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Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus

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John Blue
John Blue

This document discusses Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDv), which was first detected in the United States in 2013. It caused high mortality in neonatal pigs. The virus likely entered via contaminated transportation systems. Strict biosecurity is needed to prevent transmission between farms via trucks, equipment, feed, and manure. Vaccines have been developed but their efficacy varies. The industry has made progress in research and control efforts, but risks remain from international trade and catastrophic market loss if a foreign animal disease was introduced. Continual improvement in cleaning and disinfection of transportation systems is crucial to control spread.

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Porcine Epidemic DiarrheaPorcine Epidemic Diarrhea virusvirus Matt Anderson, DVM Suidae Health & Production Iowa Pork Congress January 28, 2015
Porcine Epidemic DiarrheaPorcine Epidemic Diarrhea virusvirus  Practical Experience  Management recommendations  Biosecurity  Control strategies  Vaccine efficacy  Decisions regarding herd exposure  Feed mitigation
American Association of Swine Veterinarians Alert On Thursday May 16, 2013; National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), in close collaboration with Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU-VDL), reported that Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) has been detected in the United States. PEDV is a coronavirus associated with outbreaks of diarrhea and vomiting in swine. It is not a zoonotic disease, does not affect people, and is not a food safety concern. Although this is the first known detection in the United States, PED exists in many parts of the world and is not considered a foreign animal disease in the US, but rather a transboundary disease.
PED Detection in U.S. Swine –May 17, 2013  Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) was detected by ISU-VDL and NVSL on May 13, 2013.  4 confirmed cases in sow herds (3 in Iowa, 1 in Indiana). Additional suspected cases are being investigated in Illinois and Colorado. Clinical presentation includes severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal pigs (>90%). Producers fed back fecal material to sows resulting in vomiting and diarrhea.  PED is not included on the USDA or OIE lists of foreign animal diseases, and USDA considers this to be “Transboundary Disease.” There is no requirement to report the detection to OIE as an Immediate Report but will likely be reported on the USDA’s routine six month or annual report.  No plans to institute quarantines or movement controls.  Sequencing has determined this virus to be 99.4% homologous with the 2012 Chinese virus.  The USDA’s Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health will be developing a fact sheet, case definition and epidemiological survey. Excerpt from AASV announcement
How Did it Get Here?How Did it Get Here? Not a single farm source with subsequent spread Presentation indicates a point source origin of a virus previously found in China Unrelated herds infected simultaneously What are the connections??? – Not much
FAD’s were on our radarFAD’s were on our radar  FMD  ASF  CSF (Hog Cholera)  PRV  Secure Pork Plan  PED virus really wasn’t a virus we put a lot of thought into
Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website
– U
Canada and now the UkraineCanada and now the Ukraine
Time Marches On…Time Marches On…  And so do the bugs… – Swine Dysentery – PRV – PRRS – Influenza A (H3N2, H1N2, etc.) – PCV2 (circovirus) – And now PED virus
To date…To date…  3 distinct PED viruses have been found in the USA  PDCoV has also been identified in the US  Why haven’t we seen CSF, FMD, or ASF?
Original ObservationsOriginal Observations  High mortality TGE-like disease in multiple sow herds in 4/5 geographically separate states  Explosive pockets of infections  There certainly was area spread  Then as these herds began to wean pigs, infected pigs were moved into nurseries and then finishers and/or WTF barns
Subsequent ObservationsSubsequent Observations  Newly placed nursery pigs, from non-infected sow farms, infected in first 24-48 hours post placement  Finisher pigs infected during marketing  Infected site marketed, site cleaned up, new pigs come in and immediately became infected  Clean isn’t always clean enough, farm-wise and truck-wise!
Infections in N/G/FInfections in N/G/F  Nurseries 3-4% additional mortalities and culls  Finishers 0-2% additional mortalities and culls  PED virus is not a growth stimulant! – Commonly pigs will be held back 12-15 days
How was our Biosecurity inHow was our Biosecurity in April, 2013April, 2013 Better than it was ten years ago and not bad overall.
Was our Biosecurity goodWas our Biosecurity good enough to stop area spread ofenough to stop area spread of PEDv?PEDv? NO!
What’s Going on?What’s Going on?  Piglet transport trucks infected  Market trucks infected at plants or at truck washes  Site clean up has to be very rigorous  Sow herd eradication is a topic for a different day
PRRS – “there are two kinds of herds, those who have it and those who are going to get it.” PEDv – Industry chatter sounded pretty familiar – Sense of inevitability – Talk of intentional exposure during summer months If you don’t have it, do you really want it?
