144-GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

THOZHUOOR-VALANGIMAN-612804

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PLANING, DESIGNING, ESTIMATING AND ANALYSIS OF

SMALL BRIDGE

PROJECT WORK 2022-2023

Submitted by

SL.NO NAME REGISTER NO

1. MANIKANDAN.S 21190624
2. RANGARAJAN.S 21190626
3. PRAVEENKUMAR.U 21190625
4. SANTHOSH.M 21190627
5. KEERTHANA.M 21190623

Under the guidance of project

Mr.R.BALASUBRAMANIAN B.E…,

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 144 - GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE THOZHUVUR
VALANGAIMAN -612 804

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATION

This is certify that the project work report of “PLANNING, DESIGNING,

ANALYSING AND ESTIMATIION OF A SMALL BRIDGE” is the Bonafide
recordworkdonebyMr/Ms……………………………Reg.No………………………
in practical fulfillment of the requirement of the Diploma in Civil Engineering
during the year 2022-2023

PROJECT GUIDE : HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

(MR.R.BALASUBRAMANIAN B.E.,) (Mr.R.BALASUBRAMANIAN B.E.,)

Submitted for the Board of Examination held on ……………

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We convey our sincere thanks to our beloved principal L.JOHN

LOUIS B.E,MBA,M.E,MIE,MISTE,FIV,C.Engg,.having given his concentration
to do our project work on this topic.

Further we convey our thanks and gratitude to our head of the

department Mr.R.BALASUBRAMANIAN,B.E,. for having supported us in doing
this project successfully.

We are more thankful and grateful to our guide

Mr.R.BALASUBRAMANIAN, B.E. for all his guidance in making this project a
success.

We would like to convey out sincere and whole hearted thanks to all
teaching and non-teaching staff and our students, friends for all their help in
completing this project work.

“SYNOPSIS”
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 The proposed “Bridge” of designing analysis of “Small Bridge” is to be
total area of 230 Sq if and build-up area 128.83 sq.ft area of located at
“MANALOOR” the total approximate estimate on a Bridge Rs. 912256.50/- the
total capacity of load transfering in a bridge 1 tonnes.

The amenities are planed as per general norms from PWD and necessary
elements provision the Bridge against earth quake and theft.

The Bridge elements are disigned by limit state method as per IS 456 –
2000, 275 part – 1, part – 2, 873 part – 5, NBC road and 59 of 1988 current
vechicles load increasing provision are followed current PWD scheduled rates will
be used in the cost of estimation.

Key word :

(Plan, Designing, Analysis’s, Estimate)

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S.NO DISCRIPTION PAGE.NO

01 Introduction

02 Literature review

03 Specification

04 List of symbals

05 Design data

06 Data analysis

07 Detailed estimate

08 Abstract estimate

09 Real model view

10 Conclusion

11 Bibliography

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 CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

As discussed in earlier chapters the main advantages of structural steel

over other construction materials are its strengtly and duclity. It has a higher
strength to cost ratio in tension and a slignly lower strength to cost ratio in
compression on when compared with concrete .thus structural steel is an efficient
and economic material in bridges. Structural steel has been the natural solution for
long span bridges since 1890,when the forth of cantilever bridges the world's major
steel bridge at that time was completed steel is indeed suitable for most span
ranges, but particularly for longer spans howroh bridges, also known as rabindra
set u, is to be looked at as an early classical steel bridges in india this cantilever
bridges was built in 1943. It is 97m high and 705m long.This engineering marvel is
still serving the nation, deviding all the myths that people have about steel.

The following are some of the advantages of steel bridges that have
contributed to their popularlity in europe and in many other developed
countries.

 They could carry heavier loads over longer spans with minimum dead
weight loading to smalley foundations.

 Steel has the advantage where speed of construction is vital. As many

elements can be prefabricated and created at site.

 In urban environment with traffic congestion and limited working space

steel bridges can be constructed with minimum distribution to the
community.

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 Greater effciency than concrete structures is invariably achived in resisting
seismic forces and blast loading.

 The life of steel bridges is longer than that of concrete bridges.

 Due to shallow construction depth.steel bridges offer slender appperance

which them aesthefically attractive. The reduced depth also contributes to
the reduced cost of embankments

 All these frequently loads to low life india there are many engineers who
feel that corrosion is a problem in steel bridges, but in reality it is not so.
Corrosion in steel bridges can be effectively minimised by embloying newly
developed paints and special types of steel. These techniques are followed in
europe and other developed countries.These have been discussed in chapter
2.cycle costs in steel bridges.

 These techniques are followed ineurope and other developed countries these
been disussed in chapter.

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 CHAPTER - II

LITERATURE REVIEW

Christos (1993) developed a unified set of composite micromechanics

equations of simple form to predict unidirectional composite ply) mechanical
properties using constituent material (fibre/matrix) properties. Using those set of
micromechanics equations, it is possible to generate all the ply material properties
needed for inputs to the structural analysis of composite structures.

Srivastava (1999) investigated the effects of water immersion on

mechanical properties such as flexural strength; Inter-laminar shear strength and
impact energy of aluminium tri-hydrate and polyethylene filled and unfilled quasi-
isotropic glass fibre reinforced epoxy vinylester resin composites (GFRP). Inter-
laminar shear strength and flexural strength were obtained with the variation of
immersion time (0, 98, 158, 190 and 240 days) and weight percent of filler content
(0, 5, 10 and 15). The author has concluded that the flexural strength, Inter-
laminar shear strength and impact energy increased with increasing filler content
in GFRP composites. Immersion in water resulted in a significant increase of
flexural strength, Inter-laminar shear strength and impact energy, increasing with
immersion time. Aluminium tri-hydrate containing GFRP composites have shown
higher values of flexural strength, Inter-laminar shear strength and impact energy
than those of polyethylene filled and unfilled GFRP composites.

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 Maintenance, Rehabilitation, Strengthening, Repairs and

Durability

GhoshKarbhari et al (2007)

provided details of investigation of strengthening efficiency of FRP

rehabilitated bridge deck slabs through tests conducted on slab sections cut from a
bridge just prior to demolition. The deck sections (one unstrengthened, and two
strengthened using FRP composites) were subjected to routine traffic prior to
removal and testing.

