Civil Engineering Project Report On SSF

CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT REPORT
ON
“DESIGN OF R.C.C. SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK

FOR NAGARIA MOD (DISTT. - ETAH)”
SUBMITTED ON PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE
DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGG.
SUBMITTED TO:
Er. M. P. SINGH Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA

PRINCIPAL LECTURER
G. P. ETAH CIVIL ENGG. DEPTT.
SUBMITTED BY
ANAND KUMAR
SANDEEP KUMAR
VIJAY KUMAR GAUTAM
VIMLESH KUMAR PAL
FINAL YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ETAH
B.T.E. LUCKNOW U. P.
2015-16
GOVT. POLYTECHNIC ETAH
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SESSION 2015-2016
CERTIFICATE
This is certified that this project report entitled “Design of R.C.C Slow Sand Filtration Tank For
Nagaria Mod (Distt. - Etah”) which is submitted by ANAND KUMAR partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGINEERING from GOVT.
POLYTECHNIC ETAH is record of student´s award carried out by them under my supervision.
This project includes all instructions laid down by BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
LUCKNOW, U. P.
I wish for those bright carriers and all the success in future life.
HEAD OF DEPTT.
(CIVIL ENGG.)
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to the entire person behind of screen. Who helped to
transform an idea into a real application.
I would like to express my heart – felt gratitude to my parents without whom I would not have
been privileged to fulfill my dreams. I am grateful to our principal Er. M. P. SINGH who most
ably runs the institution ant had the major hand in enabling to do my project.
I profoundly thank Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA, HEAD OF DEPTT. (CIVIL ENGG.)

Who has been an excellent guide and also a great source of inspiration to do my work.
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of the task would
be great but incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible with their
guidance and in encouragement crowns all the efforts with success.
And at last, I would like thanks all the

both teaching and non-teaching teacher, colleagues and loving friends who extended their timely
help and eased my task.
ANAND KUMAR
SANDEEP KUMAR
VIJAYKUMAR GAUTAM
VIMLESH KUMAR PAL
INDEX
S. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT
3. THEORY
3.1. WATER
3.2. IMPURITIES IN WATER
3.3. UNIT OPERATIONS IN WATER TREATMENT
4. EFFECTIVE SIZE OF SAND
5. UNIFORMITY OF SAND BED
6. GRAVEL FOR FILTER
7. DESCRIPTION OF FILTERS
8. DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK
9. ESTIMATE
10. ABSTRACT OF COST
11. CONCLUSION
12. SUGGESTION
LIST OF FIGURES
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S. NO. DETAIL OF FIGURES PAGE NO.
1. SHOWING TYPICAL SLOW SAND FILTER
2. SHOWING MASS CURVE GRAPH
3. SHOWING UNIT OPERATIONS IN WATER

TREATMENT
4. SHOWING FILTER BED CONSTRUCTION
5(a). SHOWING PLAN OF SLOW SAND FILTER
5(b). SHOWING CROSS – SECTION DETAIL AT a- a
6. SHOWING WORKING PROCESS OF RSF
7. SHOWING HEAD LOSS & NEGATIVE HEAD
8(a). SHOWING VERTICAL PRESSURE FILTER
8(b). SHOWING HORIZONTAL PRESSURE FILTER
9. SHOWING LOCATION MAP OF SLOW SAND

FILTER
10. SHOWING DESIGN DETAIL OF SLOW SAND

FILTER
11. SHOWING DETAILS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM
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LIST OF TABLES
S. NO. DETAILS OF TABLES PAGE NO.
1. PERCENT SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FILTER

SAND GRAINS
2. GRADING OF GRAVEL
3. TYPICAL TREATMENT PERFORMANCE OF

CONVENTIONAL SLOW SAND FILTERS
4. COMPARISON OF SSF & RSF
5. POPULATION GROWTH FACTORS
6. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE
7. ABSTRACT OF COST
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“DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK ”
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♦ Slow sand filter:-

A slow sand filter (SSF) is a very useful water treatment process. Slow sand filtration
effectively removes organic matter, pathogenic or micro-organism, color and mild turbidity to
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provide clean and safe water. No other single treatment process can improve the physical and
biological quality of water as well as slow sand filter.
It is a process well-suited for small, communities since it does not require a high degree of
operator skill or attention. As its name implies, slow sand filter is used to filter water at very
small communities having population of 1000 to 2000 persons.
Fig No.1 – Showing Typical Slow Sand Filter
♦ Objective of Project:-
The main purpose of this project is consideration of –
І. Removing suspended organic and inorganic matter (microbial, viral and sediment etc.) from
influent water.
ІІ. Design a slow sand filter to supply purified water for small, rural communities.
ІІІ. Guidelines of regard to operating cost with effective, passive and expensive filtration
technology.
ІV. A promising method for small systems with low turbidity or algae containing source water.
V. A study about the analysis and design process of slow sand filtration.
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♦1.Water:--
Water (chemical formula: H2O) is a transparent fluid which from the world stream, lakes,
oceans and rain, and is major constituent of the fluids of organisms.
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As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that
are connected by standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it after co-exists on earth with
its solid state, ice and gaseous state steam. It also exists as snow, fog, dew and cloud.
♦Necessity of Water:-
In ancient times the water was required only for domestic purposes such as drinking, bathing
and cooking etc. but now a day due to the advancement of civilization the utility of water has
increased enormously.
♦Supply of Water:-
Water supply is the provision of water by public utilities, commercial, organizations,
community endeavors or by individuals, usually via a system of pumps and pipes irrigation is
covered separately.
1. UNDER GROUND WATER
2. SURFACE WATER
♦Per Capita Demand:-

It may be defined as total consumption of water for a water supply scheme in a year divided by
the population and the number of day in the year i.e.
Per capita demand = Total consumption of under in liters/population ×365
It is expressed as liters per capita per day.
The following are the per capita consumption of water for various uses in an average Indian
town.
1. Domestic use 135 liter/capita/day
2. Industrial use 40 liter/capita/day
3. Public use 25 liter/capita/day
4. Fire demand 15 liter/capita/day
5. Losses, wastages and thefts 55 liter/capita/day
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Total = 270 liter/capita/day
♦Mass Curve Graph;-

