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Forests are one of the most important natural resources, covering approximately 1/3 of the earth's total land area. Forests provide many essential functions like regulating climate and temperature, producing oxygen, conserving soil, and providing habitat for wildlife. However, forests are threatened by deforestation driven by factors like population growth, agricultural expansion, timber extraction, and dam construction. Deforestation has severe environmental and social consequences such as increased carbon emissions, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and displacement of indigenous communities. Conservation efforts like afforestation aim to restore forests and prevent further destruction of these vital ecosystems.

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FOREST RESOURCES Done by, S.PONKALAIVANI
The word forest is derived from a Latin word “Foris” means Outside. Forest are one of the most important natural resources of the earth. Approximately 1/3rd of the earth total area is covered by forests. In India, forests form 23 percent of the total land area. FOREST RESOURCES
FOREST COVER OF INDIA
Forest resources
TYPES OF FORESTS  Evergreen forest • Tropical evergreen forest  Deciduous forest • Temperate deciduous forest • Tropical deciduous forest  Coniferous forest • Temperate coniferous forest
Evergreen forest  An Evergreen forest is a forest consisting entirely or mainly of evergreen trees that retain green foliage all year round.  Evergreen forests around the world are under threat of logging, mining, oil and gas developments, pollution, hydroelectric projects and other human developments planned in these areas.
Tropical evergreen forest or Tropical rainforest • Found around the equator between 23.5 degree N & 23.5 degree S latitude. • Temperature remains 15°C to 30°C all over the year. • Occupy 7% of earth’s land surface. • Trees are always evergreen as there is no drought or frost & no winter . They are known as rain forest of India. • Dense growing trees create a thick canopy layer in tropical rainforests that keep the sun from penetrating to the lower layers of the forest. • Rosewood, Mahogany, Ebony, Bamboo
• These rainforests have high rainfall between 1750mm and 2000mm. • These forests have heavy showers of 100-600cm a year, For this reason, the soil can be poor because the high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. • Some of the strangest and most beautiful plants and animals are found in rain forests. • They are also the house to a large amount of natural medicines. • Rainforests are dominated by the broad-leaved evergreen trees. • Coffee, chocolate, banana tree, mango tree, papaya tree, avocados and sugarcane all originally came from tropical rainforests, and are still mostly grown on plantations.
Deciduous forest • Deciduous means "falling off at maturity“ • Temperate deciduous forest distributed in North and South America, Asia, Southern slopes of the Himalaya. • They have formed under climatic conditions growth occurs in warm summers and leaf drop in autumn and dormancy during cold winters. • Tropical and subtropical deciduous forest developed in response not to seasonal temperature variations but to seasonal rainfall patterns. • During prolonged dry periods the foliage is dropped to conserve water and prevent death from drought. • Maple, oak and birch trees are some examples of the deciduous trees.
• Animals living in deciduous forests must be adapted to cold winters. Common species found in deciduous forests are red fox, hawks, woodpecker and cardinals. • Acid rain caused by industrial and vehicular emissions poses the biggest threat to deciduous forests. It damages tree leaves, causes trees to produce fewer and smaller seeds & reduces resistance to disease, unsustainable forestry, strip mining, non- native species that compete for space and food. Climate change is also a threat
Forest resources
Coniferous forest-Temperate Coniferous Forest • Temperate coniferous forests found in coastal areas with mild winters and heavy rainfall or in in-land mountainous areas with mild climates. Ex:-United States and Canada, South America, Southern Japan, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland, Iceland and Norway. • Temperate climate with temperature that fluctuates little throughout the year. • Soils rich with a thick layer of decaying material. • Due to the high levels of precipitation and moderate temperatures, resulting in trees that grow very tall. • Dominant tree species found in temperate coniferous forests include cedar, cypress, Douglas fir, pine, spruce and redwood. There are some deciduous trees such as maple, mosses and ferns are common.
