during his reign. He is remembered as a capable and respected ruler in Spartan history.

Antiochus II Theos was a Greek king of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire who reigned from 261 to 246 BC. He succeeded his father Antiochus I Soter and was known for his forceful personality and ability to hold the sprawling Seleucid realm intact. However, his decision to repudiate his first wife Laodice and marry a Ptolemaic princess Berenice as part of a peace treaty led to a succession struggle after his death. This decision ultimately caused large territorial losses and shook the empire's foundations.

Euthydemus I was a Greco-Bactrian king and founder of the Euthydemid dynasty. Initially a satrap of Sogdia, he seized power from Diodotus II in 224 BC. Euthydemus and his son Demetrius successfully defended against an invasion by the Seleucid king Antiochus III from 209 to 206 BC. He expanded Bactrian territory into Sogdia, built fortresses such as the Derbent Wall in the Iron Gate, and issued a significant amount of coinage.

Agis III was the 21st Eurypontid king of Sparta. He attempted to challenge Macedonian control over Greece and lead a revolt against their hegemony. His efforts culminated in the Battle of Megalopolis in 331 BC, where he faced defeat by Antipater, the regent of Alexander the Great in Greece. Agis III ultimately lost his life in this battle. His professional life was marked by a courageous but unsuccessful attempt to resist foreign rule and protect the independence of Sparta and the Greek city-states.

Cypselus was the first tyrant of Corinth in the 7th century BC. He seized power at the head of popular support and maintained stability by upholding existing laws and customs. He expelled the ruling Bacchiadae dynasty and increased trade with colonies in Italy and Sicily. Cypselus ruled for thirty years and was succeeded by his son Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece. He built a treasury at Delphi, and his descendants continued to rule as tyrants in Corinth and its colonies.

Antiochus V Eupator was a ruler of the Greek Seleucid Empire during his reign from late 164 to 161 BC. Appointed as king by the Romans, he worked closely with his protector Lysias who served as regent. Antiochus V's professional life was marked by his efforts to maintain stability within the empire, navigate political alliances with external powers, and manage internal conflicts. He faced challenges and made decisions that shaped the course of the Seleucid Empire during his brief but impactful time in power.

Demetrius II Aetolicus, also known as Demetrius, ruled as king of Macedonia from 239 to 229 BC. During his reign, he faced internal challenges and external threats from neighboring states. He worked to maintain stability within his kingdom and expand Macedonia's influence through military campaigns. Demetrius II was known for his strategic military leadership and diplomatic skills in navigating complex political relationships. His reign saw a mixture of successes and setbacks, ultimately leaving a lasting impact on the history of ancient Macedonia.

Emetullah Rabia Gülnuş Sultan rose to prominence as the haseki sultan of Ottoman Sultan Mehmed IV, later becoming the valide sultan to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III. During the early 18th century, she emerged as one of the most powerful and influential women in the Ottoman Empire. Her professional life was marked by her significant role in the imperial court, where she wielded considerable political influence and played a crucial part in shaping the decisions and policies of the empire.

Histiaeus was a Greek ruler of Miletus in the late 6th century BC, serving as a tyrant under Darius I, king of Persia. Darius had subjugated Miletus and other Ionian states in Asia Minor, appointing Greeks as tyrants to govern the Greek cities in his territory. Histiaeus held a position of power and authority in managing and governing Miletus, acting as a representative of Persian interests in the region, and maintaining control over the Ionian states under Persian rule.

Leotychidas II was a Spartan king who came to power by challenging the legitimacy of his predecessor's birth. He led Spartan forces during the Persian Wars and commanded a Greek fleet in support of revolts against Persia. Leotychidas achieved a significant victory against Persian forces at the Battle of Mycale. However, his career took a negative turn when he was accused of bribery and sentenced to exile after a failed expedition. He was succeeded by his grandson, Archidamus II.

Hieron I of Syracuse was a powerful tyrant who significantly increased the city's influence during his reign. He undertook strategic relocations of populations, formed alliances with neighboring rulers, and achieved military success against the Etruscans. Hieron was known for establishing the first secret police in Greek history, but also for his patronage of literature and culture. He attracted renowned poets and philosophers to his court, and was a successful participant in pan-hellenic athletic contests, winning prestigious victories in horse and chariot races. His death marked the end of his tyranny in Syracuse.

