Ecological Considerations in Site Planning

URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
COURSE CODE: Q408

SUBJECT: PLANNING 1
Site Planning and Landscaping Architecture
RSW NO.1
TITLE: “ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE
PLANNING”
Date Due: APRIL 11, 2023
Submitted by:
Nowel T. Abuan, 20171038

Student
Submitted to:
Arch’t. Maria Teresa Cuares-Velasco, MA EHURP

CEA- Instructor
1
PLANNING 01: ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION IN SITE PLANNING
ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE PLANNING
Beyond the surface of site planning, certain things like ecological considerations
take a huge part in the whole process of site planning. Paying a close attention
to the site's geography, climate, and orientation will help us plan accurately.
Geology helps us to determine the good in a site and regards the sustainability
and versatility of the site. Soil composition is also considered for us to know the
land use and what development to plan. Not just the behavior of the soil but also
the water should be considered. Below the ground along with the soil, the water
might also affect the site since it is also a part of nature. Drainage systems require
thorough study of the site's hydrology. Of course, talking about ecology,
vegetation is also relevant since it plays a huge role in the site.
Climatic control, air filtration, and aesthetic uses are those what we can use of
the plants. Knowing the right types of plants to plant on the site is also important
so it will be able to aid the downsides of the local climate or the microclimate.
Orientation of the building should also be considered since it will affect the
functionality of the building. The interior plan and the workflow inside depends
on it. A careful and thorough planning needs to consider all of these to be able
to provide a useful and eco-friendly development.
By means of designing considering the ecological factors, it is harmonizing with

the nature and the surroundings. In site planning, there should also be a give
and take. Building a man-made structure not only ends in mere construction but
having a good relationship with the environment.
INTRODUCTION
An ecosystem is a complex system with many parts, both and non-living.

All parts of the system are important. If one part of the system is
removed, lots of other parts can be affected.
If a part of ecosystem is missing may continue for a while but in time
would start falling apart.
All of the parts of the ecosystem work together. If you do not think about
how your work will affect the land, water or air where you are working,
you could damage that ‘ecosystem’ by poisoning the land or water,
removing plants and trees or killing the fish, insects, birds and animals
that live there.
2
GROUND FORM
A geologic cross section of the Grand Canyon. Black numbers correspond to groups
of formations and white numbers correspond to formations
3
Ground formation is to be considered in site selection or regarding the development

of any site. The surface features of a plot of land, which influences where
and how to build a development site.
To study the response of a building design to the topography of a site

sections or a site, we can use a series if site selection or a site plan with
contour lines.
Contour lines are imaginary lines joining points of equal elevation above
a datum or bench mark the trajectory of each contour lines indicates the
shape of the land formation at that elevation.
PATTERENED GROUND
Is the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground

material in periglacial regions.
4
TYPES OF PATTERENED GROUND

Patterned ground can be found in a variety of forms.
Polygons- can form either in permafrost areas or in areas that are

affected by seasonal frost.
Circles range in site from a few centimeters to several meters in diameter.
Steps can be developed from circles and polygons. This form of patterned
ground is generally a terrace-like feature that has a border of either larger
stones or vegetation on the downslope side, and can consist of either
sorted or unsorted material.
STRIPES ARE LINES OF STONES, VEGETATION, AND OR SOIL
CIRCLE POLYGON
SOIL
Soil is the mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and the
myriad of organisms that together support plant life.
5
SOIL
Soil serves as a foundation for most construction protects.

Soil is intimately tied to our urgent need to provide food for ourselves
and forage for our animals.
TYPES
SAND, CLAY AND LOAM

6
7
8
9
10
11
RELEVANT SOIL SPECIFICATION SECTIONS:
SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION
12
SITE CLEARING (STRIPPING AND STOCKPILING TOPSOIL)
GRADING
13
EXCAVATION AND FILL
SOIL STABILIZATION
14
To improve its paving properties and compactability