The authors have concluded that the two rehabilitation schemes resulted
in enhancement of capacity of the specimens in conjunction with a better load
distribution resulting in thetransformation of failure mode from punching shear to
more ductile flexural failure. The specimen strengthened with wet layup based
fabric strips had a strength enhancement of around 73% and the specimen
strengthened with pultruded strips had a strength enhancement of around 59%, as
compared to the control specimen.

Bjorn Taljsten (2004)

presented a short summary on past and ongoing research in the area of

plate bonding and concluded that considerable improvements in flexural behaviour
can be achieved by employing innovative techniques such as prestressed NSRM
(near surface mounted reinforcement) of rectangular carbon fibre rods and the use
of cementitious bonding agents in combination with advanced composite materials.

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El-Hacha et al (2001)

summarized the strengthening works carried out with prestressed and

non-prestressed laminates and concluded that the 14serviceability of concrete
beams and slabs strengthened with FRP laminates is improved when the laminate
is prestressed. Beams strengthened with prestressed FRP laminates were reported
to be stronger, and the yielding load is found to be significantly higher than for
members strengthened with nonprestressed FRP laminates. Similar studies on the
application of FRP’s for structural repair and rehabilitation techniques column
strengthening, beam strengthening using bondedFRP wraps and laminates as well
as applications to masonry and other types of structures were carried by
Triantafillou (1998), Neale (2000), Lees et al (2001). The techniques for
upgrading of metallic structures with FRP composites were explained in detail
byHollaway and Cadei (2002). FRPmaterial overlays or jackets were reported to be
extremely effective in increasing the strength, ductility and stiffness of RC,
masonry and timber structures.

Triantafillou (2001)

reviewed the seismic retrofitting of RC elements and masonry walls

by means of FRPs and has concluded that FRP in the form of jackets or overlays
can be quite effective and economically viable in seismic retrofit applications. It
has been reported that the FRP jackets enhance the shear strength and increase the
confinement at plastic hinge or lap splice regions whenapplied to RC, and the FRP
overlays increased the inplane shear strength, reducedthe shear deformations and

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enhanced the out-ofplane flexural strength considerably when applied to masonry
walls.

AlampalliSreenivas and Kunin (2002)

described the replacement of a two lane reinforced concrete bridge

superstructure in New york (BennettsCreek bridge) which was deteriorated
significantly by the use of deicing salts, by a FRP bridge superstructure. The
superstructure was fabricated by VARTM from an E-glass stitched bonded fabric
and vinyl ester resin and used a cell core system. It was designed for standard
AASHTO loadings using 15 a FEA method. Proof load tests with HS25 truck
loading was conducted with the trucks placed at pre-marked positions on the
bridge to maximize bending moment. The maximum strain recorded was
considerably less than the strain expected as per analysis thereby indicating a
higher load capacity. The maximum deflection at mid-span was found to be less
than 3.5 mm, which is considerably less than the Span (L)/800 design limitation of
8.8 mm. The time taken from closing of the deteriorated bridge to opening the new
bridge was about six months. Based on this the authors have concluded that the
fibrereinforced polymers can be a cost- and time-effective alternative for
replacingshort-span concrete slab bridges.

Harries and Moses (2007)

studied the implication of RC to GFRP deck replacement on superstructure

stresses and concluded that GFRP decks behave in a fundamentally different
manner than RC decks and that the substructure forces will be uniformly reduced
due to the lighter resulting superstructure. GFRP decks exhibited reduced
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composite behaviour and reduced transverse distribution of forces as compared to
comparable RC decks, thereby offsetting the beneficial effects of a lighter deck
structure and resulting in increased internal stresses in the supporting girders.

Chiewanichakorn et al (2006)

studied the behavior of a truss bridge, where an FRP deck replaced an old
deteriorated concrete deck experimentally and validated through finite element
models. Finite element the Bentley Creek Bridge was developed using the pre-
processor package, MSC PATRAN and the analysis was performed using the
general purpose FEA package, ABAQUS to determine fatigue life of the bridge
when subjected to dynamic loading caused by AASHTO fatigue live load. Fatigue
life of all truss members, floor-beams and stringers were determined based on a
fatigue resistance formula in the AASHTO-LRFD design specifications. The
numerical results agreed well with experimental results. The results have 16shown
that fatigue life of FRP deck system almost doubled when compared with the
reinforced concrete deck system.

Soudki (1998)

presented a state-of-the-art review on the use of fibre-reinforced polymer

(FRP) reinforcement inprestressed concrete. A brief introduction to FRP composite
materials was given followed by an overview of recent research work on various
aspects of FRP prestressed concrete structural members. Concepts for analysis and
design of members prestressedwith FRP tendons were discussed and field
demonstrations utilizing FRP prestressing reinforcement, were also presented.

different codes developedfor strengthening of concrete structures with FRP.

Methods of structural analysis; determination of design values; examination of

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flexural and shear capacity; precautions to ensure ductility or deformability; and
calculations of deformation and development length have been presented. Authors
concluded that all the three codes, JSCE, ACI and fib, use the same concept
ancalculating the respective strengths.

Thomas Keller et al (2006)

studied the structural response of liquidcooled multicellular GFRP slabs

subjected to fire by comparing the results 17from the numerical coupled thermo -
mechanical models created using ANSYS multi-physics to the experimental results
from large scale fire tests on loaded FRP slabs and concluded that the range of
models developed are sufficient for the structural design of liquid-cooled FRP slab
components with consideration of pre-fire, high-temperature, and damaged post-
fire conditions. The agreement between predictions and experimental results has
been reported to be good in most respects, with models usually producing slightly
conservative predictions.