A mass diagram is the plot of accumulated in flow (i.e. supply) or outflow (i.e. demand) versus
time. The mass curve of supply (i.e. supply line) is, there for, first drawn and is superimposed by
the demand curve. The procedure to construct such diagram is as follows.
Fig. No. 2 Showing Mass Curve Graph
♦Availability of Water:-
The water receiver for sedimentation is the surface water which flows in form of the river,
streams, lakes and ponds. The principal advantage of river as a source of water supply is large
quantity of water available for purification.
Through river water may be softer than ground water, it contains large amount of organic matter,
besides, it picks up lot of suspended matter clay, silt etc and muddy in appearance. Some tributes
of Indus River are known to contain harmful dissolved salts like Mica or Magnesium Sulphate in
excess quantities whose led to diarrheic disorder in human being.
♦2.Impurities in water:-
Impurities in water may be classified as follows –
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a. Physical Impurities
b. Chemical Impurities
♦Physical Impurities:-
The physical Impurities give taste, odor, color, turbidity. Taste and odor may be caused due to
presence of in water of organic matter dissolved during pass through the ground are from
industrial waste are due to microorganism such as algal growth. Turbidity is caused by
suspended or colloidal matter while color may be present due to presence of mineral logical
compounds such as iron-oxide etc. physical impurities do not have direct relationship with health
but produce many indirect consequences. A turbid water may protect pathogens from the effects
of chlorination and it may contain mineral matters that irritate stomach lining. It is often observe
that a safe water supply that has a disagree.
♦Bacteriological Impurities:-
Test in physical impurities are given bellow-
TURBIDITY TEST: This is expressed by the amount of suspended matter in parts per million
p. p. m. or mg/lit. (Milligram per liter) in water as ascertained by observations. The standard unit
is that produced by one part of finely divided silica in million part of distilled water. turbidity is
determined in terms of optical property of sample.
Turbidity is determined by the instrument called turbidity meter. Common turbidity meter is used
by Jackson turbidity meter, Hellige turbidity meter.
COLOR: The first step in the color test is to remove the suspended matter from the water
sample. This is done by centrifuging, forcing the suspended solids towards circumference of a
cylindrical container having the water sample, by rotating the cylinder about its axis. The sample
is than compared for color with standard color solution is color disk. The units of color is
produced by one mg of platinum cobalt scale color in water is harm less but objectionable on
grounds on appearance.
♦Taste and Odor:-
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Test and odor are subjective. These are to be discussed to be comparison with for the person is
familiar test may be sweet salty as well as irritating hot and cold. Test and odor are usually
related.
The principle involve in measuring odor is that sense small concentration of odoriferous
substances cannot be deducted accurately and must vary from person to person the value given to
a particular odor concentration called odor intensity could be related with the threshold odor the
dilution ratio at which the odor is just detectable. The test is made by inhaling throw and
osmoscope in a flask containing diluted water. For drinking water there should be no
objectionable taste or odor.
♦Chemical Impurities:-
This involves test for determination of total solid, hardness, pH value, chlorides, residual
chlorine, fluoride, organic matter etc.
♦Total solids:-
Total solids are considers to be the sum of dissolved and suspended solids. In water source, the
dissolved which usually pre dominate, consist mainly of inorganic salts, small amount of organic
matter and dissolved gas. The suspended contain much of the organic matter any increase there
of tends to increase the degree pollution in water.
The amount of total solids up to 500 mg/l. in water generally makes it suitable for domestic use.
Water with higher content up to 1500 mg/l. are also acceptable; however they may sometimes
lead to proceeding some physiological effects on human systems unless it gets adopted after
some use.
♦Hardness:-
Hardness in water is the characteristics which prevents the lathering of soap. This is due to the
presence in water of certain salts of calcium and magnesium is present, then the hardness is
called carbonate hardness, but if Sulphates and chlorides of calcium and magnesium are present,
then it is called non-carbonate present hardness. Total hardness is the sum of carbonate and non-
carbonate hardness.
♦pH Value:-
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Concentration even measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. When a substance
dissolved in water, solution ionizes, splits up in to electrically charged hydrogen +H hydroxyl
–OH ions. Acidity caused in the solution if +H ions are in excess over –OH ions and alkalinity
when the reverse take place in a natural solution there number is equal.
1
pH = log
H
♦3.Unit Operations in Water Treatment:-

The following operations are used in water treatment –
1. Screen
2. Sedimentation
3. Coagulation & Flocculation
4. Disinfection
5. Treatment or Filtration
6. Distribution
SCREEN
SEDIMENTATION
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION
DISINFECTION
TREATMENT OR FILTRATION
DISTRIBUTION
Fig. No. 3 – Showing Unit Operations in Water Treatment
♦Screen:-
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The fundamental process involved in screen is the exchange of gases between water and
atmosphere. Gases are dissolved in water are liberated from water depending when the
concentration of gases in water reaches its saturation value. The saturation concentration of a gas
normally deceases with temperature and salts dissolved in water. Screen tends to accelerate the
exchange of gases.
♦Sedimentation:-
This is the process of causing heavier solids particles in suspension, both organic and inorganic
to settle by retaining water in a basin. When the process is carried without aid of coagulants, it is
called Plain Sedimentation and when with coagulants is called, Sedimentation with
Coagulants.
♦Coagulation & Flocculation:-
The removal of very fine and light colloidal impurities from water viz. clay particles, gels and
emulsions is difficult to achieve in practice by the aforesaid process of sedimentation. This can
be greatly expedited by the addition to water of certain chemical compounds which when
thoroughly mixed form wooly masses of flocculate precipitated enmeshing the suspended
particles, become heavier and finally settle out. These substances are called coagulants and their
process of reaction is termed coagulation.
Flocculation generally indicates both the rapid mixing as well as slow stirring resulting in the
formation of heavier particles of floc.
♦Disinfection:-
The process of killing the pathogenic bacteria (i.e. harmful and causes disease), from the water
and making it safe to the public use in known as disinfection.
The main object of disinfection is to prevent contamination of water. The water after filtration
may contain some disease producing and useful bacteria. The chemical or substances used for
this purpose are known as disinfection.
The color, odors, testes and turbidity etc. are not dangerous to the public but the disease casing
bacteria may lead to spread of various diseases to the public life.
Chlorine has been found as the most ideal disinfectants throughout the world and used mostly at
all the water works.
♦Filtration:-
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Filtration is the process of passing the water through beds of sand or other granular materials for
removing bacteria, color, taste, odors and producing clear and sparkling water. Filters are used
for this purpose which may be Slow Sand Filter and Rapid Sand Filters. Pressure Filters are also
used now - a –days. Broadly speaking filter consists of a thick layer of sand and water is allowed
to pass through it.
♦1.Types of Filters:-
Filters are classified on the basis of the rate of filtration as well as on the gravity type and
pressure filter.
(A) Classification based on the rate of filtration -