• Animals that live in temperate coniferous forests are deer, marmot, elk, black bear, salmon, spotted owl, Marbled-Murrelet. • Threats: Unsustainable forestry, road construction and other development related activity
TYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIA
• Tropical evergreen forest a) Tropical wet evergreen: Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala) b) Tropical semi evergreen: Lower hills of Western Ghats c) Tropical dry evergreen: Eastern Ghats (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) • Tropical deciduous forest a) Tropical moist deciduous: Dehradun, Mahabaleshwar b) Tropical dry deciduous: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh TYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIA
• Tropical thorn forest: Delhi, Punjab, Gujarat • Temperate forest a)Montana Wet temperate: Nilgiris , Palni Hills b) Himalayan wet temperate: Assam, Himachal Pradesh c) Himalayan dry temperate: Kashmir • Moist alpine scrub- high Himalayas • Dry alpine scrub: Sikkim • Subtropical broad: Shillong, Nilgiris • Subtropical pine forest: Arunachal Pradesh, Kashmir • Damp Forests: Sunder bans, Bengal delta and Andaman.
FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS  Forest provide protection against Soil erosion, Droughts, floods, noise. Soil erosion FloodsSoil erosion Droughts
 Forest Provide various products like, gum resins, medicines, honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, and fruits
• The Forest regulates the level of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in atmosphere. The forests also help in regulating temperature conditions
• Forest provides aesthetics, habitat to various flora and fauna besides that it also has an recreational value.
• Forest promote tourism
Ecological Importance or uses of Forests Forest play a crucial role in regulation of global climate and temperature as forest cover absorb the solar radiations that reflected back into the atmosphere.
Reduction of Global Warming  The main green house gas co2 is used by forests for photosynthesis process the forest by reducing the green house effect due to co2
Soil-improvement The fertility of the soil increases due to the humus which is formed by the decay of forest litter. Control of Climate Transpiration of plants increases the atmospheric humidity which affects rainfall and cools the atmosphere.
Production of Oxygen  During Photosynthesis process forest releases oxygen a very important gas for human survival thereby “Amazon Rainforest” are called as “Lungs of Earth”.
Conservation of Soil  They prevent soil erosion by binding the soil particles tightly in their roots. They also reduce the velocity of wind and rain which are chief agents causing erosion
Absorption of air pollutants  Forest absorbs many toxic gasses and air pollutants and can help in keeping air pure.
Absorption of Noise  Forest cover absorbs the noise and helps in preventing noise pollution
Control of water flow  The forest act as a giant sponge they slow down runoff, absorbing and holding water that recharges streams and ground water.
REGULATION OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE • Watersheds in forest act like giant sponges, which absorb rainfall, slow down the runoff and slowly release the water for recharge of springs
Habitat to wild life  They provide the habitat for high wild life species
Commercial Importance of Forest  Timber: Wood used for commercial purposes like for making furniture and other items like boats, bridges and other day to day uses.  Fuel Wood: The wood is used as fuel for cooking and other purposes by poor people.  Raw material for wood based industries: forest provide raw material for various wood based industries like paper and pulp, sports goods, furniture, match boxes etc.
 Food: Fruits, roots, leaves of plants and trees along with the meat of forest animals provide the food to the tribal people.  Miscellaneous Products: Miscellaneous products like, resin, gums, oils, medicines, honey are provided by forests
OVER EXPLOITATION OF FOREST • By over population the materials supplied by forest are not sufficient. CAUSES OF OVER EXPLOITATION • Increasing agricultural production • Increasing industrial activity • Increase in demand of wood resources EFFECT OF OVER EXPLOITATION • Migration of farmers • Environmental Damage • Tropical forest are destroyed • Flora & Fauna are endangered • Marine population disappears • Dumping of waste
DEFORESTATION  Deforestation is the removal of forest.  Occurs around the world, mainly tropical rainforest is targeted.  Common methods of deforestation are burning trees and clear cutting.  Deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Some other common reasons are: • To make more land available for housing and urbanization • To harvest timber to create commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes • To create ingredients that are highly prized consumer items, such as the oil from palm trees • To create room for cattle ranching
• Deforestation is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change. • No. 1 problem caused by deforestation is the impact on the global carbon cycle. Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation are called greenhouse gas. If greenhouse gases are in large enough quantity, they can force climate change.