Kawada and Kobiki (2005)

described the characteristics of a stresscorrosion crack in glass fibre

reinforced plastics (GFRP) as a part of the study on long-term durability of
polymer-matrix composites in hostile environments. Fragmentation tests were
conducted on ECR-glass/vinylesterand an E-glass/vinylester to investigate the
degradation mechanism using a single fibre composite. Effects of environmental
solution diffusion into a matrix on interfacial shear strength were also evaluated
with immersion time. The maximum interfacial shear strength was observed to be
influenced by matrix Young’s modulus. It was observed that the interfacial shear
strength decreased as a function of the water absorption rate and it depended on the
mechanical degradation of the matrix, and the interfacial shear strain decreased
with time under the constant strain condition.
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Bisby et al (2005)

presented a review of the research conducted toinvestigate the fire

performance of FRP materials for infrastructure applications. Details were also
provided on the investigation to assess the performance of FRP-strengthened
reinforced concrete slabs, beams, and columns in fire. It was mentioned that the
FRP strengthened concrete structures can be protected to provide sufficient fire
endurance and satisfactory fire performance for these members can be ensured,
provided they are appropriately designed and adequately insulated. 18Hamilton
and Dolan (2000) carried out durability studies on FRP reinforcements for concrete
and concluded that the normal environmental temperature domains of civil
engineering structures, including freeze-thaw exposure, short-term exposure to salt
water, alkali attack at low stress levels do not affect the bonded FRP response. It
was suggested that coatings or fillers can be used to limit UV and ozone attack.

Hammami and Al-Ghuliani (2004)

elucidated the evaluation of the durability and environmental degradation of

glass fibre-reinforced composites based on vinylester resin when exposed to harsh
climatic conditions, seawater and corrosive fluids. It was concluded that relatively
high fibre content prevents the matrix from fully impregnating the fibre resulting in
micro cracks and reduction in Inter-laminar shear strength when exposed to sea
water, matrix expansion and occurrence of pits when exposed to water and
corrosive fluids, and degradation at higher temperatures.

Analytical and Numerical Studies

Pisani and Marco (1998)

performed a numerical investigation on the behaviour of beams pre-stressed

with GFRP. The numerical method was checked by simulating the behaviour of 21
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experimental tests. The same analyses were then repeated after changing the type
of pre-stressing bonded, unbounded, internal, and external and the type of cable
steel, GFRP. The conclusion based on the work is that GFRP or Aramid FRP
tendons can satisfactorily replace steel strands to pre-stress beams placed in an
unfavourable environment. GFRP cables were found to be reliable when dealing
with external pre-stressing, while AFRP cables are suitable in bonded pre-
stressing.

Hyeong-Yeol Kim et al (2003)

proposed a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) based process for the optimal
design of GFRP bridge deck 19having a pultruded cellular cross-section and
surmised that the developed algorithm is capable of optimizing the structure and
material for GFRP deck system simultaneously. The results of the optimization
indicated that trapezoidal cross-section is an optimum shape for GFRP deck. The
stiffness of deck was identified as a critical parameter for the design. The results of
sensitivity analysis indicated that the geometrical design variables are more
sensitive than those of materials and that the deflection profile was greatly
influenced by the thickness of flanges, while the local buckling load was sensitive
for the dimension of the web.

Aref and Parsons (1999)

developed a simplified optimization procedure for a novel fibre reinforced

plastic bridge system. The objective function considered in the study is the
minimization of the weight of the bridge and constraint is that the vertical
deflection should be less than L/800 as imposed by AASHTO. The design
variables are the thickness of the plies. The bridge system has been modeled using
a homogeneous, anisotropic Kirchoff plate that has the same global stiffness
characteristics of the bridge system. Only the stiffness of the bridge has been
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considered during the design process as FRP design is usually governed by
stiffness. The anisotropic plate has been discretized using the Ritz method. This
provided a structural model that has been incorporated into a stiffness-based
optimisation algorithm using the optimality criteria method. The authors have
demonstrated the optimisation procedure by developing the solution for an 18.29-
m long twolane highway bridge and comparing the result with a detailed finite-
element analysis. The resulting procedure has been reported to provide a useful
design tool that can be used to produce a minimum weight design without resorting
to finite-element analysis

Amjad et al (2005)

analysed a hybrid GFRP - concretemulticellularbridge superstructure using

the FE analysis software, ABAQUS, with the primary objective of examining the
accuracy of FEA and to propose simple 20methods of analysis for predicting the
static flexural behaviour of the hybrid FRP-concrete bridge superstructure. In the
study, three trapezoidal GFRP (E-glass and Vinlyester) box sections bonded
together to make up a one-lane superstructure, and a layer of concrete placed in the
compression zone of those sections has been considered. It has been concluded that
a linear FEA can accurately predict the static behaviour of the bridge
superstructure under design live loads. The authors have suggested that a
parametric study has to be conducted with different span lengths, different cross
sectional heights, and so on, in order to generalize the result, as the result obtained
in this study can be applied only to the particular hybrid bridge designed.

SreenivasAlampalli (2005)

Studied the structural behaviour and failure modes of a glass fibre reinforced
polymer web core skew bridge superstructure, using the standard FE analysis

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package ABAQUS and MSC PATRAN, and investigated the shear transfer
capacity and the local buckling behaviour of the bridge superstructure. The
conclusion based on the study is that the FRP bridge design is controlled by
stiffness as reported by other researchers and when the superstructure deflection
meets the AASHTO requirement, the allowable live load is approximately 2 times
of HS-25 live load. It was established that when the superstructure
deflection meets the AASHTO requirement, the Tsai-Hill index is far below the
limit state (unit value). The shear stress failures at the interface of web-to-top or
web-tobottom surface do not occur prior other failure mechanisms and the deck
has significant safety factor to resist shear failure, as reported by the authors.

Yin Zhang et al (2006)

performed detailed finite elementanalysesto investigate the load distribution

and the dynamic response of FRP deck bridges and compared the response of FRP
deck and concrete deck bridges. It was concluded that the bridge deck types have
seriously affected both load 21distribution and dynamic response and that the
lateral distribution factor values of FRP deck bridges are larger than those of
concrete deck bridges. The dynamic response of FRP deck bridges was also noted
to be larger than that of the concrete deck bridges. Authors observed the different
dynamic performances between the FRP and concrete deck bridges and suggested
that instead of imposing the same deflection requirement as conventional bridges
(L/800), different serviceability control criteria by loosening the deflection
requirement may be adopted for FRP deck bridges, as the design of FRP deck
bridges is usually controlled by deflection requirements.