Applied in roads, railways, airport.
EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL
Silt fence installed on a construction site.
EARTH SHELTERING is the architectural practice of using earth against building

walls fore5ternal thermal mass, to reduce heat loss, and to easily maintain a steady
indoor air temperature.
15
GEOLOGY
Geology is an earth science comprising the study of solid earth, the rocks
of which itis composed, and the processes by which they change.
Geology can also refer generally to the study of the solid features of any
celestial body such as the geology of the Moon or Mars.
Geology gives insight into the history of the earth by providing the
primary evidence for plate tectonics, the evolutionary history of life, and
past climates.
Geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and

exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding of natural hazards, the
remediation of environmental problems, and for providing insights into past climate
change. Geology also plays a role in geotechnical engineering and is a ma*or
academic.
OTHER AREAS OF APPLICATION
The fields of engineering, environmental, architectural and urban geology are

broadly concerned with applying the findings of geologic studies to
construction engineering and to problems of land use. The location of a bridge,
for example, involves geologic considerations in selecting sites for the
supporting piers. The strength of geologic materials such as rock or compacted
clay that occur at the sites of the piers should be adequate to support the load
placed on them.
16
GEOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE EARTH
The materials of which it is made,

The structure of those materials,
The processes acting upon them.
The study of organisms that have inhabited our planet.
An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures,
processes and organisms have changed over time.
Cross-cutting relations can be used to determine the relative ages of rock strata and other
geological structures.
Explanations:
A - folded rock strata cut by a thrust fault;

B - Large intrusion and cutting through A);
C - erosional angular unconformity (cutting off A and B) on which rock strata were
deposited;
D - Volcanic dyke (cutting through A, B and C)
E - Even younger rock strata (overlying C and D)
17
GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
ROCKS
•
IGNEOUS
When a rock crystallizes from melt 8magma and0or lava: it is an igneous
rock. This rock can be weathered and eroded, and then redeposited and
lithified into a sedimentary rock, or be turned into a metamorphic rock due to
heat and pressure that change the mineral content.
•
SEDIMENTARY
The sedimentary rock can then be subsequently turned into a metamorphic
rock due to heat and pressure and is then weathered, eroded, deposited, and
lithified, ultimately becoming a sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rock may also be
re-eroded and redeposited, and metamorphic rock may also undergo additional
metamorphism.
•
METAMORPHIC
The rock cycle is an important concept in geology which illustrates the
relationships between these three types of rock, and magma.
All three types of rocks may be re-melted= when this happens, a new
magma is formed, from which an igneous rock may once again
crystallize.
The maJority of research in geology is associated with the study of rock, as rock
provides the primary record of the maJority of the geologic history of the Earth.
18
METHODS OF GEOLOGY
Geologists use a number of field,

• Laboratory, and numerical modeling methods to decipher earth history
and understand the processes that occur on and inside the earth. In
typical geological investigations, geologists use primary information
related to;
• Petrology (the study of rocks)
• Stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers)
• Structural geology (the study of positions of rock units and their

deformation).
In many cases, geologists also study modern soils, rivers, landscapes, and
glaciers; investigate past and current life and biogeochemical pathways, and
use geophysical methods to investigate the subsurface.
WATER RESOURCES
WATER
Water is a combination of two elementary substances hydrogen and o5ygen.
It appears in its natural state as liquid—830 times heavier than air, solid--
ice, gas—vapor or steam 133 times lighter than air
The weight of water in liquid form 3.778kg.per$./ gallon and 3.778kg.per
cubic meter.
THERE ARE THREE SOURCE OF WATER
RAINWATER OR RAINFALL
ADVANTAGE: Obtain from roofs and watershed, It is soft pure and good on
places where there is an abundant rainfall.
DISADVANTAGE: Hard to store for a long time as it will be a breeding place for
mosquitoes, requires big containers for storing big quantities for long uses,
roofs may not be clean, bad for places that receives a little amount of rainfall.
19
SURFACE WATER - a mixture of surface run- off and ground water includes rivers,
pond and reservoir.
ADVANTAGE: Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers easiness or procurements and

good for locality near such bodies of water.
DISADVANTAGE: Dangerous because it contains large amounts of bacteria,

organic and inorganic substances of varying quantities.
UNDERGROUND0 GROUND WATER - portion of the rainwater which has

percolated into the earth underground deposit called 8water bearing soil
formation:!round water can be e5tracted by constructing well.
ADVANTAGE: Obtained more below ground surface by means of mechanical and

manual equipment' more water can obtained depending by equipment used and
locality'
DISADVANTAGE: Because of various organic matter and chemical elements

present, it requires treatment of various natures, such as sedimentation,
chemical, filtration, aerations.
WELL- are holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdraw using manual
or mechanical means such as draw bucket, pump, etc.
TYPES OF WELL
Dug wells can be constructed by hand tools/ power tool. It can have the
greatest diameter that a space may allow.
Driven wells the simplest and usually the least expensive. A steel drive-
well point is fitted on one end of the pipe section and driven into the
earth.
Bored wells dug with earth augers usually less than 30m deep. These are
done when the earth to be bored is boulder free and will not cave in. the
well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
Drilled well require more elaborate equipment and accompanied by the
lowering of a casing.
20
PROPERTIES OF WATER
HEAT CAPACITY- Has the ability to absorb heat without becoming much warmer
itself.
SURFACE TENSION- Ability to stick to itself and pull itself together.