I. Slow Sand Filters
II. Rapid Sand Filters -
(a) Rapid Gravity Filters
(b) Pressure Filters
(B) Classification based on gravity and pressure –
І. Gravity Filters they are –
(a) Slow Sand Filters
(b) Rapid Sand Filters
ІІ. Pressure Filters they are –
(a) Horizontal Pressure Filters
(b) Vertical Pressure Filters
♦2.Theory of Filtration:-
The appearance of filtration can be explained on the basis of following four actions. The
filtration process removes bacteria, color, odors and pathogenic organisms and makes water
sparkling. The chemical characteristics of the water are changed and the numbers of bacteria are
reduced materially.
The four actions taken place in filtration are as follows:-
(a) Mechanical straining

(b) Sedimentation and absorption
(c) Biological action (metabolism)
(d) Electrolytic action
♦Mechanical straining:-
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Sand bed consists of small pores due to which suspended particles which are larger in size are
removed and can’t pass through the pores in the sand coming in contact with sand surfaces.
This increases the straining action. By mechanical straining action colloidal matter or bacteria
which are too small to be strained, can’t be removed.
♦Sedimentation and absorption:-

The sand pores or voids act as small sedimentation tanks. Very small particles of suspended
matter, colloidal particles and some bacteria settle in these small tanks due to physical attraction
between two particles of matter and because of the presence of gelatinous coating formed on the
sand grains by previously deposited suspended matter.
♦Biological action (metabolism):-

It is the growth and life process of the living cells. The surface layer gets coated with organic
film which is known as ʽschmutzdeckeʼ or ʽ dirty skin ʼ in which the bacterial activities are the
highest and which feed on organic impurities converting them by a complex biochemical action
into simple, harmless compounds, resulting in the purification of matter.
♦Electrolytic action:-
A certain amount of dissolved and suspended matter in water is ionized i.e. carries charge of one
polarity and the particles of small in filter which are also ionized passes electrical charges of
opposite polarity. These neutralize each other and while so doing, change the chemical character
of water.
♦3.Sand required for filtration:-

The sand required for filtration must have the following properties-
(І)The sand should be obtained from the clay, loam, vegetable or organic matter.
(ІІ)Sand used should be uniform and of proper size.
(ІІІ)Sand should not be very fine nor too coarse.
(ІV)It should be resistant and hard.
(V)The sand should not be lose more than 5% of its weight if placed in hydrochloric acid for 24
hours.
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The rate of filtration reduces, if the sand used is very fine. Where, the coarse sand allows
suspended particles and bacteria to pass through the sand bed.
The effective size of sand particles should be between 0.33 mm to 0.55 mm. The coefficient of
uniformity should be between 1.30 to 1.75. The depth of sand should vary 60 cm to 90 cm.
♦Distribution:-
The distribution system is that part of the water works which receives the water from the
pumping station or from conduits by the gravity flow and delivers it throughout the district to be
served’
It includes, as such, reservoirs of for purposes of storage, equalizing pressures and subsequent
distribution together with pipes, valves, hydrants and other appurtenances for carrying water,
services pipes, meters etc.
♦4.Effective Size of Sand:-

The effective size of sand is the sieve size in mm that permits 10% of sand by weight to pass
through it.
The section of correct effective size is very important because if very fine sand is used in filter
media, than it will clog the filters and reduce the rate of filtration whereas if too large size sand
(coarse) will not filter the desired impurities and will allow and fine suspended matter and
bacteria to pass through the filter.
A 60% size means that 60% of the sand is smaller than the given size.
♦5.Uniformity of Sand Bed:-

Also known as uniformity coefficient. It may be defined as the ratio between the sieve sizes that
will allow 60% of the effective depth.
1. Now sand with an effective size of 0.30 mm to 0.55 mm and uniformity coefficient 1.30
to 1.75 are used in filters.
♦Grading of sand:–
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The sand bed should consist of graded in various layers. The following sizes are used in case of
slow and rapid sand filters.
(І)Slow Sand Filters:
Effective size of sand grain = 0.30 mm to 0.55 mm
Uniformity coefficient Cu = 1.75
(ІІ)Rapid Sand Filters:
Effective size of sand grain = 0.35 mm to 0.50 mm
Uniformity coefficient Cu = 1.60
The uniform grading decreases the voids space, makes bottom and top of the filter bed equally
effective, resulting in an increased rate of filtration.
Table No.1- Percent size distribution of filter sand grains.
Grain size
Percent size
Fine Medium Coarse
Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max.

1 0.20 0.32 0.34 0.39 0.41 0.45
10 0.35 0.45 0.45 0.55 0.55 0.65
60 0.53 0.75 0.68 0.91 0.83 1.08
90 0.93 1.50 1.19 1.80 1.46 2.00
♦6.Gravel for filter:-

The gravel used in filters should be clean hard, durable and rounded. It should not contain flat,
thin or long pieces. The density should be 1600 kg/m3.
Gravel supports the sand allows the wash water to move upwards uniformly on the sand. Gravel
is placed in 5 or 6 layers having finest site at the top.
Table No. 2 – Grading of Gravel
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Gravel Grading (mm) Thickness of layer (mm)
5–8 4.7 - 2.4

5–8 12.7 - 4.7
7 - 13 19.0 - 12.7
7 - 13 38.0 - 19.0
13 – 20 63.0 - 38.0
Fig No. 4 – Showing Filter Bed Construction
♦7.Description of Filters:-
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♦Slow Sand Filter (Gravity type)
♦(A)Construction Details:-
♦1.Enclosure Tank:-
It is made of masonry or concrete. It is an open water tight rectangular tank. Slow Sand Filter is
water tight shallow tank about 2.5 m to 4m deep and having surface area 100 m2 to 200 m2 in
play.
The slop at bottom sides varies from 1in 100 to 1in 200 towards cement drain.
♦2.Filter Media:-
The filter media consists of sand layers 60 cm to 90 cm thick supported on 30 cm to 45 cm thick
gravel bed laid in 5 to 6 layer. The effective size of filter media varies 0.30 mm to 0.55 mm and
uniformity coefficient as 1.75 coarse layers of sand should be placed near the bottom and fine particles
layers towards the top, beneath which the under-drainage system is laid over concrete bed sloping
towards a central longitudinal drain.
♦3.Under-drainage System:-
Under-drainage system gives a base to the gravel layer. It is constructed in the bottom of filter tank to
collect the filtered water.
It consists of a central drain which is connected with lateral drains or pipes. The lateral drains or pipe
are open jointed pipe or placed interval of 2.5 m to 4 m apart on the bottom.
Concrete floor and sloping towards the central drains or manifold pipes.
♦4.Inlet and Outlet Chamber:-