Upadyay and Kalyanaraman (2003)

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 considered the variousfactorsthat affect the FRP box-girder behaviour and
developed a simplified, approximate and computationally efficient procedure for
the analysis of single cell FRP box-girder bridges made of blade angle or T
stiffened panels and validated the results by comparison with values available in
literature andresults obtained from FEA (MSC NASTRAN package). They
considered the stresses due to longitudinal bending moment, shear force, torsion,
distortion, shear-lag and transverse bending as well as instability of the flange
under compression and web under shear to propose the simplified analysis method.
It was mentioned that the simplified procedure is adequately accurate and very fast
for effectively analyzing the FRP box sections in the preliminary and optimum
design stages.

King et al (2012)

outlined the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) of Fibre Reinforced
Polymer composite (FRP) panel highway bridge deck. The deck would be of a
sandwich construction where 152.4 mm × 152.4 mm × 9.5 mm square pultruded
glass FRP (GFRP) tubes are joined and sandwiched between two 9.5 mm GFRP
plates. The deck would be designed by Allowable Stress Design (ASD) and LRFD
to support AASHTO design truckload HL-93. It was mentioned that there are
currently no US standards 22and specifications for the design of FRP pultruded
shapes including a deck panel therefore international codes and references related
to FRP profiles will be examined and AASHTO-LRFD specifications will be used
as the basis for the final design. Overall, years of research and laboratory and field
tests have proven FRP decks to be a viable alternative to conventional concrete
deck. Therefore, conceptualizing the design of FRP bridge decks using basic
structural analysis and mechanics would increase awareness and engineering
confidence in the use of this innovative material.

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Experimental and Analytical Studies

Alagusundaramoorthy and Reddy (2008)

studied the loaddeflectionbehaviour of GFRP composite deck panels under

static loading. Three prototype GFRP composite deck panels each with a size of
3000mm × 1000mm × 300mm were fabricated using hand lay-up process and
tested under a factored load of AASHTO HS20/IRC Class A wheeled vehicle. The
deck panels were analyzed using the standard FE software, ANSYS. Maximum
deflection and strain at factored load, and flexural and shear rigidities were
calculated in the FE analysis and compared with the experimental data, and also
with the specificationsgiven by the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODoT),
USA. From this study, it was concluded that the fabricated GFRP deck panels
satisfied the performance criteria specified by ODoT and can be used in berthing
structures, bridges in coastal regions, offshore oil platforms and also in seismic
prone areas.

Hyeong-Yeol Kim et al (2003)

proposed an analysis and design procedure for a pultruded GFRP deck

composed of unidirectional E-glass roving, continuous strand mat, woven fabric,
and vinylester, and also have explained shear pocket confinement method of deck-
to-girder connection. To assess the material properties, material tests were
performed on the coupon specimens that were cut from the pultruded plates. Decks
having thin-walled .

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 CHAPTER - III

SPECIFICATION

3.1Publicly And Privately Owned Services •

If any privately owned service for water, electricity, drainage, etc., passing
through the site is affected by the works, the Contractor shall provide a satisfactory
alternative service in full working order to the satisfaction of the owner of the
services and of the Engineer before terminating the existing service. • Drawing and
scheduling the affected services like water pipes, sewers, cables, etc. owned by
various authorities including Public Undertakings and Local Authorities included
in the contract documents shall be verified by the Contractor for the accuracy of
the information prior to the commencement of any work. • Notwithstanding the
fact that the information on affected services may not be exhaustive, the final
position of these services within the works shall be supposed to have been
indicated based on the information furnished by different bodies and to the extent
the bodies are familiar with the final position. The Contractor must also allow for
any effect of these services and alternations upon the works and for arranging
regular meetings with the various bodies at the commencement of the contract and
throughout the period of the works in order to maintain the required co-ordination.

20
During the period of the works, the Contractor shall agree if the public utility
bodies vary their decisions in the execution of their proposals in terms of program
and construction, provided that, in the opinion of the Engineer, the Contractor has
received reasonable notice thereof before the relevant alterations are put in hand. •
No clearance or alterations to the utility shall be carried out unless ordered by the
Engineer. • Any services affected by the works shall be restored immediately by
the Contractor who must also take all measures reasonably required by the various
bodies to protect their services and property during the progress of the works. • The
Contractor may be required to carry out the removal or shifting of certain
services/utilities on specific orders from the Engineer for which payment shall be
made to him. Such works shall be taken up by the Contractor only after obtaining
clearance from the Engineer and ensuring adequate safety measures.

3.2As-Built :

Drawings Such approved Working Drawings as have been selected by the

Engineer shall be correctly modified for inclusion in the As-Built Drawings
incorporating such variations to the Works as have been ordered and executed.
Such drawings shall show the actual arrangement of all structures and items of
equipment installed under the Contract. The Contractor shall submit 1 (one)
reproducible copy and 3 (three) prints of all As-Built Drawings clearly named as
such to the Engineer for approval before applying for the Taking-Over Certificate
for the respective Section of the Works. During the course of the Works, the C

ontractor shall maintain a fully detailed record of all changes from the approval to
facilitate easy and accurate preparation of the As-Built Drawing. Irrespective of the
other contractual prerequisites no Section of the Works will be considered
substantially completed until the Engineer has approved the respective As-Built
Drawings.ications.

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3.3 National Specifications :

Certain Specifications issued by various national or other widely recognized

bodies are referred to in these Specifications. Such Specifications shall be defined
and referred to as National Specif

Detailed Specifications Of Building Works (Civil)   Page 11

The Contractor may propose that the materials and workmanship be defined
in accordance with the requirements of other equivalent National Specifications
and he may execute the works in accordance with such National Specifications as
may be approved by the Engineer. A copy of the National Specification, together
with its translation into the English language if the National Specification is in
another language, shall be submitted to the Engineer along with the request for its
adoption.

In referring to National Specifications, the following abbreviations are used:

NS Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology IS Indian Standards ASTM
American Society of Testing and Materials BS British Standards BSCP British
Standard Code of Practice ISO International Organization for Standardization EN
European Norm NFP French Norm

Along with the commencement of the contract, the Contractor shall provide
in his site office at least one complete set of all National Specifications referred to
in these Specifications, if they are for the Sections applicable to the works. This set
shall be made available for use by the Engine.