Causes of Deforestation: (1) Population Explosion: Vast areas of forest land are cleared to reclaim land for human settlements (factories, agriculture, housing, roads, railway tracks etc.) growth of population increases the demand for forest products like timber, firewood, paper and other valuable products. (2) Forest Fires: Fires in the forests may be due to natural calamities or human activities: (a) Smoldering of the humus and organic matter forming a thick cover over the forest floor (i.e. ground fires). (b) Dried twigs and leaves may catch fire (i.e. surface fires).
(c) In densely populated forests, tree tops may catch fire by heat produced by constant rubbing against each other (i.e. crown fires). (d) Human activities like clearing forest for habitation, agriculture, firewood, construction of roads, railway tracks and carelessness (throwing burning cigarette stubs on dried foliage). Fire destroys fully grown trees, results in killing and scorching of the seeds, humus, ground flora and fauna. (3) Grazing Animals: Feeding cattle grasses for milk ,meat and other products.
(4) Pest Attack: Forest pests like insects etc. destroy trees by eating up the leaves, boring into shoots and by spreading diseases. (5) Natural Forces: Floods, storms, snow, lightening etc. are the natural forces which damage forests. Effects of Deforestation: Forests are closely related with climatic change, biological diversity, wild animals, crops, medicinal plants etc. Large scale deforestation has many far-reaching consequences: (a) Habitat destruction of wild animals (tree-using animals are deprived of food and shelter.) (b) Increased soil erosion due to reduction of vegetation cover.
(c) Reduction in the oxygen liberated by plants through photosynthesis. (d) Increase in pollution due to burning of wood and due to reduction in Carbon-dioxide fixation by plants. (e) Decrease in availability of forest products. (f) Loss of cultural diversity (g) Loss of Biodiversity (h) Scarcity of fuel wood (i) Lowering of the water table due to more run- off and thereby increased use of the underground water increases the frequency of droughts. (j) Rise in Carbon dioxide level has resulted in increased thermal level of earth which in turn results in melting of ice caps and glaciers and consequent flooding of coastal areas.
Afforestation
Afforestation  The conservation measure against the deforestation is afforestation. The development of forest by planting trees on waste land is called afforestation Main objective of Afforestation:  To control the deforestation  To prevent soil erosion  To regulate rainfall and maintain temperature
 To control atmospheric condition by keeping it clean  To promote planned uses of wasteland  To Protect forest ecosystem and to get benefits of forest products.
Timber Extraction Uses of timber • Using wood us fuel • Pulp & Paper • Furniture • Construction of railways, boats, road, etc. Effects of timber • Causes deforestation • Loss of fertility, biodiversity • Soil erosion, land slides • Loss of tribal culture • Reduce thickness of forest
MINING • Process of extracting mineral resources & fossil fuels • Mining in forest lead to removal of vegetation
Dams and their Effects on Forests and Tribal People! • Dams are massive artificial structure build across river to store water • Lead to destruction of vast area of forest • Lead to displacement of local people • India has more than 1600 large Dams • Maharashtra - more than 600 Dams • Madhya Pradesh - 130 Dams • Gujarat – 250 Dams • Tamil Nadu - 114 Dams
Effects of dam on forest • Dams constitute a major direct and indirect cause of forest loss. • Hydroelectric dams leads to loss of forest. The impact of large dams on forests: • Led to killing of wild animals and aquatic life • Best agricultural soils flooded by the reservoir, but major changes occur in the environment, where the river’s flora and fauna begins to disappear. • Hydroelectric projects led to spread of water borne diseases
Effects of dam on tribal peoples • The impact of large dams on the lifestyle and identity of tribal people is extremely high. • Almost 40 % of those displaced by dams belong to scheduled tribes and 20 % to schedule castes. • Only 25 % of the displaced people have been rehabilitated so far. • Tribal are socially, economically and politically the weakest and the most deprived. • They have been evicted from their ancestral homes • They were forced to migrate to urban slums in search of employment or become landless labour in rural areas to pay the price of development.