Approximately 60% of USApproximately 60% of US sows have experienced PEDvsows have experienced PEDv Approximately 12% of SH&P managed client sows have experienced a PEDv break
Why the difference?Why the difference?
Points of ExposurePoints of Exposure  Piglet trucking  Market trucks  Feed trucks  Manure hauling  Supplies – Meds, creep feed, milk replacer, etc.  Supply trucks  Feed
FeedFeed Corn DDGS Animal source ingredients – Plasma, peptones, etc. Vitamins Feed trucks themselves
Feed ResearchFeed Research Research done by groups indicating feed can carry virus Mitigation research Anecdotal examples of infections
Sow herd eliminationSow herd elimination vsvs control or managementcontrol or management In 2 of 3 sow herds elimination has been relatively easy In 1 of 3, not so much
Virus eliminationVirus elimination All protocols I’m aware of are dependent on point in time exposure protocols – The protocols for feedback have varied greatly- from very aggressive to semi-aggressive. I believe the challenge lies in clean up, not in exposure
Model of productionModel of production All in/All out farrowing rooms Piglet holding rooms Etc.
Cleanliness RedefinedCleanliness Redefined Problem spots – Common, wet hallways – Lactation feeders – Lactation manure storage, shallow pits
Disinfectant protocolsDisinfectant protocols Multiple disinfectants work Contact time is important Drying is very important Temperature assisted drying may be helpful
Upgraded effortUpgraded effort Hallways disinfected every day Super heated farrowing rooms Manure removal from shallow pits under farrowing crates
PEDv ChallengePEDv Challenge  Keep it out when you can  Eliminate it if you must  Be generally unwilling to live with ongoing infection
Sow herd eliminationSow herd elimination vsvs control or managementcontrol or management In 2 of 3 sow herds elimination has been relatively easy In 1 of 3, not so much
If you are convinced your onlyIf you are convinced your only option is managed control…option is managed control… Gilt exposure Vaccine
PEDv VaccinePEDv Vaccine Currently two on the market – Harris Vaccines – Zoetis More on the way with the liklyhood that there will be a modified live vaccine at some point
PEDv VaccinePEDv Vaccine Colostral Immunity vs lactogenic immunity Prevention vs Aids in the control of…
PEDv VaccinePEDv Vaccine Vaccine experiences Negative herds Acutely positive herds attempting to go negative Control strategies
Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
Kudo’s to the US PorkKudo’s to the US Pork IndustryIndustry  Competition went out the window  Associations and members came together  Many research projects have been funded  Progress has been made
My challenge to the IndustryMy challenge to the Industry International trade is occurring at a high level and we want that to increase Many of our inputs come from countries with a different animal health picture than ours 25% of our domestic product is exported
My challenge to the IndustryMy challenge to the Industry If this had been a true FAD 2014 and 2015 would have looked substantially different than they do today Secure Pork That I’m aware of, there is no plan for catastrophic market loss
Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website
Trucks are important!Trucks are important!  Some farms don’t have dedicated piglet transport  Some farms don’t always (ever) use clean trucks to take pigs to market  Some farms, transport companies wash but don’t disinfect
Immediate concernImmediate concern  Uncontaminated trucks might be coming away from plants contaminated  Lowe study (NPB, NPPC, AASV)
Piglet transportPiglet transport  Dedicated piglet transport trucks that carry one owner’s pigs with thorough wash process in between
How clean is clean enough?How clean is clean enough?  Total absence of organic matter  Dry, dry, dry  Disinfected with a high quality disinfectant – Regular check of disinfectant calibration – I like this being foamed on to increase contact time  Baking or forced air heat? – May be helpful but may not be enough
Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
How clean is clean enough?How clean is clean enough?  Only absolute clean will suffice and you can’t be too clean!
Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus
Biosecurity ConcernsBiosecurity Concerns  Tranport trucks  Rendering trucks  Feed trucks  Manure Handling Equipment  Anything that will move manure---manure equipment, birds, fomites, etc., etc., etc.