The inlet of the filtration tank consists of a chamber fitted with float valve. The inlet pipe is carried
vertically in the body of filter tank and mouth of inlet pipe flush with water level.
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Fig. No. 5(a) – Showing Plan of Slow Sand Filter
Fig. No. 5(b) – Showing Cross – Section Details At a - a
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♦(B)Working Process of Slow Sand Filter:-
An outlet pipe is provided in the outlet chamber just below the water level in it. The depth of mouth of
outlet pipe is kept contact from the water level inside the outlet chamber by a regulating arrangement.
The filter water is collected in the outlet chamber.
The regulating system consist of telescopic pipes (or adjustable weir) co-operated by means of a float.
The raw water is led gently on the filter bed, and percolating downwards through the under-drains in to
an outlet chamber. The outlet chamber is provided with a regulating arrangement, consisting of a
telescopic pipe and an adjustable weir-plate in order to keep the rate of filtration constant.
It is also equipped with a loss of head i.e., the difference in the water level in the filter and in the outlet
chamber. The outlet is so arranged as to prevent the possibility of negative pressures and resulting filter
damage.
From the sedimentation tank water inters the filter through the inlet chamber and distributed uniformly
over the filter bed water gets purified after percolating through the sand layers. The filtered water
passes through the lateral drains towards the central drain from where it goes to outlet chamber.
The water passes through the filter media @ 2200 to 3400 lit/m2 day and continued till the deference
between the water level on the filter sand and in outlet chamber known as ‘Head loss or Filter Head’.
Its value varies 0.75 to 1.2 m. However the maximum desirable filtration head is obtained by
multiplying the depth of filter sand with a factor 0.70 to 0.80.
♦(C) Washing or Cleaning of Filter Beds:-

The filter is required cleaning when the head loss reaches a value of 0.70 m to 1.20 m. After
some use, the filter gets clogged to impurities which stay in the pores and the resistance to the
passage of water. Necessitating is an increase in the filtration head in order to keep the rate of
filtration constant.
When head loss increases a specified value 0.70 to 1.20 m a permissible limit, the working of
filter is stopped. A layer of sand from the top of bed till 10 mm to 20 mm is scrapped and
replaced with clean sand and working of filter is started. The scrapped sand is washed with
water, dried and stored for return to filter at the time of next washing after 1 to 3 months.
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♦(D)Limitations of Slow Sand Filter:-
Slow sand filters require a large land area, large quantities of filter media, and manual labor for
cleaning.
Water with high turbidity levels can quickly clog the fine sand filters. Water is applied to slow
sand filters without any pretreatment when it has turbidity levels lower than 10 NTU.
When slow sand filter are used with surface waters that have widely varying turbidity,
infiltration galleries or rough filters – such as gravel filters - they be used to reduce turbidity.
Slow sand filters do not completely remove all organic chemicals, dissolved inorganic
substances, such as heavy metals, or trihalomethane (THM) precursors – chemical compounds
that may from THMs when mixed with chlorine. Also, waters with very fine clays are not easily
treated using slow sand filters.
A granular activated carbon (GAC) Sandwich filter is a modified slow sand filter that removes
organic material. This filter use a base sand layer that is approximately Foot deep and
intermediate GAC layer approximately 0.5 feet, and a top sand layer approximately 1.5 feet
deep. This modified slow sand filter effectively removes pesticides, total organic carbon, and
THM precursors.
Slow sand filters are less effective at removing microorganisms from fold water because as
temperatures decrease, the biological activity the filter bed declines.
♦(D)Characteristics of Slow Sand Filters:-
The essential characteristics of slow sand filters are –
(І) Rate of filtration is low 100 to 200 lit./m2/h.
(ІІ)The bacterial efficiency is high as much as 98%-99%.
(ІІІ) Slow sand filters are best suited for the filter of water for small plants, rural communities.
(ІV) Unsuitability for waters having turbidity greater than 50 p. p. m.(mg/lit.) average turbidity
being generally less than 30 p. p. m.
(V) Not very effective in the removal of colloidal matter.
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(VІ) Require a large area for construction increasing the initial cost too high.
(VІІ) Filters have to stop due to cleaning of filter bed.
(VІІІ)Slow sand filters are simple in mechanism and operation.

♦(E)Advantages of Slow Sand Filter:-
Design and operation simplicity – as well as minimal power and chemical requirements – make
the slow sand filter an appropriate technique for removing suspended organic matter. Those
filters also may remove pathogenic organisms.
Slow sand filtration reduces bacteria, cloudiness, and organic levels – thus reducing the need for
disinfection and, consequently, the presence of disinfection byproducts in the finished water.
Other advantages include:

♦ Sludge handling problems are minimal.
♦ Close operator supervision is not necessary.
♦ Systems can make use of locally available materials and labor.
Table No. 3 – Typical Treatment Performance of Conventional Slow Sand

Filters
Water Quality Removal
Parameter Capacity
Turbidity < 1.0 NTU
Coli forms 1 – 3 log units
Enteric Viruses 2 – 4 log units
Giardia Cysts 2 – 4+ log units
Cryptosporidium Oocysts > 4 log units
Dissolved Organic Carbon < 15 - 25 %
Biodegradable
Dissolved Organic Carbon < 50 %
Trihaliomethane Precursors < 20 – 30 %
Heavy metals
Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb > 95 – 99 %
Fe, Mn > 67%
As < 47 %
Source: Adapted from TB15-SlowSand.pdf
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♦Rapid Sand Filters (Gravity Type):-

It is also filters the influent water like as a slow sand filter and also filter media is sand, but in
rapid sand filters, the size of sand grains and operation head is greater than slow sand filter.
So the filtered water can be achieved by rapid sand filters multiplying of 30 more than slow sand
filters. It is also known as mechanical filter.
Fig. No. 6 – Showing Working Process of RSF
In Fig. nomenclatures used are –