Forest resources
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Forest resources

  • 2. The word forest is derived from a Latin word “Foris” means Outside. Forest are one of the most important natural resources of the earth. Approximately 1/3rd of the earth total area is covered by forests. In India, forests form 23 percent of the total land area. FOREST RESOURCES
  • 5. TYPES OF FORESTS  Evergreen forest • Tropical evergreen forest  Deciduous forest • Temperate deciduous forest • Tropical deciduous forest  Coniferous forest • Temperate coniferous forest
  • 6. Evergreen forest  An Evergreen forest is a forest consisting entirely or mainly of evergreen trees that retain green foliage all year round.  Evergreen forests around the world are under threat of logging, mining, oil and gas developments, pollution, hydroelectric projects and other human developments planned in these areas.
  • 7. Tropical evergreen forest or Tropical rainforest • Found around the equator between 23.5 degree N & 23.5 degree S latitude. • Temperature remains 15°C to 30°C all over the year. • Occupy 7% of earth’s land surface. • Trees are always evergreen as there is no drought or frost & no winter . They are known as rain forest of India. • Dense growing trees create a thick canopy layer in tropical rainforests that keep the sun from penetrating to the lower layers of the forest. • Rosewood, Mahogany, Ebony, Bamboo
  • 8. • These rainforests have high rainfall between 1750mm and 2000mm. • These forests have heavy showers of 100-600cm a year, For this reason, the soil can be poor because the high rainfall tends to leach out soluble nutrients. • Some of the strangest and most beautiful plants and animals are found in rain forests. • They are also the house to a large amount of natural medicines. • Rainforests are dominated by the broad-leaved evergreen trees. • Coffee, chocolate, banana tree, mango tree, papaya tree, avocados and sugarcane all originally came from tropical rainforests, and are still mostly grown on plantations.
  • 9. Deciduous forest • Deciduous means "falling off at maturity“ • Temperate deciduous forest distributed in North and South America, Asia, Southern slopes of the Himalaya. • They have formed under climatic conditions growth occurs in warm summers and leaf drop in autumn and dormancy during cold winters. • Tropical and subtropical deciduous forest developed in response not to seasonal temperature variations but to seasonal rainfall patterns. • During prolonged dry periods the foliage is dropped to conserve water and prevent death from drought. • Maple, oak and birch trees are some examples of the deciduous trees.
  • 10. • Animals living in deciduous forests must be adapted to cold winters. Common species found in deciduous forests are red fox, hawks, woodpecker and cardinals. • Acid rain caused by industrial and vehicular emissions poses the biggest threat to deciduous forests. It damages tree leaves, causes trees to produce fewer and smaller seeds & reduces resistance to disease, unsustainable forestry, strip mining, non- native species that compete for space and food. Climate change is also a threat
  • 12. Coniferous forest-Temperate Coniferous Forest • Temperate coniferous forests found in coastal areas with mild winters and heavy rainfall or in in-land mountainous areas with mild climates. Ex:-United States and Canada, South America, Southern Japan, New Zealand, Ireland, Scotland, Iceland and Norway. • Temperate climate with temperature that fluctuates little throughout the year. • Soils rich with a thick layer of decaying material. • Due to the high levels of precipitation and moderate temperatures, resulting in trees that grow very tall. • Dominant tree species found in temperate coniferous forests include cedar, cypress, Douglas fir, pine, spruce and redwood. There are some deciduous trees such as maple, mosses and ferns are common.
  • 13. • Animals that live in temperate coniferous forests are deer, marmot, elk, black bear, salmon, spotted owl, Marbled-Murrelet. • Threats: Unsustainable forestry, road construction and other development related activity
  • 14. TYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIA
  • 15. • Tropical evergreen forest a) Tropical wet evergreen: Western Ghats (Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala) b) Tropical semi evergreen: Lower hills of Western Ghats c) Tropical dry evergreen: Eastern Ghats (Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu) • Tropical deciduous forest a) Tropical moist deciduous: Dehradun, Mahabaleshwar b) Tropical dry deciduous: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh TYPES OF FORESTS IN INDIA
  • 16. • Tropical thorn forest: Delhi, Punjab, Gujarat • Temperate forest a)Montana Wet temperate: Nilgiris , Palni Hills b) Himalayan wet temperate: Assam, Himachal Pradesh c) Himalayan dry temperate: Kashmir • Moist alpine scrub- high Himalayas • Dry alpine scrub: Sikkim • Subtropical broad: Shillong, Nilgiris • Subtropical pine forest: Arunachal Pradesh, Kashmir • Damp Forests: Sunder bans, Bengal delta and Andaman.