(a)Units of Measurement, Abbreviations and Terminology:

Units of Measurement:

22
The Symbols for units of measurement are used in these Specifications as they are
given below.

M micron = m x 10-6

Mm = millimetre

M = meter

Km = kilometre

sq. mm. or mm2 square millimeter

sq.m. or m2 square meter

sq. km. or km2 square kilometre

ha hectare

cu. m. or m3 cubic meter

lit or I litre

rad radian

°C degrees Celsius

kg kilogram

g gram = kgx10-3

mg milligram = kg x 10-

6 mg/l milligram per litre

t ton = kg x 103 kg/m3

kilogram per cubic meter t/m3 ton per cubic meter

N Newton N/m2 Newton per square meter

23
Lin. m Linear meter

Max Maximum

Min Minimum

ACV Aggregate Crushing Value

BOQ Bill of Quantities

CR Crushing Ratio

dia Diameter

hr Hour

LS Linear Shrinkage

MC Moisture Content

MDD Maximum Dry Density

min Minute

no Number (units), as in 6 no.

No Number (order) as in No 6

OMC Optimum Moisture Content

OPC Ordinary Portland Cement

PI Plasticity Index

PL Plastic Limit

PM Plasticity Modulus (PI x % passing 0.425 mm sieve)

POL Petrol, Oil & Lubricant

ROW Right of Way

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SE Sand Equivalent

sec Second

SG Specific Gravity

SI International Standard Units of Measurements

SSS Sodium Sulphate Soundness test, loss on 5 cycles

STV Standard Tar Viscosity

TS Tensile Strength

UC Uniformity Coefficient

UCS Unconfined Compressive Strength

VIM Voids in Mix

w/c Water cement ratio

wt Weight % Percent

SSS Sodium Sulphate Soundness test,

loss on 5 cycles

STV Standard Tar Viscosity

TS Tensile Strength

UC Uniformity Coefficient

UCS Unconfined Compressive Strength

VIM Voids in Mix

w/c Water cement ratio

wt Weight % Percent
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3.4 QUALITY CONTROL

2.4.1Scope

direct This Section covers the Quality Control System and procedures,
Quality Assurance Plan, program of tests, trials, and general procedures for
acceptance as well as Laboratory arrangements and related facilities which are
required for the selection and control of the quality of materials and workmanship.
Testing Procedures And Set Of Tests For ensuring the quality of the work, the
materials and the workmanship shall be subjected to testing in accordance with
procedures, sets of tests and frequencies as specified in respective Sections of these
Specifications. The specified testing frequencies are not restrictive. The Engineer
shall for the tests to be carried out as frequently as deemed necessary that the
materials and workmanship comply with their Specifications

3.4.2Laboratory Trials To Confirm Compliance With Specifications

(a) Concrete

Laboratory trials for concrete mixes shall be carried out by the Contractor to
demonstrate that the composition of the mixes proposed for the concrete meets the
requirements of the Specifications.

The compositions of concrete mixes which meet the specified requirements

and are accepted by the Engineer shall be then used in the site trials carried out.

Reports The Contractor shall prepare and submit four copies of Progress
Report on a monthly basis. The Reports shall highlight the targeted and achieved
progress, problems at site, and brief description of the claims during the month and
the Engineer's response, and other information relevant to the Project. It shall be
supplemented with necessary charts, tables, data, and at least 36 photographs. On

26
completion of the Works, the Contractor shall prepare and submit a Completion
Report that shall deal comprehensively on all aspects covered in the Monthly
Report. Additional information such as improvement in construction
methods/techniques, lessons learnt from the Project, important considerations for
maintenance, etc. should also be highlighted

(b) Measurement and Payment

The cost for these works shall be covered by the Contractor's overhead
included in unit rates of other items in the BOQ.

(C)Quality Of Materials

The materials supplied and used in the works shall comply with the
requirements of these Specifications. They shall be new, except as provided
elsewhere in the contract or permitted by the Engineer in writing. The materials
shall be manufactured, handled and used skilfully to ensure completed works to
comply with the contract.

(d)Cement

Ordinary and High Strength Portland Cement (OPC and HSPC), Portland
Slag Cement (PSC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) shall be sampled according
to IS 3535 and tested according to IS 4031.

Chemical and physical requirements for Ordinary Portland Cement, High

Strength Portland Cement, Portland Slag Cement and Portland Pozzolana Cement
shall be in accordance with IS 269, IS 8112, IS 12269, IS 455, IS 1489
respectively.

The requirements on their physical characteristics shall be:

27
(e) Lime :

Limes shall be sampled and tested in accordance with BS 890 and shall
comply with all requirements specified therein.

(2.4.3) Tests Procedures Applicable to Concrete

S.No. Tests Test Procedures

(i) Air contents of fresh BS 1881-106
concrete
Density of hardened
w(ii) concrete BS 1881-114
Compressive strength
(iii) of concrete cubes BS 1881-116
Tensile splitting
(iv) strength BS 1881-117
(v) Flexural strength BS 1881-118
Compressive strength
(vi) of concrete cores BS 1881-120
(vii) Water absorption BS 1881-122
Mixing and sampling
(viii) fresh concrete in
laboratory BS 1881-125

28
 Normal curing of test
(ix) specimens (20° C BS 1881-111
method)
Accelerated curing of
(x) test specimens BS 1881-112
Making test cubes from BS 1881-108
(xi) fresh concrete

3.4.4Reinforcing Steel

All reinforcement for use in the Works shall be tested in a Laboratory

acceptable to the Engineer and two copies of each test certificate shall be supplied
to the Engineer. The sampling and frequency of testing shall be as set out in the NS
84-2042 and NS 191-2045. In addition to the testing requirements described above,
the Contractor shall carry out additional testing as instructed by the Engineer.

3.4.5. Bricks

Bricks shall conform to NS-1-2035 with the exceptions specified

3.4.6. Mortar

Mortar shall comply with relevant Sub-clause.