CAPILLARITY- Ability to climb up a surface against the pull of gravity.
DISSOLVING ABILITY- Ability to dissolve almost any substance.
COMMON IMPURITIES OF WATER

GASES- 1ike carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, methane, oxygen and
nitrogenous and organic compounds
DISSOLVED MINERALS- Such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, irons, manganese,
alkyl benzene sulfate from detergents and synthetic organic compounds and
from insecticides and pesticides
SUSPENDED AND COLLOIDAL MATERIAL- Such as bacteria, algae, fungi, silt,
protozoa and the like that makes the water colored and acid
RADIOACTIVE MINERALS- By entertainment of radioactive substances from
mining or processing ores, or by wastes from industrials use of radioactive
materials
METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF WATER
SEDIMENTATION- article of matters that are suspended in the water are

allowed to stay in a container so that they will settle in the bathroom,
then drawing the water out, leaving these sediments in the container.
CHEMICAL TREATMENTS- water are given chemical treatments to kill the
harmful bacteria is present and to cure the turbid taste or mud taste,
remove clay, salts, iron etc. commonly use chemical is chlorine.
FILTRATION- water are filtered on various processes, so as to remove the
particles of vegetable matter, mud, and other particles of matter present
in the water, most commonly used materials are sand and gravel.
AERATION- raw water is made to pass on pipes of tiny sieves and
exposed to air of fine mist.
21
WATER RESOURCES
A sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses of water

include agricultural, industrial, household, recreational and
environmental activities. The majority of human uses require fresh water.
It is 97 percent of the water on the earth is saltwater and only three
percent is fresh water; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers
and polar icec aps.
A graphical distribution of the locations

of water on earth. Only 3% of the earth
is water is fresh water. Most of it in
icecaps and glaciers (69%) and
groundwater (30%), while all lakes, rivers
and swamps combined only account for
a small fraction of 0.3% of the earth is
total freshwater reserves.
RESOURCES OF FRESH WATER
Under river
Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported

downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with
a substantial contribution flowing through sub-surface rocks and grave ls that
underlie the river and its flood plain called the hyporheic zone.
22
WORLD WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION
Food and water are two basic human needs. however, global coverage from
2002 indicate that, of every 10 people:
Roughly 5 have a connection to a piped water supply at home
make use of some other sort of improved water supply, such as a
protected well or public standpipe;
2 are unserved;
in addition, 4 out of every 10 people live without improved sanitation.
At Earth summit 2002 governments approved a plan of Action to;
Halve by KDEL the proportion of people unable to reach or afford safe
drinking water. The global water supply and sanitation Assessment 2000
report (GWSSAR) defines “reasonable access” to water as at least 20 liters
per person per day from a source within one kilometer of the user’s
home.
Halve the proportion of people without access to basic sanitation. The
GWSSAR defines “basic sanitation” as private or shared but not public
disposal systems that separate waste from human contact.
MICROCLIMATE
Microclimate refers to very localized weather conditions around buildings