A = Influent valve
B = Waste water valve
C = Effluent valve
D = Filtered waste valve
E = Wash – water valve
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♦Characteristics of Rapid Sand Filters:-
The essential characteristics of rapid sand filters are –
(І) Rate of filtration is high 2000 to 6000 lit./m2/h or even more.
(ІІ) Cleaning is done from through back washing.
(ІІІ) Bacterial efficiency is comparatively less (90%).
(ІV) It is more compact and quantities of filtering media required are also less.
(V) Skilled operators for required operate mechanical equipment.
(VІ) Rapid sand filters remove suspended matter, color, odors, bacteria from water, coarse sand
is used.
(VІІ) The wash water pressure should not be more than 10 m.
♦Loss of Head and Negative Head:-
Loss of head or filter head occurs due to the experience of frictional resistance by water when
passes through filter and under-drains. Filter requires cleaning when loss of head exceeds 2.5 m.
The top layers offer maximum resistance and the loss of head due to friction in this layers
exceeds the depth of water above this layer. Vacuum is created below this layer which is called a
negative head.
It is causes a suction effect. Due to this partial vacuum dissolved gases are released and there is
an air binding effect and formation of bubbles. A negative head more than 1.2 m should not be
allowed because this reduces the rate of filtration greatly.
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Fig. No. 8 – Showing Head Loss & Negative Head
♦Comparison of Slow Sand Filter and Rapid Sand Filter:-
Table No. 4 – Comparison of SSF & RSF
S. Items Slow Sand Filter Rapid Sand Filter

No.
1. Area Very large Small

2. Quantity of sand Considerable quantity Less quantity
3. Filter media Effective size = 0.30 to 0.55 Effective size = 0.35 to
mm 0.50 mm
Cu = 1.75 Cu = 1.60 (or 1.70 max.)
4. Rate of filtration Low, 100 to 200 lit./m2/h High, 2000 to 6000
lit/m2/h
5. Head loss It is very small, 15 cm to 75 It is more 2 to 3.5 m
cm
6. Skilled supervision Not required Essentially required
7. Coagulation Not required Required
8. Method of cleaning By scrapping the top layers Agitation and back
washing
29
SESSION 2015-2016
9. Period of cleaning 1 to 3 months 2 to 4 % of filtered water
10. Amount of wash water 0.2 to 0.6 % of filtered water Less efficient for the
removal of bacteria and
more for the removal of
color and turbidity
11. Efficiency Removes bacteria completely It is more
and less for the removal of
color and turbidity
12. Operating cost For thousand of water treated More

is less
13. Maintenance cost Small Treatment with chemical
is essentially required
14. Quality of raw water Treatment with chemical is
not required but the turbidity
should not be more than 50 p.
p. m.
♦Pressure Filters:-
Pressure filters are rapid gravity sand filters enclosed in an airtight cylindrical steel container.
Water passes through sand bed under a pressure greater than atmosphere.
Water from the sedimentation tank is pumped into the filter by means of pumps. The pressure
varies from 3 kg/cm2 to 7 kg/cm2.
Pressure filters are two types –

(a) Horizontal pressure filters
(b) Vertical pressure filters
The diameter varies from 2 m to 2.5 m in case of vertical filters and in horizontal it varies from 2
m to 3 m. The height in case of vertical filters kept 2 m to 2.5 m and in case of horizontal it
varies up to 3 m to 8 m.
The rate of filtration varies high 6,000 to 15,000 lit./m2/h. The cleaning of filters is done in the
same as in case of rapid sand filters. For increasing the rate of filtration, air pressure should be
maintained.
The Pressure filters are less efficient that the slow or rapid sand filters in removing turbidity and
bacteria. The quality of filtered water is not good. They are best suited for swimming pools,
railway stations, private estates, industries etc.
30
SESSION 2015-2016
Fig. No. 9(a) – Showing Vertical Pressure Filter
Fig. No. 9(b) – Showing Horizontal Pressure Filter
31
SESSION 2015-2016
♦Characteristics of pressure filters:-
(І) They do not require pumping devices because filtered water comes under pressure.
(ІІ) These filters require very small area for their installation.
(ІІІ) They are not efficient in removing bacteria and turbidity.
(ІV) Sedimentation and coagulation tanks are not required.
(V) Those units are suited for small estates and small town water supply.
Fig. No. 10 – Showing Location Map of Slow Sand Filter
Table No.5 – Population Growth Factors
Design Yearly Growth Rate ( % )

period
Years
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
7 1.1 1.15 1.19 1.23 1.27 1.32
10 1.16 1.22 1.25 1.34 1.41 1.48
15 1.25 1.35 1.45 1.56 1.68 1.80
20 1.35 1.49 1.64 1.81 1.99 2.19
32
SESSION 2015-2016
33
SESSION 2015-2016
♦DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS:-
Designing a slow sand filtration tank for a rural town Nagaria Mod Distt. - Etah having
population of 250 persons. The scheme of treated water supply is 70 lit./day for each person. For
water supply, 2 units will be constructed in which one unit is standby.
Rate of filtration will be 200 lit./m2/h filtration surfaces.
For a rectangular slow sand filtration tank technical assumptions –
1. Rural community population = 250 persons

2. Water supply for each person = 70 lit./day
3. Rate of filtration = 200 lit./m2/h filtration surface
= 200 × 24 lit./m2/day filtration surface
4. Ratio of length : breadth = 2.5 : 1
5. Depth/Height of tank =3m
6. Depth of water level = 1.45 m
7. Depth of sand bed = 60 cm
= 0.60 m
8. Depth of gravel bed = 45 cm
= 0.45 m
9. Depth of under drainage = 45 cm
= 0.45 m
10. Free board = 5 cm
= 0.05 m
11. No. of unit = Minimum 2 nos.
♦CALCULATION:-
♦Step1. Dimensions of filtration tank:-

According to assumptions –
Average demand of water in rural community = Water supply for each person ×
Population
= 70 × 250 lit./day
Maximum demand of water = 1.5 × Average demand of water

= 1.5 × 70 × 250 lit./day
= 26250 lit./day
34
SESSION 2015-2016
Let rate of filtration 200 lit./m2/h filtration surface
Rate of filtration per day= 200 × 24 lit./m2/day
Maximum demand of water