General ConcernsGeneral Concerns  Plant unload process  Recycled flush water  Cabs, equipment, boxes  Wet trucks  Any organic matter at all
Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website
Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website

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Dr. Matt Anderson - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus

  • 1. Porcine Epidemic DiarrheaPorcine Epidemic Diarrhea virusvirus Matt Anderson, DVM Suidae Health & Production Iowa Pork Congress January 28, 2015
  • 2. Porcine Epidemic DiarrheaPorcine Epidemic Diarrhea virusvirus  Practical Experience  Management recommendations  Biosecurity  Control strategies  Vaccine efficacy  Decisions regarding herd exposure  Feed mitigation
  • 3. American Association of Swine Veterinarians Alert On Thursday May 16, 2013; National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL), in close collaboration with Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU-VDL), reported that Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) has been detected in the United States. PEDV is a coronavirus associated with outbreaks of diarrhea and vomiting in swine. It is not a zoonotic disease, does not affect people, and is not a food safety concern. Although this is the first known detection in the United States, PED exists in many parts of the world and is not considered a foreign animal disease in the US, but rather a transboundary disease.
  • 4. PED Detection in U.S. Swine –May 17, 2013  Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea (PED) was detected by ISU-VDL and NVSL on May 13, 2013.  4 confirmed cases in sow herds (3 in Iowa, 1 in Indiana). Additional suspected cases are being investigated in Illinois and Colorado. Clinical presentation includes severe diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal pigs (>90%). Producers fed back fecal material to sows resulting in vomiting and diarrhea.  PED is not included on the USDA or OIE lists of foreign animal diseases, and USDA considers this to be “Transboundary Disease.” There is no requirement to report the detection to OIE as an Immediate Report but will likely be reported on the USDA’s routine six month or annual report.  No plans to institute quarantines or movement controls.  Sequencing has determined this virus to be 99.4% homologous with the 2012 Chinese virus.  The USDA’s Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health will be developing a fact sheet, case definition and epidemiological survey. Excerpt from AASV announcement
  • 5. How Did it Get Here?How Did it Get Here? Not a single farm source with subsequent spread Presentation indicates a point source origin of a virus previously found in China Unrelated herds infected simultaneously What are the connections??? – Not much
  • 6. FAD’s were on our radarFAD’s were on our radar  FMD  ASF  CSF (Hog Cholera)  PRV  Secure Pork Plan  PED virus really wasn’t a virus we put a lot of thought into
  • 7. Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website
  • 9. Canada and now the UkraineCanada and now the Ukraine
  • 10. Time Marches On…Time Marches On…  And so do the bugs… – Swine Dysentery – PRV – PRRS – Influenza A (H3N2, H1N2, etc.) – PCV2 (circovirus) – And now PED virus
  • 11. To date…To date…  3 distinct PED viruses have been found in the USA  PDCoV has also been identified in the US  Why haven’t we seen CSF, FMD, or ASF?
  • 12. Original ObservationsOriginal Observations  High mortality TGE-like disease in multiple sow herds in 4/5 geographically separate states  Explosive pockets of infections  There certainly was area spread  Then as these herds began to wean pigs, infected pigs were moved into nurseries and then finishers and/or WTF barns
  • 13. Subsequent ObservationsSubsequent Observations  Newly placed nursery pigs, from non-infected sow farms, infected in first 24-48 hours post placement  Finisher pigs infected during marketing  Infected site marketed, site cleaned up, new pigs come in and immediately became infected  Clean isn’t always clean enough, farm-wise and truck-wise!
  • 14. Infections in N/G/FInfections in N/G/F  Nurseries 3-4% additional mortalities and culls  Finishers 0-2% additional mortalities and culls  PED virus is not a growth stimulant! – Commonly pigs will be held back 12-15 days
  • 15. How was our Biosecurity inHow was our Biosecurity in April, 2013April, 2013 Better than it was ten years ago and not bad overall.
  • 16. Was our Biosecurity goodWas our Biosecurity good enough to stop area spread ofenough to stop area spread of PEDv?PEDv? NO!
  • 17. What’s Going on?What’s Going on?  Piglet transport trucks infected  Market trucks infected at plants or at truck washes  Site clean up has to be very rigorous  Sow herd eradication is a topic for a different day
  • 18. PRRS – “there are two kinds of herds, those who have it and those who are going to get it.” PEDv – Industry chatter sounded pretty familiar – Sense of inevitability – Talk of intentional exposure during summer months If you don’t have it, do you really want it?
  • 19. Approximately 60% of USApproximately 60% of US sows have experienced PEDvsows have experienced PEDv Approximately 12% of SH&P managed client sows have experienced a PEDv break
  • 20. Why the difference?Why the difference?