3.4.7. Reinforced Concrete Pipes

Reinforced concrete pipes shall comply with the requirements of NS 80-

2042/IS 458:1988.

3.5. CONCRETE WORK

29
3.5.1. Definitions

Structural concrete is any class of concrete which is used in reinforced, pre-

stressed or un- reinforced concrete construction which is subject to stress.

Non-structural concrete is composed of materials complying with the

Specification but for which no strength requirements are specified and which is
used only for filling voids, blinding foundations and similar purposes where it is
not subjected to significant stress.

A pour refers to the operation of placing concrete into any mould, bay or
formwork, etc. and also to the volume which has to be filled. Pours in vertical
succession are referred to as lifts.

(a) Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate shall be clean hard and durable and shall be natural sand,
crushed gravel sand or crushed rock sand complying with IS 383. AH the material
shall pass through a 4.75 mm IS sieve and the grading shall be in accordance with
IS 383. In order to achieve an acceptable grading, it may be necessary to blend
materials from more than one source. The deviation from the initial fineness
modulus shall be no more than ± 0.30 for ordinary concrete and ± 0.20 for high
quality concrete.

However, in respect of the presence of deleterious materials the fine

aggregate shall not contain iron pyrites, iron oxides, mica, shale, coal or other
laminar soft or porous materials or organic matter unless the Contractor can show
by comparative tests on finished concrete as per the direction of the Engineer, that
the presence of such materials does not affect the properties of the concrete.

(b) Coarse Aggregate

30
 Coarse aggregate shall be clean hard and durable crushed rock, crushed
gravel or natural gravel corresponding to the following classes:

Class A: Aggregate shall consist of crushed igneous or quartzite rock from

an approved source.

Class B: Aggregate shall consist of crushed quarry rock other than Class A
from an approved source.

Class C: Aggregate shall consist of natural or partly crushed gravel, pebbles

obtained from an approved gravel deposit. It may contain a quantity of material
obtained from crushing the oversize stone in the deposit provided such material is
uniformly mixed with the natural uncrushed particles.

Class D: Aggregate shall consist entirely of crushed gravel. The crushed

gravel shall be produced from material retained on a standard sieve having an
opening at least twice as large as the maximum size of aggregate particle specified.

Class E: Aggregate shall consist of an artificial mixture of any of the above

classes of aggregate the. The use of Class E aggregate and the relative proportions
of the constituent materials shall be approved by the Engineer.

3.5.2General

The use of admixtures in concrete may be required under the contract to

promote special properties in the finished concrete or may be proposed by the
Contractor to assist him in compliance with the Specification. In all cases the
Contractor shall submit to the Engineer full details of the admixture he proposes to
use and the manner in which he proposes to add it in the mix. The information
provided shall include:

Mortar Mortar

31
 shall comply with IS 2250-1981; Code of Practice for preparation and use of
masonry mortar. The mortar used in work shall have the strength not less than 5
N/mm2 or 7.5 N/mm2 at 28 days as specified. However, if provided in the
Contract, cement and sand may also be mixed in specified proportions. Cement
shall be proportioned only by weight, by taking its unit weight as 1.44 ton per
cubic meter and sand shall be proportioned by volume after making due allowance
for bulking. Mixing The mixing shall be done in a mechanical mixer unless hand-
mixing is permitted by the Engineer. If hand-mixing is allowed, the operation shall
be carried out on a clear watertight platform. in the required proportion cement and
sand shall be first mixed dry to obtain an uniform colour. Then required quantity of
water shall be added and the mortar shall be mixed to produce workable
consistency. The mortar shall be mixed for at least three minutes after addition of
water in the case of mechanical mixing

3.5.3Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate shall be clean hard and durable and shall be natural sand,
crushed gravel sand or crushed rock sand complying with IS 383. AH the material
shall pass through a 4.75 mm IS sieve and the grading shall be in accordance with
IS 383. In order to achieve an acceptable grading, it may be necessary to blend
materials from more than one source. The deviation from the initial fineness
modulus shall be no more than ± 0.30 for ordinary concrete and ± 0.20 for high
quality concrete.

However, in respect of the presence of deleterious materials the fine

aggregate shall not contain iron pyrites, iron oxides, mica, shale, coal or other
laminar soft or porous materials or organic matter unless the Contractor can show
by comparative tests on finished concrete as per the direction of the Engineer, that
the presence of such materials does not affect the properties of the concrete.

32
3.5.4 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate shall be clean hard and durable crushed rock, crushed
gravel or natural gravel corresponding to the following classes:

Class A: Aggregate shall consist of crushed igneous or quartzite rock from

an approved source.

Class B: Aggregate shall consist of crushed quarry rock other than Class A
from an approved source.

Class C: Aggregate shall consist of natural or partly crushed gravel, pebbles

obtained from an approved gravel deposit. It may contain a quantity of material
obtained from crushing the oversize stone in the deposit provided such material is
uniformly mixed with the natural uncrushed particles.

Class D: Aggregate shall consist entirely of crushed gravel. The crushed

gravel shall be produced from material retained on a standard sieve having an
opening at least twice as large as the maximum size of aggregate particle specified.

Class E: Aggregate shall consist of an artificial mixture of any of the above

classes of aggregate the. The use of Class E aggregate and the relative proportions
of the constituent materials shall be approved by the Engineer.

33
 .

3.6. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS OF BUILDING WORKS

(CIVIL)

3.6.1Tree cutting

The Contractor shall take the necessary precautions to prevent damage to

structures and other private or public property. If necessary, trees shall be cut in
sections from the top downwards. The branches of trees to be left standing shall be
trimmed so as not to intrude into a space of 7 m above the roadway. Such
individual trees as the Engineer may designate and mark in white paint shall be left
standing and uninjured. In order to minimize damage to trees that are to be left
standing, trees shall be felled towards the centre of the area being cleared, if so
required by the Engineer.

3.6.2Removal of roots

In the site all trees up to 300 mm girth, stumps and roots shall be removed to
a depth of not less than 900 mm below the finished level and a minimum of 500
mm below the original ground level whichever is lower. Except in borrow areas
the cavities resulting from the grubbing shall be backfilled with approved material
and compacted to a density not less than the density of the surrounding ground.