∴ Total filtration area =
Rate of filtration
26250
=
200× 24
= 5.47 m2
A minimum of two filters should be constructed
Total filtration area

∴ Each filter constructed area =
2
5.47
=
2
= 2.74 m2
Let of ratio of length: breadth = 2.5: 1
Then, for breadth of filter (B),

(2.5 B × B) m = 2.74 m 2
2.74
B2 = m
2.5
B2 = 1.096 m
B = √ 1.096 m
B = 1.05 m
∴ Length of filter, L = (2.5 × 1.05) m
L = 2.625 m say 2.63 m
∴ Dimension of each filtration unit = (2.63 × 1.05) m
35
SESSION 2015-2016
The depth of filter tank is taken generally taken 3 m.
∴ Volume of each filter unit V = (L × B × D) m3

= (2.63 × 1.05 × 3) m3
= 8.29 m3 say
For two units, Total volume = 2 × Volume of one unit

= 16.58 m3
♦Step2. Depth of sand bed:
Assuming sand bed depth = 60 cm say 0.60 m [generally taken 60-90 cm]
♦Step3. Depth of gravel bed:-
Assuming gravel bed depth = 45 cm say 0.45 m
♦Step 4.Under- drainage system:-

To design this system, let assuming the area of the perforations is 0.2 % of the total filter area.
∴ Total area of perforation = 0.2 % × Total filter area
0.2
= ×(2.63 ×1.05)
100
= 0.0055 m2
Now, assuming the area of each lateral 2 times area of perforation in it (for 13 mm dia.
perforation), we have
Total area of laterals = 2 × Total area of perforations
= 2 × 0.0055 m2
= 0.011 m2
Now, assuming the area of manifold to be about twice the area of laterals, we have
The area of manifold = 2 × 0.011 m2

= 0.022 m2
36
SESSION 2015-2016
∴ Dia. of manifold (d) is given by
π
4
× d2 = 0.022
0.022 × 4
d=√ π
d = 0.16 m
Or, Hence, use a 20 cm dia. manifold pipe laid lengthwise along the centre of the filter bottom.
Laterals running with sloping 1 in 10 to the manifold (i.e. widthwise) emanating from the
manifold may be laid at the spacing of say 15 cm (max. 30 cm).
The no. of laterals is then given as

2.63× 100
=
15
=17.5 say 18 nos.
On either side of the manifold Hence, use 36 laterals in all, in each unit.
Width of filter Dia .of manifold

Now, Length of each lateral = −¿
2 2
3 0.2
= 2− 2
2.8
= 2 = 1.4 m
Now, adopting 13 mm dia. perforations in the laterals, we have
Total area of perforations

π
= 0.0055 m2 say 55 cm2 = x × ×(1.3) 2
4
Where, x = Total no. of perforations in all 36 laterals
37
SESSION 2015-2016
4 ( 1 )
x = 55 × × 2
π 1.3
= 41.44 say 42 nos.

No. of perforations in each laterals
42
=
36
= 1.16 say2
∴ Area of perforations per lateral
= 2¿ cm2
= 2.65 cm2
Now, Area of each lateral
= 2 × Area of perforations per lateral
= 2 × 2.65
= 5.30 cm2
∴ Dia. of each lateral
4
= √ (5.3 × )
π
= 2.59 cm say 2.6 cm

Hence, use 36 laterals each of 2.6 cm dia. @ 15 cm c/c each having 4 perforations of 13 mm
size, with 20 cm dia. manifold.
♦Step5. Check:-
Length of each lateral 1.4 m
Dia . of lateral
= 2.6 cm
140
= 2.6
38
SESSION 2015-2016
= 53.8 (which is less than 60 and Hence O.K.)
Now, let assuming the rate of washing of the filter be 20 cm rise/minute or 0.20 m rise/minute.
∴ The wash water discharge

0.20 × ( 2.63 ×3 ) m3
=
60 sec
= 0.0263 m3/sec
∴ Velocity of flow in lateral for wash water
0.0263
=
36 ×¿ ¿
0.0263 ×10000
=
36 ×5.30
= 1.37 m/sec
Similarly, Velocity of flow in the manifold
Discharge
=
Area
0.0263
= π
×¿ ¿
4
0.263
= 0.0314
= 0.83 m/sec, which is less than 1.8 to 2.4 m/sec. (max.

permissible) and Hence O.K.
♦Step6. Design of Wash-water Trough:-

Wash-water trough, as said earlier, is generally kept at about 1.5 m – 2 m. So in a length of 2.63
2.63
m of filter bed, let providing 3 troughs at = 0.88 m apart.
3
39
SESSION 2015-2016
Now, the total wash-water discharge of 0.0263 m3/sec. enters in these 3 troughs.
∴ Discharge in trough
0.0263
=
3
= 0.008 m3/sec.
The dimensions of a flat bottom trough are now designed by using an empirical formula
Q = 1.376 b y 3 /2
Where, Q = Discharge in m3/sec

b = Width of trough in m = 0.88 m
y = Water depth in the trough in m
Let,
∴ 0.008 = 1.376 × 0.88 × y 3 /2
3 /2 0.008 ×60
y = 1.376 ×0.88
3 /2
y = 0.396
y = (0.396 ¿ ¿ 2/3
= 0.53 m says 53 cm
Keeping 5 cm freeboard, adopt the depth of trough
= (53 +¿ 5) cm
= 58 cm
Hence, 3 nos. wash-water troughs of size (58 × 10) cm may be used.
♦7.Depth of Filter Box:-
1. Depth of under-drains = 0.45 m

2. Depth of gravel bed = 0.45 m
3. Depth of sand bed = 0.60 m
4. Depth of water depth = 1.45 m
5. Depth of free-board = 0.05 m
∴ Depth of filter box = 3.0 m
40
SESSION 2015-2016
41
SESSION 2015-2016
Fig. No. 11 – Showing Design Details of Slow Sand Filter
♦Notes of filtration tank:-

42
SESSION 2015-2016
♦1.Inside parameters-
Length (l) = 2.63 m

Breadth (b) = 1.05 m
♦2.Outside parameters-
Slab thickness = 15 cm = 0.15 m [with 15 mm cover]