or small neighborhood clusters.
A Microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the
surrounding area.
Microclimatic phenomena are localized at the scale of building or
building cluster and include air movement, precipitation, and temperature.
Building location and geometry can affect microclimate especially in dense
urban areas where air movement can be distorted to form wake and downwash
phenomena that reduce the livability of external space.
23
Tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large
areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level. Find effects around tall
buildings are assessed as part of a microclimate study.
The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates. for example,
soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating the near ground temperature.
in the other hand; if soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped
underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased possibility of frost at ground level.
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE EARTH SURFACE
Upland regions upland areas have a specific type of climate that is notably
different from the surrounding lower levels. Temperature usually falls with height
at a rate of between 5 and 10 ‘C per 1,000 meters, depending on the humidity
of the air.
Coastal regions The coastal climate is influenced by both the land and sea
between which the coast forms a boundary. The thermal properties of water are
such that the sea maintains a relatively constant day today temperature
compared with the land. The sea also takes a long time to heat up during the
summer months and, conversely, a long time to cool down during the winter.
Coastal microclimates display different characteristics depending on where they
occur on the earth’s surface.
•
In the tropics
Sea temperatures change little and the coastal climate depends on the effects caused
by the daytime heating and night-time cooling of the land. This involves
the development of a breeze from off the sea (sea breeze) from late morning and from
of the land (land breeze) during the night. The tropical climate is dominated by
convective showers and thunderstorms that continue to form over the sea but only
develop over land during the day. As a consequence, showers are less likely to fall on
coasts than either the sea or the land.
Forest Tropical rainforests cover only about JH of earth’s land surface, but it
is believed they have a significant effect on the transfer of water vapor to
the atmosphere. This is due to a process known as evapotranspiration from the
leaves of the forest trees.
24
Urban regions that is an urban microclimates the table below summarizes

some of the differences in various weather elements in urban areas compared with
rural locations.
Urban winds Tall buildings can significantly disturb air flows over urban areas,
and even a building 100 meters or so high can deflect and slow down the faster
upper-atmosphere winds. The net result is that urban areas, in general, are less
windy than surrounding rural areas. However, the ‘office quarter’ of larger
conurbations can be windier, with quite marked gusts. This is the result of the
increased surface roughness that the urban skyline creates, leading to strong
vortices and eddies. 3n some cases, these faster, turbulent winds are funnelled
in between buildings, producing a venturi effect, swirling up litter and making
walking along the pavements quite difficult.
WHY USE MICROCLIMATE DESIGN?
A well-considered microclimatic strategy in the design ofbuildings and

urban space, help reduce e5posure and tocontribute to the success of
well used e5ternal space.Careful attention to building form can ensure
that potentiallyharmful wind e ects are mitigated around tall buildings.
The use of shelter belts, both natural and constructed reducee5posure
to the faces of buildings therefore reducinge5cessive heat loss and protecting
e5ternal nishes frompremature deterioration.
Microclimate is a critical design issue for both architectureand landscape
architecture disciplines and a sharedsensibility encourages e ective
transdiciplinary andcrossdisciplinary collaboration.
WHEN TO USE A MICROCLIMATIC STRATEGY?
Designing for microclimate is relevant particularly in dispersed,

low density settlements. Conversely, it is also vital to consider in dense
urban areas with a wide variety of building planform and height. Proposals
that include external amenity and recreational space are relevant.
25
HOW TO USE MICROCLIMATE DESIGN?
Key Points:
>Consider building form to protect external spaces including courtyard
configurations.
>Tall buildings can benefit from an aerodynamic form including simple
measures such as smoothed of corners. Facades that are modelled reduce the
impact of downwash vortex effect.
>Planted windbreaks are most effective in reducing e5posure to andaround
buildings.
>Avoid katabatic (downhill) winds carrying high density air down a slope.
>Avoid placing a building either in frost pockets or alternatively one exposed
hilltop locations. Use topography to shelter a building.
>Avoid placing a building either in frost pockets or alternatively one exposed
hilltop locations. Use topography to shelter a building.
>Use techniques such as planted facades and earth berming to protect
buildings form wind exposure
26
DESIGN PROCEDURE:
Step 1: There is no single design procedure to design for microclimate.

However, detailed knowledge of site, context and surrounding environmental
conditions is critical. Designers should collect information regarding
topography, hydrology, existing planting, sun paths, and the form and position
of e5isting buildings. The program of the proposal should be clearly developed
to ascertain the importance of e5ternalspace for amenity and recreational use.
Step 2: Critical microclimatic effects should be identified and prioritized. The
architectural proposal should respond to this.
Step 3: Responses vary widely depending on location and program. However,
consideration should be given to the use of building form to afford protection
for example in the formation of courtyards, or openings to leeward side of
buildings. Topography and planting should be considered to mitigate the
effects of exposure around buildings through the use of shelter belts and earth
berming and mounding.
Step 4: In dense urban areas, protected zones to be formed by canopies at
ground level. Building forms should be designed to retard effects such as
downwash vortex and wake effects that can accelerate wind speed. This can be
achieved through softening corners of buildings and producing highly modelled
facades.
ORIENTATION
Design for orientation is a fundamental step to ensure that buildings work
with the passage of the sun across the sky. Knowledge of sun paths for any site
is fundamental in design building facades to let in light and passive solar
gain, as well as reducing glare and overheating to the building interior. It is
important to remember that the position of the sun in the sky is dynamic, changing
according to time of day, time of year and the site’s latitude.
WHY CONSIDER BUILDING ORIENTATION?
Well-orientated buildings maximize day lighting through building facades