Theron of Acragas was a Greek tyrant who seized power through cunning tactics, such as diverting public funds to hire personal bodyguards. He established a strong alliance with Gelo, expanding his kingdom to cover a significant portion of Western Sicily. Theron engaged in wars with rival cities and successfully defeated the Carthaginians with Gelo's support. His reign saw Acragas, Syracuse, and Selinunte forming a powerful triumvirate that dominated Greek Sicily. Theron's patronage of poets like Pindar and Simonides reflected his interest in promoting cultural and artistic endeavors.

Agis I was a king of Sparta and the eponym of the Agiad dynasty. He is considered possibly the first historical king of Sparta, reigning at the end of the tenth century BC. During his rule, at the emergence of the Dorians in Laconia, Agis I is credited with conquering the region and enslaving the helots. Most ancient authors have documented his conquests and the subjugation of the helots under his reign, solidifying his legacy as a significant figure in Spartan history.

Bohemond IV of Antioch, also known as Bohemond the One-Eyed, held various titles including Count of Tripoli and Prince of Antioch. He strategically formed alliances with key figures in the region, such as Az-Zahir Ghazi and Kaykaus I, to protect Antioch from external threats. Despite facing conflicts with the Latin Patriarchs, Bohemond managed to regain control of Antioch after temporary losses. His attempts to secure Cilicia for his son, Philip, ultimately ended in tragedy with Philip's imprisonment and murder in 1225.

Eumenes I was a dynast of Pergamon in Asia Minor from 263 BC until his death in 241 BC. He enjoyed considerable autonomy under Seleucid control, establishing garrison posts and extending his territories. He revolted against the Seleucids, defeating Antiochus I and freeing Pergamon. Eumenes maintained stability by potentially paying tribute to the Galatian Gauls. Although he never took the title of king, he exercised the powers of one and was honored with a festival. He adopted his successor, Attalus I.

Agis IV served as the 25th king of the Eurypontid dynasty of Sparta. He is often remembered as an idealistic ruler, known for his efforts to bring about social and economic reforms in Sparta. Agis IV's professional life was marked by his attempts to redistribute land, cancel debts, and restore traditional Spartan values. Despite his noble intentions, he faced opposition from powerful factions within Sparta and ultimately met an untimely end, making him a tragic figure in Spartan history.

Ptolemy Keraunos was a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty and briefly served as king of Macedon. Originally in line for the throne of Ptolemaic Egypt, he was displaced by his younger brother. He fled to Thrace and Macedon, where he became involved in court intrigues that led to the fall of the kingdom. He then seized the throne of Macedon but ruled for only seventeen months before his death in battle against the Gauls. His impetuous and destructive character earned him the epithet "Thunderbolt."

Antiochus IX Cyzicenus was a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom who engaged in a prolonged civil war with his half-brother Antiochus VIII for power. He strategically returned to challenge his brother after leaving the kingdom, ultimately taking control of the capital Antioch. He solidified his position by marrying Cleopatra Selene, the sister of his deceased wife. Antiochus IX's reign was marked by political intrigue, battles, and alliances as he sought to maintain and expand his power within the kingdom.

Archidamus III was a prominent Spartan king who led the Spartan forces in various battles and military campaigns. He played a key role in aiding the Spartan army after their defeat at the Battle of Leuctra, and later achieved victories against various enemies, including the Arcadians, Argives, and Messenians. He showed great courage in defending Sparta against Thebes and supported the Phocians in the Sacred War. Archidamus also led military campaigns in Crete and Italy, ultimately meeting his demise in battle against the Messapians.

Antiochus VI Dionysus ruled as the king of the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom for a brief period. He ascended to the throne following his father's death and faced challenges to his reign from rival claimants. Antiochus VI was known for his efforts to assert his authority and maintain control over the kingdom amidst political turmoil. His reign was marked by conflicts and power struggles, ultimately leading to his eventual overthrow and death, bringing an end to his short-lived rule as the Seleucid king.

Cleisthenes of Sicyon was a tyrant known for his military prowess and political reforms. He played a significant role in the First Sacred War against Kirrha and successfully waged war against Argos. He abolished the rhapsodes of Homer for praising Argos, showcasing his strong anti-Dorian sentiments. Cleisthenes' key innovation was the reformation of the tribal system in Sicyon, giving new names to the tribes. His legacy includes descendants like Cleisthenes of Athens and Agariste, who was the mother of the prominent Athenian statesman Pericles.