Wall thickness = 15 cm = 0.15 m
Total Length (L) = 2.93 m ¿L= 2.63+0.15+ 0.15=2.93 m ]
Total Breadth (B) = 1.35 m [B = 1.05+0.15+ 0.15=1.35 m ¿
Total Height (H) = 3.15 m [H = 3.0 +0.15=3.15 m¿
♦3.Under-drainage system-
Height = 0.45 m
Main central drain @20 cm dia. in length of 2.63 m & laterals @2.6 cm in length of 1.4 m with
slope of 1 in 10.
♦4.Reinforcement:-
Fe 415 Tor Bars, Density = 7850 Kg/m3
♦5.R. C. C:-
M-20 (1: 1.5: 3) Grade Concrete
43
SESSION 2015-2016
♦Calculation of Concreting Work:-
♦1.Estimating Of Slab:
Length (L) = 2.93 m
Breadth (B) = 1.35 m
Height (H) = 0.15 m
Volume (V) = 2.93× 1.35× 0.15
V = 0.593 m
♦2.Estimating Of Under-drainage System:-
Fig no. 12 - Showing Details of Drainage System
Area of main pipe,
44
SESSION 2015-2016
π
A1 = × D2 where, D = Dia. of central drain in m
4
π
¿ ×(0.20)2
4
A1 = 0.0314 m2
Area of under-drains,
A2 = l × b
= 2.63 ×1.05
A2 = 2.76 m2
Volume of under-drains:-
For trapezoidal section,
h
V= ¿ A1 +¿ A2 + 4Am]
6
Where, Am = A1 + A2
2
2.76+0.0314
=
2
Am = 1.396 m2
0.23
∴ V1 = [2.76 +0.0314 +4 ×1.396 ¿
6
= 0.038 ×8.375
V1 = 0.32 m3
For rectangular section,
l = 2.63 m
b = 1.05 m
h = 0.22 m
V = l ×b × h
45
SESSION 2015-2016
∴ V2 = 2.63×1.05 × 0.22
V2 = 0.61 m3
Total volume of drainage,
V =V1 +V 2
∴ V = 0.32 +0.6 0 = 0.93 m3
♦Deduction Volume:-
Let,
d1 = 2.6 cm = 0.026 m or r1 = 0.013 m, and h1 = 1.40 m
d2 = 20 cm = 0.20 m or r2 = 0.10 m, and h2 = 2.63 m
Where,
d1, h1 and d2, h2 are respectively dia. and height/length of central drain and laterals.
Total deduction volume of central and lateral drains,
V = π ¿r1)2h × π ¿r2)2h
= π ×(0.013)2 ×1.40+ π × (0.10)2 ×2.63
= 0.083 m3
∴ V = 0.083 m3
Total volume for concreting in drainage:-
V = Total volume of drainage – Total deduction volume
= 0.93 – 0.083
V = 0.847 m3
♦3.Estimation of Walls:-
Short wall, both sides

V = 1.05 × 0.15× 3 ×2
46
SESSION 2015-2016
= 0.946 m3
Long wall (for one side wall)
V = 2.93 ×0.15 × 3
= 1.319 m3
Let 0.20 m dia. of outlet pipe in 2nd long wall
V = [Area of long wall – Area of outlet pipe] × Height of wall
= [2.93 ×0.15 – πr 2] × 3
= [0.44– 3.14× ( 0.10 )2] ×3
= [0.44 – 0.0314] ×3
= 0.41 × 3
V = 1.23 m3
Total volume for concreting in walls,

V = Volume of short walls +¿ Volume of long walls
= 0.946 + (1.319 + 1.23)
V = 3.495 m3
Total volume of concreting,
V = Volume of slab + Volume of under-drainage + Volume of walls
= 0.593 + 0.847 + 3.495
V = 4.935 m3
♦ Calculation Of Reinforcement Steel:-
♦1.Bottom Slab:- 15cm thick, cover = 15 mm.
(a) Main bars 12 mm ɸ @ 125 mm c/c both sides –
47
SESSION 2015-2016
Outsidelength−Cover
No. of bars =
Spacing
2.93−0.03
=
0.125
= 23.2 say 24 Nos.
(b) Distribution bars 8 mm ɸ @ 150 mm c/c both sides –
Outside breadth−Cover
No. of bars =
Spacing
1.35−0.03
= 0.150
= 8.8 say 9 Nos.
♦2.Side walls:– 15 cm thick, cover = 15 mm
(a) Short walls –
Main bars 12 mm ɸ @ 125 mm c/c both sides –
1.35−0.03
No. of bars =
0.125
= 10.6 say 11 Nos. (for one sides)
For two sides = 11 ×2

= 22 Nos.
Distribution bars 8 mm ɸ @ 150 mm c/c both sides –
3.00−0.03
No. of bars =
0.150
= 19.8 say 20 Nos. (For one side)
48
SESSION 2015-2016
= 40 Nos.
(b) Long wall –
For one side wall, Main bars 12 mm ɸ 125 mm c/c
2.93−0.03
No. of bars =
0.125
= 23.2 say 24 Nos.
= 48 Nos.
For one side wall, Distribution bars 8 mm ɸ @ 150 mm c/c
3.00−0.03
No. of bars ¿
0.150
= 19.8 say 20 Nos. [Let main pipe dia. negligible]
= 40 Nos.
♦3.Supply of Fe 415 Tor Bars:–
Filtration tank (2.93 m ×1.35 m ¿
Quantity = 130 kg [According to bar bending schedule]
♦4.Capacity of filtration tank:–
(Free-board = 0.05 m)
H = 3 – 0.05 = 2.95 m
Filtration tank capacity –
49
SESSION 2015-2016
V = l × b× h [Where, l = 2.63 m, b = 1.05 m & h = 2.95 m]
= 2.63 ×1.05 × 2.95
= 8.146 m3 or 8146 Liter (for one unit)
Total capacity of tank = 2 × 8.146
= 16.292 m3 or 16292 Liter
♦5.Percentage of Reinforcement Steel –
Volume of concreting = 4.935 m3
280× 1
Volume of reinforcement bars (1 m3 =7850 kg) = = 0.0357 m3
7850
0.0357
∴ %P= × 100
4.935
= 0.72 %
Table No. 6 -Bar Bending Schedule
Detailing of Total Unit Total

Bars & Dia. Nos. Length length weight weight
50
SESSION 2015-2016
(ɸ mm) (m) (m) ( Kg ) ( Kg )
(a)Bottom slab-
Main bars 12mm 24 2.90 69.60 0.888 61.81
ɸ
Distribution bars 9 1.32 11.88 0.222 2.64