  • 17. FUNCTIONS OF FORESTS  Forest provide protection against Soil erosion, Droughts, floods, noise. Soil erosion FloodsSoil erosion Droughts
  • 18.  Forest Provide various products like, gum resins, medicines, honey, pulp, bamboo, timber, and fruits
  • 19. • The Forest regulates the level of Oxygen and carbon dioxide in atmosphere. The forests also help in regulating temperature conditions
  • 20. • Forest provides aesthetics, habitat to various flora and fauna besides that it also has an recreational value.
  • 22. Ecological Importance or uses of Forests Forest play a crucial role in regulation of global climate and temperature as forest cover absorb the solar radiations that reflected back into the atmosphere.
  • 23. Reduction of Global Warming  The main green house gas co2 is used by forests for photosynthesis process the forest by reducing the green house effect due to co2
  • 24. Soil-improvement The fertility of the soil increases due to the humus which is formed by the decay of forest litter. Control of Climate Transpiration of plants increases the atmospheric humidity which affects rainfall and cools the atmosphere.
  • 25. Production of Oxygen  During Photosynthesis process forest releases oxygen a very important gas for human survival thereby “Amazon Rainforest” are called as “Lungs of Earth”.
  • 26. Conservation of Soil  They prevent soil erosion by binding the soil particles tightly in their roots. They also reduce the velocity of wind and rain which are chief agents causing erosion
  • 27. Absorption of air pollutants  Forest absorbs many toxic gasses and air pollutants and can help in keeping air pure.
  • 28. Absorption of Noise  Forest cover absorbs the noise and helps in preventing noise pollution
  • 29. Control of water flow  The forest act as a giant sponge they slow down runoff, absorbing and holding water that recharges streams and ground water.
  • 30. REGULATION OF HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE • Watersheds in forest act like giant sponges, which absorb rainfall, slow down the runoff and slowly release the water for recharge of springs
  • 31. Habitat to wild life  They provide the habitat for high wild life species
  • 32. Commercial Importance of Forest  Timber: Wood used for commercial purposes like for making furniture and other items like boats, bridges and other day to day uses.  Fuel Wood: The wood is used as fuel for cooking and other purposes by poor people.  Raw material for wood based industries: forest provide raw material for various wood based industries like paper and pulp, sports goods, furniture, match boxes etc.
  • 33.  Food: Fruits, roots, leaves of plants and trees along with the meat of forest animals provide the food to the tribal people.  Miscellaneous Products: Miscellaneous products like, resin, gums, oils, medicines, honey are provided by forests
  • 34. OVER EXPLOITATION OF FOREST • By over population the materials supplied by forest are not sufficient. CAUSES OF OVER EXPLOITATION • Increasing agricultural production • Increasing industrial activity • Increase in demand of wood resources EFFECT OF OVER EXPLOITATION • Migration of farmers • Environmental Damage • Tropical forest are destroyed • Flora & Fauna are endangered • Marine population disappears • Dumping of waste
  • 35. DEFORESTATION  Deforestation is the removal of forest.  Occurs around the world, mainly tropical rainforest is targeted.  Common methods of deforestation are burning trees and clear cutting.  Deforestation include conversion of forestland to farms, ranches, or urban use. Some other common reasons are: • To make more land available for housing and urbanization • To harvest timber to create commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes • To create ingredients that are highly prized consumer items, such as the oil from palm trees • To create room for cattle ranching
  • 36. • Deforestation is considered to be one of the contributing factors to global climate change. • No. 1 problem caused by deforestation is the impact on the global carbon cycle. Gas molecules that absorb thermal infrared radiation are called greenhouse gas. If greenhouse gases are in large enough quantity, they can force climate change.