  • 21. Points of ExposurePoints of Exposure  Piglet trucking  Market trucks  Feed trucks  Manure hauling  Supplies – Meds, creep feed, milk replacer, etc.  Supply trucks  Feed
  • 22. FeedFeed Corn DDGS Animal source ingredients – Plasma, peptones, etc. Vitamins Feed trucks themselves
  • 23. Feed ResearchFeed Research Research done by groups indicating feed can carry virus Mitigation research Anecdotal examples of infections
  • 24. Sow herd eliminationSow herd elimination vsvs control or managementcontrol or management In 2 of 3 sow herds elimination has been relatively easy In 1 of 3, not so much
  • 25. Virus eliminationVirus elimination All protocols I’m aware of are dependent on point in time exposure protocols – The protocols for feedback have varied greatly- from very aggressive to semi-aggressive. I believe the challenge lies in clean up, not in exposure
  • 26. Model of productionModel of production All in/All out farrowing rooms Piglet holding rooms Etc.
  • 27. Cleanliness RedefinedCleanliness Redefined Problem spots – Common, wet hallways – Lactation feeders – Lactation manure storage, shallow pits
  • 28. Disinfectant protocolsDisinfectant protocols Multiple disinfectants work Contact time is important Drying is very important Temperature assisted drying may be helpful
  • 29. Upgraded effortUpgraded effort Hallways disinfected every day Super heated farrowing rooms Manure removal from shallow pits under farrowing crates
  • 30. PEDv ChallengePEDv Challenge  Keep it out when you can  Eliminate it if you must  Be generally unwilling to live with ongoing infection
  • 31. Sow herd eliminationSow herd elimination vsvs control or managementcontrol or management In 2 of 3 sow herds elimination has been relatively easy In 1 of 3, not so much
  • 32. If you are convinced your onlyIf you are convinced your only option is managed control…option is managed control… Gilt exposure Vaccine
  • 33. PEDv VaccinePEDv Vaccine Currently two on the market – Harris Vaccines – Zoetis More on the way with the liklyhood that there will be a modified live vaccine at some point
  • 34. PEDv VaccinePEDv Vaccine Colostral Immunity vs lactogenic immunity Prevention vs Aids in the control of…
  • 35. PEDv VaccinePEDv Vaccine Vaccine experiences Negative herds Acutely positive herds attempting to go negative Control strategies
  • 37. Kudo’s to the US PorkKudo’s to the US Pork IndustryIndustry  Competition went out the window  Associations and members came together  Many research projects have been funded  Progress has been made
  • 38. My challenge to the IndustryMy challenge to the Industry International trade is occurring at a high level and we want that to increase Many of our inputs come from countries with a different animal health picture than ours 25% of our domestic product is exported
  • 39. My challenge to the IndustryMy challenge to the Industry If this had been a true FAD 2014 and 2015 would have looked substantially different than they do today Secure Pork That I’m aware of, there is no plan for catastrophic market loss
  • 40. Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website
  • 41. Trucks are important!Trucks are important!  Some farms don’t have dedicated piglet transport  Some farms don’t always (ever) use clean trucks to take pigs to market  Some farms, transport companies wash but don’t disinfect
  • 42. Immediate concernImmediate concern  Uncontaminated trucks might be coming away from plants contaminated  Lowe study (NPB, NPPC, AASV)
  • 43. Piglet transportPiglet transport  Dedicated piglet transport trucks that carry one owner’s pigs with thorough wash process in between
  • 44. How clean is clean enough?How clean is clean enough?  Total absence of organic matter  Dry, dry, dry  Disinfected with a high quality disinfectant – Regular check of disinfectant calibration – I like this being foamed on to increase contact time  Baking or forced air heat? – May be helpful but may not be enough
  • 48. How clean is clean enough?How clean is clean enough?  Only absolute clean will suffice and you can’t be too clean!
  • 52. Biosecurity ConcernsBiosecurity Concerns  Tranport trucks  Rendering trucks  Feed trucks  Manure Handling Equipment  Anything that will move manure---manure equipment, birds, fomites, etc., etc., etc.
  • 53. General ConcernsGeneral Concerns  Plant unload process  Recycled flush water  Cabs, equipment, boxes  Wet trucks  Any organic matter at all
  • 54. Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website
  • 55. Weekly PEDv update, AASV websiteWeekly PEDv update, AASV website