Pheidon, an Argive ruler during the 7th century BCE, was known for his ambition and success in governing Argos. He is considered one of the most accomplished leaders of his time. Pheidon's rule marked a period of prosperity and influence for the city-state of Argos. His strategic decisions and policies contributed to the growth and stability of the region. There is speculation that there may have been two distinct individuals named Pheidon who both held leadership positions in Argos.

Archidamus I was a king of Sparta, reigning from c. 660 to c. 645. He was a significant figure during the Tegeatan War, which occurred after the Second Messenian War. Archidamus was the first Spartan king to have the word "damos" in his name, reflecting a shift in royal naming conventions towards emphasizing the political importance of the citizens as a whole. This change may have been a strategy by the Eurypontids to address their perceived inferiority compared to the Agiads by appealing to the citizens.

Ptolemy Apion was the last Greek King of Cyrenaica, a region separated from the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. As a member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, he inherited the throne from his father, Ptolemy VIII Physcon. Apion's reign over Cyrenaica is not well-documented, with some scholars questioning its existence. He bequeathed his kingdom to the Roman Republic upon his death, marking the end of his rule and the transfer of power to a new political entity.

Evagoras I, the king of Salamis, was renowned for his exemplary leadership skills and dedication to the welfare of his state. Documented by Isocrates, his professional life showcased a strong commitment to progress and innovation. One of his notable achievements was the introduction of the Greek alphabet, a significant advancement over the traditional Cypriot syllabary. Evagoras I's reign was marked by a focus on modernization and enhancing the cultural and educational landscape of his kingdom.

Aristomenes, a king of Messenia, is renowned for his leadership during the Second Messenian War against the Spartans. He valiantly resisted the enemy forces on Mount Eira for 11 years before ultimately being defeated. Despite the fall of the mountain, Aristomenes managed to escape, and legend has it that he was taken away by the gods. However, historical records indicate that he passed away in Rhodes. Aristomenes' professional life was defined by his unwavering courage, strategic prowess, and fierce determination in defending his kingdom.

Antiochus Hierax, known as "Hawk," was a separatist leader in the Hellenistic Seleucid kingdom. He ruled as king of Syria during his brother's reign. His professional life was marked by his ambitious and grasping character, which earned him the nickname "Hawk." He was known for his leadership in challenging the established order within the Seleucid kingdom, demonstrating a strong will to carve out his own path and assert his authority.

Alexander of Pherae was a tyrant and despot who ruled over Pherae in Thessaly during the late 4th century BC. Following the assassination of his predecessor, Jason, Alexander seized power through treachery and ruled with tyranny. He aggressively sought to expand his control over Thessaly and the kingdom of Macedonia, engaging in piratical raids on Attica. Known for his cruelty and brutality, Alexander's reign was marked by constant power struggles and oppression until his eventual assassination by the brothers of his wife, Thebe.

Poeas was a renowned king of Meliboea in Greek mythology, known for his exceptional skills as an archer. He was a valiant warrior and a respected member of the Argonauts, showcasing his bravery and leadership abilities during various adventures and battles. Poeas was highly regarded for his expert marksmanship and played a crucial role in significant events, earning a reputation as a skilled archer and a key figure in the heroic tales of Greek mythology.

Archidamus V, the 27th King of Sparta of the Eurypontid line, reigned for a brief period in 228 and 227 BC. Following the murder of his brother Agis IV, he fled to Messenia but was later ordered back to Sparta by King Cleomenes III. Unfortunately, his return was short-lived as he was assassinated shortly afterwards, with Polybius suggesting that Cleomenes was involved in his death. Archidamus V's reign was marked by political turmoil and his untimely demise cut short any potential impact he could have had on Spartan affairs.

Cersobleptes, a king of the Odrysians in Thrace, faced numerous challenges during his reign, including conflicts with Athens and internal rivals for the throne. He relied on the support of his brother-in-law, Charidemus, in dealing with political and military matters. Despite attempts to expand his territory and influence, Cersobleptes ultimately faced defeat at the hands of Philip II of Macedon, leading to the loss of his lands and the establishment of Macedonian control in Thrace.

Archidamus IV was a Eurypontid king of Sparta from around 300 BC to about 275 BC. His reign was overshadowed by a significant defeat against the Macedonian king Demetrius Poliorketes at Mantinea in 294 BC. This defeat marked the start of a decline for the Eurypontid kings, with Archidamus possibly dying in the battle. Following this defeat, the Eurypontid kings faded into obscurity until the emergence of Agis IV around 50 years later, signaling the end of Archidamus IV's reign and influence.