  • 37. Causes of Deforestation: (1) Population Explosion: Vast areas of forest land are cleared to reclaim land for human settlements (factories, agriculture, housing, roads, railway tracks etc.) growth of population increases the demand for forest products like timber, firewood, paper and other valuable products. (2) Forest Fires: Fires in the forests may be due to natural calamities or human activities: (a) Smoldering of the humus and organic matter forming a thick cover over the forest floor (i.e. ground fires). (b) Dried twigs and leaves may catch fire (i.e. surface fires).
  • 38. (c) In densely populated forests, tree tops may catch fire by heat produced by constant rubbing against each other (i.e. crown fires). (d) Human activities like clearing forest for habitation, agriculture, firewood, construction of roads, railway tracks and carelessness (throwing burning cigarette stubs on dried foliage). Fire destroys fully grown trees, results in killing and scorching of the seeds, humus, ground flora and fauna. (3) Grazing Animals: Feeding cattle grasses for milk ,meat and other products.
  • 39. (4) Pest Attack: Forest pests like insects etc. destroy trees by eating up the leaves, boring into shoots and by spreading diseases. (5) Natural Forces: Floods, storms, snow, lightening etc. are the natural forces which damage forests. Effects of Deforestation: Forests are closely related with climatic change, biological diversity, wild animals, crops, medicinal plants etc. Large scale deforestation has many far-reaching consequences: (a) Habitat destruction of wild animals (tree-using animals are deprived of food and shelter.) (b) Increased soil erosion due to reduction of vegetation cover.
  • 40. (c) Reduction in the oxygen liberated by plants through photosynthesis. (d) Increase in pollution due to burning of wood and due to reduction in Carbon-dioxide fixation by plants. (e) Decrease in availability of forest products. (f) Loss of cultural diversity (g) Loss of Biodiversity (h) Scarcity of fuel wood (i) Lowering of the water table due to more run- off and thereby increased use of the underground water increases the frequency of droughts. (j) Rise in Carbon dioxide level has resulted in increased thermal level of earth which in turn results in melting of ice caps and glaciers and consequent flooding of coastal areas.
  • 42. Afforestation  The conservation measure against the deforestation is afforestation. The development of forest by planting trees on waste land is called afforestation Main objective of Afforestation:  To control the deforestation  To prevent soil erosion  To regulate rainfall and maintain temperature
  • 43.  To control atmospheric condition by keeping it clean  To promote planned uses of wasteland  To Protect forest ecosystem and to get benefits of forest products.
  • 44. Timber Extraction Uses of timber • Using wood us fuel • Pulp & Paper • Furniture • Construction of railways, boats, road, etc. Effects of timber • Causes deforestation • Loss of fertility, biodiversity • Soil erosion, land slides • Loss of tribal culture • Reduce thickness of forest
  • 45. MINING • Process of extracting mineral resources & fossil fuels • Mining in forest lead to removal of vegetation
  • 46. Dams and their Effects on Forests and Tribal People! • Dams are massive artificial structure build across river to store water • Lead to destruction of vast area of forest • Lead to displacement of local people • India has more than 1600 large Dams • Maharashtra - more than 600 Dams • Madhya Pradesh - 130 Dams • Gujarat – 250 Dams • Tamil Nadu - 114 Dams
  • 47. Effects of dam on forest • Dams constitute a major direct and indirect cause of forest loss. • Hydroelectric dams leads to loss of forest. The impact of large dams on forests: • Led to killing of wild animals and aquatic life • Best agricultural soils flooded by the reservoir, but major changes occur in the environment, where the river’s flora and fauna begins to disappear. • Hydroelectric projects led to spread of water borne diseases
  • 48. Effects of dam on tribal peoples • The impact of large dams on the lifestyle and identity of tribal people is extremely high. • Almost 40 % of those displaced by dams belong to scheduled tribes and 20 % to schedule castes. • Only 25 % of the displaced people have been rehabilitated so far. • Tribal are socially, economically and politically the weakest and the most deprived. • They have been evicted from their ancestral homes • They were forced to migrate to urban slums in search of employment or become landless labour in rural areas to pay the price of development.