reducing the need for artificial lighting.
Some typologies especially housing can be zoned to ensure different
functional uses receive sunlight at different times of the day.
A careful strategy can also mitigate overheating and glare when sunlight is
excessive. You should know how the sun interacts with your building in high
summer and the depths of winter.
27
LAYOUT AND ORIENTATION MUST BE CONSIDERED FROM THE BEGINNING

OF THE DESIGN PROCESS
On this page:
Orientation for passive heating and cooling
Choosing a site
Building location
Layout
Overcoming obstacles
Orientation, layout and location on site will all influence the amount of sun a
building receives and therefore its year-round temperatures and comfort. Other
considerations include access to views and cooling breezes.
Orientation and layout will also be influenced by topography, wind speed

and direction, the site’s relationship with the street, the location of shade
elements such as trees and neighboring buildings, and vehicle access and
parking.
ORIENTATION FOR PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING
For maximum solar gain, a building will be located, oriented and

designed to maximize window area facing north (or within 20 degrees of
north)
For solar gain will also depend on other factors such as pro5imity to
neighboring buildings and trees that shade the site. For solar gain, as
well as considering location, orientation and window size and placement,
it is also important to consider the thermal performance and solar heat
gain efficiency of the glazing unit itself
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS OF SOLAR GAIN FOR PASSIVE HEATING IS

IMPORTANT
NOISE
DAYLIGHTING
PROTECTION FROM PREVAILING WINDS
ACCESS TO BREEZES FOR VENTILATION
SHADE TO PREVENT SUMMER OVERHEATING AND GLARE
VIEWS
28
PRIVACY
ACCESS
INDOOR/OUTDOOR FLOW
OWNER’S PREFERENCES
COVENANTS AND PLANNING RESTRICTIONS.
CHOOSING A SITE
If a site is not suitable for passive design, some elements of the passive
design ethos may not working favour of efficiency and comfort.
The most important factor is the amount of sun the site receives, as a site
that receives little or no sunlight cannot be used for passive solar design.
A flat site will generally have good sunlight access anywhere, but a south-
facing slope or a site adjacent to a tall building or substantial planting on
the northern side, will not receive good solar access.
AN IDEAL SITE FOR PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN WILL:

Be flat or north-sloping
Be free of obstructions to the north 8and be unlikely to be built out
in future:
Be able to accommodate a building with a relatively large north-facing
wall or walls for maximum solar gain 8as well as north-facing outdoor
areas if those are wanted:.
A site with north-south alignment is likely to receive midday sun and with
minimal overshadowing, but may have limited morning or evening sun. A
site with east-west alignment is more likely to be over shadowed to the
north.
29
BUILDING LOCATION
A building should in general be located near the site’s southern boundary