3.6.3Site cleaning

Clearing shall consist of the cutting, removing and disposal of all trees,
bushes, shrubs, grass, weeds, other vegetation, anthills, rubbish, fences, top organic
soil not exceeding 150 mm in thickness and all other objectionable material,
resulting from the clearing and grubbing. It shall also include the removal and
34
disposal of structures that obtrude, encroach upon or otherwise obstruct the work.
The moving of a certain amount of soil or gravel material may be inherent to or
unavoidable during the process of clearing and no extra payment shall be made for
this. Clearing shall include the removal of all rocks and boulders of up to 0.15 m3
in size exposed or lying on the surface.

3.6.4 Surface dressing

Conservation of Top Soil Where suitable topsoil exists within the limits of
the area to be cleared and grubbed, the Contractor shall, if ordered by the Engineer,
remove the topsoil together with any grass and other suitable vegetation. If not
used immediately, the topsoil shall be transported and deposited in stockpiles for
later use. Conservation of Flora Where provided for in the contract, certain
designated flora encountered in the road reserve and borrow areas shall be
carefully protected by the Contractor. In his tendered rate for Site Clearance, he
shall include for the careful removal and planting of the flora in a protected and
fenced-off area and, on completion of the road, for the replanting of the flora in
suitable positions in the road reserve in accordance with the Engineer's
instructions. Execution of Work Stumps, embedded logs, roots and all other
vegetation growth and accumulated rubbish of whatsoever nature and all other
objectionable material shall be completely removed to a specified depth.

3.6.5 Turfing

The area from where the grass roots are to be obtained shall be specified by
the Engineer-in-Charge at the time of execution of the work and no royalty shall be
charged on this account from the contractor. The soil shall be suitably moistened
and then the operation of planting grass shall be commenced. The grass shall be
dibbled at 10 cm, 7.5 cm, 5 cm apart in any direction or other spacing as described
in the item. Dead grass and weeded shall not be planted. The contractor shall be
35
responsible for watering and maintenance of levels and the lawn for 30 days or till
the grass forms a thick lawn free from weeded and fit for moving whichever is
later. Generally planting in other direction at 15 cm, 10 cm, spacing is done in the
case of large open spaces, at 7.5 cm spacing in residential lawn and at 5cm spacing
for Tennis Court and sports ground lawn. During the maintenance period, any
irregularities arising in ground levels due to watering or due to trampling by
labour, or due to cattle straying thereon, shall be constantly made up to the proper
levels with earth as available or brought from outside as necessary, Constant watch
shall be maintained to ensure that dead patches are replanted and weeds are
removed

3.6.6Tree planting inclusive tree guards

In ordinary soil, including refilling earth after mixing with oil cake, manure
and watering. Holes of circular shape in ordinary soil shall be excavated to the
dimensions described in the items and excavate soil broken to clods of size not
exceeding 75 mm in any direction, shall be stacked outside the hole, stones, brick
bats, unsuitable earth and other rubbish, all roots and other undesirable growth met
with during excavation shall be separated out and unserviceable material removed
from the size as directed. Useful material, if any, shall be stacked properly and
separately. Good earth in quantities as required to replace such discarded stuff shall
be brought and stacked at site by the contractor. The tree holes shall be manured
with powdered Neam/castor oil cake at the specified rate along with farm yard
manure over sludge shall be uniformly mixed with the excavated soil after the
manure has been broken down to powder, (size of particle not be exceeded 6 mm
in any direction) in the specified proportion, the mixture shall be filled in to the
hole up to the level of adjoining ground and then profusely watered and enable the
soil to subside the refilled soil shall then be dressed evenly with its surface about

36
50 to 75 mm below the adjoining ground level or as directed by the Engineer-in-
charge. Tree Guard The tree guard shall be 450 mm in diameter and 1 meter high
above ground level and 25 cm in below ground level. The tree guard shall be
framed of 4 nos. 20 x 3 mm MS. Flat welded to 50x50 wire mesh. The entire tree
guard shall be given two coats of synthetic enamel paint of approved brand and
manufacturer of required shade brand and manufacturer of required shade over a
priming coat of ready mixed steel primer of approved brand and manufacturer.

3.6.7 Soil Investigation

The job includes the activities like soil investigation works, bore hole of
required depth including mobilization and demobilization of drilling machines
(Rotary or percussion), Field test (SPT, Field density test,vane shear test), lab test
(consolidation, direct shear test, unconfined compression test, chemical
test ,specific gravity test, seive analysis, moisture content, atterbergs limits tests
etc.) and preparation of soil analysis report

LIST OF SYMBOLS

Ac - Concrete cross-sectional area

a - Lever arm

b - Breadth of beam or shorter dimension of rectangular column

bef - Effective width of slab

bf - Effective width of flange

bw - Breadth of web or rib

D - Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of

Column ; dimension of a rectangular column in the direction under consideration

37
Df - Thickness of flange

DL - Dead load

d - Effective depth

d' - Depth of compression reinforcement from highly compressed face

Ec - Modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ece - Effective modulus of elasticity of concrete

EL - Earthquake load

Es - Modulus of elasticity of steel

e - Eccentricity

F - Resisting force

fck -Characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete

f'c - Cylinder compressive strength

fctm - Tensile strength of concrete

fct - Split tensile strength of concrete

fcr -Modulus of rupture of concrete(flexural strength of concrete)

fd - Design strength

fy - Characteristic tensile strength of streel

g - Gravity load or dead load

h - Overall heigth of retaining wall

hs - Heigth of stem

I - Second moment of area or moment of inertia

38
Ief - Effective moment of inertia

Igr - Moment of inertia of gross section excluding reinforcement

Ir- Moment of inertia of cracked section

j - Lever arm factor

K -Stiffness of member

k -Constant or coefficient or factor

Ld - Development length

LL - Live load

L - Length of a beam or column between adequate lateral restraints or the

unsupported length of a column

Lef -Effective span of beam or slab

Lx - Length of shorter side of slab

Ly -Length of longer side of slab

Lex - Effective span length along XX axis

Ley -Effective span length along YY axis

Ln -Clear span face to face of supports

L1 - Span in the direction in which moments are determined, c/c of supports

L2 -Span transverse to L1,center to centre of supports

L0 - Distance between points to zero moments in a beam

M -Bending moment

Mr -Moment of resistance

39
m -Modular ratio

na - Actual neutral axis depth

nc - Critical neutral axis depth

P - Axial load on a compression member (wind indensity)