8mm ɸ
(b)Side walls-
Short walls – 22 1.32 29.04 0.888 25.79
Main bars 12mm
ɸ

8mm ɸ
Long wall – 48 2.90 139.2 0.888 123.60

Main bars 12mm
ɸ

8mm ɸ
Total 266.58
Add- 5% for over lapping & wastage 13.33
Grand Total 279.91

Say 280 kg
♦6.Rate Analysis for Different Items:–
Let M- 20 (1: 1.5: 3) Grade concrete –
51
SESSION 2015-2016
Because according to P.W.D. Code, For 1 m3, the quantity of concrete materials M- 20 Grade
is taken, as follows –
(i) Cement = 0.276 m3 or 8.3 Bags

(1m3 cement = 30 Bags cement, generally 50 kg per Bags)
(ii) Sand = 0.42 m3
(iii) Ballast = 0.84 m3
For 4.935 m3 Concreting work, M-20 Grade (1: 1.5: 3) total quantity of materials will be taken,
as follows –
(i) Cement = (0.276 × 4.935) m3
= 1.362 m3
= 1.362 ×30 = 40.86 Bags Say 41 Bags
(ii) Sand = (0.42 ×4.935) m3
= 2.073 m3
(iii) Ballast = (0.84 ×4.935) m3
= 4.146 m3
52
SESSION 2015-2016
Table No. 7 – Abstract of Cost
S. Description of Quantity Rate Per Amount

53
SESSION 2015-2016
No. Items & Work
1. Concreting work–
(a) O.P.C. Cement 41 Bags 270/- Bags 11,070.00
(50 kg)
(b) Sand (Local) 2.073 m3 450/- m3 932.85
(c) Stone ballast 20-

40 mm (Including 4.146 m3 950/- m3 3,938.70
cartage)
280 kg
2. Reinforcement steel
(Fe-415 Tor Bars) 42/- Kg 11,760.00
0.50 m
3. Outlet PVC pipe @
200 mm dia. 2,870/- m 1,435.00
Total = Rs. 29,136.55
54
SESSION 2015-2016
Add – For water works @ 1% = Rs. 291.37
Contractor profit @ 10 % = Rs. 2913.66
Grand Total = Rs. 32,134.58 says
Rs. 32,135/-
32,135
∴ Rate per m3 =
4.935
=Rs. 6,511.65 says Rs. 6,512
Because it should be constructed minimum of two filter units.

Therefore,
Total cost = 32,135 ×2
= Rs. 64,270/-
♦Conclusion:-
The project of slow sand filtration for Nagaria Mod Distt- Etah was designed and estimated as
per given dimensions and cost
55
SESSION 2015-2016
1. Dimensions of filtration tank = 2.63×1.05 × 3 (inside)
2. Capacity of water tank to be treated = 18.292 m3 or 18292 Liter
3. Cost of project = Rs. 64,270/-
The project cost estimated is in economical range and this type if project will benefits the people
of the village free from every type impurities obtained from the water supply either ground or
surface. The people will get better health and diseases will be negligible in respect of water.
♦Suggestion:-
Slow Sand Filtration tank design is very simple and it´s operating and maintenance is also very
economical and effectual.
The following suggestion should be follow while constructing a slow sand filtration tank –
1. It can be constructed always for rural and small communities having minimum
population as well as possible.
2. The optimum cost obtained will be indirectly minimized the cost of medicine and
treatment of the people.
3. The small scale industries will get benefits by using this; the manufacturing cost will be
minimized.
4. Where RO, UV and other treatment not possible for the rural people, it will benefit
them as the cost is economical.
5. This type of project can be installed for small colonies, educational places and
commercial places.
56
SESSION 2015-2016
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CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT REPORT

“DESIGN OF R.C.C. SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK

DIPLOMA IN CIVIL ENGG.

Er. M. P. SINGH Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA

VIJAY KUMAR GAUTAM

VIMLESH KUMAR PAL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC ETAH

I profoundly thank Er. KHUSHBOO VERMA, HEAD OF DEPTT. (CIVIL ENGG.)

And at last, I would like thanks all the

S. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. SHOWING TYPICAL SLOW SAND FILTER

2. SHOWING MASS CURVE GRAPH

3. SHOWING UNIT OPERATIONS IN WATER

4. SHOWING FILTER BED CONSTRUCTION

5(a). SHOWING PLAN OF SLOW SAND FILTER

5(b). SHOWING CROSS – SECTION DETAIL AT a- a

6. SHOWING WORKING PROCESS OF RSF

7. SHOWING HEAD LOSS & NEGATIVE HEAD

8(a). SHOWING VERTICAL PRESSURE FILTER

8(b). SHOWING HORIZONTAL PRESSURE FILTER

9. SHOWING LOCATION MAP OF SLOW SAND

10. SHOWING DESIGN DETAIL OF SLOW SAND

11. SHOWING DETAILS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM

S. NO. DETAILS OF TABLES PAGE NO.

1. PERCENT SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FILTER

3. TYPICAL TREATMENT PERFORMANCE OF

4. COMPARISON OF SSF & RSF

5. POPULATION GROWTH FACTORS

6. BAR BENDING SCHEDULE

“DESIGN OF SLOW SAND FILTRATION TANK ”

♦ Slow sand filter:-

Fig No.1 – Showing Typical Slow Sand Filter

1. UNDER GROUND WATER

♦Per Capita Demand:-

Per capita demand = Total consumption of under in liters/population ×365

It is expressed as liters per capita per day.

1. Domestic use 135 liter/capita/day

2. Industrial use 40 liter/capita/day

3. Public use 25 liter/capita/day

4. Fire demand 15 liter/capita/day

5. Losses, wastages and thefts 55 liter/capita/day

♦Mass Curve Graph;-

Fig. No. 2 Showing Mass Curve Graph

Test in physical impurities are given bellow-

♦Taste and Odor:-

♦3.Unit Operations in Water Treatment:-

3. Coagulation & Flocculation

COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION

Fig. No. 3 – Showing Unit Operations in Water Treatment

♦Coagulation & Flocculation:-

(A) Classification based on the rate of filtration -

The four actions taken place in filtration are as follows:-

(a) Mechanical straining

♦Sedimentation and absorption:-

♦Biological action (metabolism):-

♦3.Sand required for filtration:-

(ІІ)Sand used should be uniform and of proper size.