for maximum solar gain.in most cases, this is likely to reduce the risk of
shading from neighboring properties, and also provide sunny outdoor
space.
The best location for solar access will vary from site to site depending on
site shape, orientation and topography; and shading from trees and
neighboring buildings 8or future buildings:
Other factors such as views, wind, topography, and the location of trees
and neighboring buildings will also influence a building’s location on the
site.
In areas where cooling is more of a priority than heating, factors such as
access to breezes might be more important than solar access.
LAYOUT
Rooms and outdoor spaces should be located to maximize comfort during use.
In general, this means living areas and outdoor spaces facing north, and
service areas such as garages, laundries and bathrooms to the south.
OVERCOMING OBSTACLES
It is often not possible to obtain the ideal building orientation on a
site particularly in urban areas: and compromise will be necessary for example,
where the view is to the south, the site has a south-facing slope, there is a
source of noise on the north side, or the view and sun face into strong prevailing
winds.
30
HOW TO DESIGN FOR BUILDING ORIENTATION
KEYPOINTS:
In the past the passage of the sun across the sky was plotted with pre printed sun path
diagrams for specific latitudes. Thankfully CAD packages can do this for
you. Specifically google ketchup is effective in setting up a model in any global
location and then able to simulate a sun path across a building.
Housing in temperate regions can benefit from admitting the sun into the building
interior. openings should be primarily orientated southwards, consider the use
of conservatories and buffer spaces. Kitchens are better facing east, living
rooms to the south and west. Bedrooms are often better to the north to avoid
light disturbance.
Office buildings typically are about the reduction of excessive solar gain and
glare. This is because of a greater preponderance of glazed facades and
also higher internal gains from people, computers etc. Use glazing due south
sparingly and incorporate shading devices.
31
DESIGN PROCEDURE
Step 1
There is no single design procedure to design for orientation. However, you
need to model your proposal in a package such as google SketchUp.
Step 2
Ensure the building is properly placed on its site in relation to north and the
location either geographically or in terms of latitude or longitude is entered.
Step 3
Use a sun or shadow tool to model the building at seasonal extremities.
Step 4
Be conservative in the use of glazing to heavily exposed sides.
Step 5
Model the use of solar shading devices.
Step 6
You can quantify solar gain coming through glazing over a year using in a
domestic context, really simple SAP tools. Other packages such as Autodesk
ecotect and IES VE-ware can model solar gain and possible overheating of a
building model.
Step 7
Remember orientation is about protection and mitigation of sunlight in
buildings as well as accommodating solar gain.
REFERENCES:
(PPT) Ecological Consideration of Site | Cristel Ramos - Academia.edu

Ecological Considerations in Site Planning (katrinamdechavez.wixsite.com)
NOWEL T. ABUAN

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URDANETA CITY UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

COURSE CODE: Q408

Date Due: APRIL 11, 2023

Nowel T. Abuan, 20171038

Arch’t. Maria Teresa Cuares-Velasco, MA EHURP

ECOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN SITE PLANNING

By means of designing considering the ecological factors, it is harmonizing with

An ecosystem is a complex system with many parts, both and non-living.

Ground formation is to be considered in site selection or regarding the development

To study the response of a building design to the topography of a site

Is the distinct, and often symmetrical geometric shapes formed by ground

TYPES OF PATTERENED GROUND

Polygons- can form either in permafrost areas or in areas that are

STRIPES ARE LINES OF STONES, VEGETATION, AND OR SOIL

Soil serves as a foundation for most construction protects.

SAND, CLAY AND LOAM

RELEVANT SOIL SPECIFICATION SECTIONS:

SITE CLEARING (STRIPPING AND STOCKPILING TOPSOIL)

EXCAVATION AND FILL

To improve its paving properties and compactability

EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL

Silt fence installed on a construction site.

EARTH SHELTERING is the architectural practice of using earth against building

Geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and

OTHER AREAS OF APPLICATION

The fields of engineering, environmental, architectural and urban geology are

GEOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF THE EARTH

The materials of which it is made,

A - folded rock strata cut by a thrust fault;

Geologists use a number of field,

• Petrology (the study of rocks)

• Stratigraphy (the study of sedimentary layers)

• Structural geology (the study of positions of rock units and their

THERE ARE THREE SOURCE OF WATER

ADVANTAGE: Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers easiness or procurements and

DISADVANTAGE: Dangerous because it contains large amounts of bacteria,

UNDERGROUND0 GROUND WATER - portion of the rainwater which has

ADVANTAGE: Obtained more below ground surface by means of mechanical and

DISADVANTAGE: Because of various organic matter and chemical elements

SURFACE TENSION- Ability to stick to itself and pull itself together.

COMMON IMPURITIES OF WATER

METHODS OF PURIFICATION OF WATER

SEDIMENTATION- article of matters that are suspended in the water are

A sources of water that are useful or potentially useful. Uses of water

A graphical distribution of the locations

RESOURCES OF FRESH WATER

Throughout the course of a river, the total volume of water transported

WORLD WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION

Microclimate refers to very localized weather conditions around buildings

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT IN THE EARTH SURFACE

Urban regions that is an urban microclimates the table below summarizes

WHY USE MICROCLIMATE DESIGN?

A well-considered microclimatic strategy in the design ofbuildings and

WHEN TO USE A MICROCLIMATIC STRATEGY?

Designing for microclimate is relevant particularly in dispersed,

HOW TO USE MICROCLIMATE DESIGN?

Step 1: There is no single design procedure to design for microclimate.

WHY CONSIDER BUILDING ORIENTATION?

Well-orientated buildings maximize day lighting through building facades