p - Safe bearing capacity of soil or intensity of pressure

pt -Percentage reinforcement in tension

pc -Percentage reinforcement in compression

q - Shear stress

Q -design coefficient

r - Radius

Sv - Spacing of stirrups

T - Torsional moment

V - Shear force

w - Distributed load per unit area

W - Total load or concentrated load

WL - Wind load

xu - Neutral axis depth

Z - Modulus of section

g - Displacement

yf - Partial safety factor for load

ym - Partial safety factor for material

40
u - Coefficient of friction on coefficient oforthotropy

σcbc- Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression

σcc - Permissible stress in concrete direct compression

σ sc- Permissible stress in steel in compression

σ st- Permissible stress in steel in tension

σ sv- Permissible stress in stress in shear reinforcement

τbd- Design bond stress

τ c- Shear stress in concrete

τ c,max-Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reciforcement

τ v- Nominal shear stress

φ- Diameter of bar

ψcs- Shrinkage curvature

Є- Support of span ratio

Єcc - Strain in concrete

Є cd- Drying shrinkage strain

Є ca- Autogenous shrinkage strain

Є cs- Total shrinkage strain

Є sc- Strain in steel

ψ- Creep coefficient

ϑ - Possion's ratio

α,β - Angles or ratio

41
λ - Multiplying factor

DEIGN SLAB

DEEK SLAB DESIGN

LENGTH =6m

WIDTH =2m (SINGLE LAND WIDTH)

GRADE OF CONCRETE =M25

GRADE OF STEEL =FE415

KREBS = 200mm

WEARING COAT =70mm

WIDTH AT BEARING =200mm

ALLOWEABLE STRESS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FCK =25 N/mm2 M=10

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH FY =415 N/mm2 J =0.90

Σ CB =8.3 N/MM2 Q =1.1

Σ SI=200 N/MM2

DEPTH OF SLAB

 Assume thickness of slab at 80mm per metre of span.

 Over all slab thickness =(70*6)=420mm
 Using 25mm diameter bars with clear cover of 25mm
42
  Effective depth = (D-(C.C+φ/2))
D= (420-(25+25/2))
= (420-37.5)
=382.5mm~385mm

WIDTH OF BEARING =0.2mm

 Effective span is the least of Leff =Clear span+ effective depth

= (6+0.385)
=6.385m
 Leff =centre to centre bearings
= (6+0.2)
=6.2m
 Effective span leff =6.2 m

DEAD LOAD BEARING MOMENT

 Dead weight of slab = (0.42x24)

=10.8 KN/m2

Wearing coarse =(0.08x22)

Total load =11.54KN/mm2

 Dead load bearing = ((11.54x6.2)/8)

=55.44KN/mm2

LIVE LOAD BEARING MOMENT

43
Impact factor of class AA tracked vehicle is 25% for 5ms pan decreasing linearly
to 10% for 9m span for 6.4m span

IMPACT FACTOR = (25-15/4x(6.2-5))

=20.5%

 The tracked vehicle is placed symmetrical on the span,

Effective length of load = (3.2 +2(0.42+0.07)
= (3.2 + 0.98)
=4.18m

Effective width of slab, perpendicular to span is expressed as

Be =kx (1-x/l)+bw

X=3.1 m, l=6.2m, B=3.6m

(B/L) =3.6/6.2 = 0.58m

BW = (0.58 +2(0.07) =1.92m

Be =1.72x3.1 (1- 3.1 /6.2)+1.72

Be =2.4m

Effective width of dispersion = 2.4m

Total load at with impact = (44000x0.00448)

Average intensity of load =(195.2/4.18x2.4)

Initial = 19.50 KN/m2

SHEAR DUE TO CLASS AA TRACKED VEHICLE

µMAX = [[19.5x4.18]/2] [3.1]–[[19.5x4.18]/2]x

44
[4.18/9]

= [126.34 – 42.58]

= 83.75 KN.m

TOTAL LOAD =live load + dead load

=83.75 + 55.44

=139.19 KN.m

SHEAR DUE TO CLASS (A)

X=2.09 M , L= 6.2M B=2.4M

(B/L) = (2.4 /6.2 ) =0.3 K=1.16

Be = 1.16 *2.09 [1-2.09/6.2]+0.69

Be =2.29m

Width of dispersion =2.4m

Ω = [195.72 /4.18 *2.4] =19.50 KN/M2

SHEAR FORCE va = [19.50x4.18x4.11]/[6.2]

=54.03 KN

Dead load shear = [11.54x6.2]/[2]

=35.77

Total design shear = [54.03+35.77]

=89.8KN

45
 DESIGN OF DECK SLAB

Effective depth required is computed as

D=
√[ ]n
QB

=√[139.19 ¿ x 105 ]/[1.1 x 1000 ]¿

D =355mm

Effective depth provided =385 mm

AST =[m/σst x jd]

= [139.19 x10^6]/[200x0.90x385]

Ast =2008 mm2

Spacing of 25mm diameter bars =[1000*(π/4)x(25)2

=244mm c/c

Provide 25mm diameter bars at 240 mm c/c

= [0.3x83.75+0.2x55.44]

=36.21 KN.m

Using 12mm diameter bars,

Effective depth = [385 – (12.5+5)]

= 367.5mm

46
AST = [36.21x10^6]/[240x0.90x367.5]

= 456 mm2

Spacing of 12mm diameter bars =[1000xπ/4x122]/[456]

=248~250mm c/c

Provide 12mm diameter bars at 200mm center’s

CHECK FOR SHEAR STRESS

Design shear stress τ =[v/bd]

Where,

V=design of shear force

B=width of section

D=effective depth

= [89.8x103/1000x385]

=0.23 N/MM2

AS = [1000x491/300]

= 1636.66mm2

P =[100AS/bd]

=163666/385000

=0.425

K1 = [1.14-6.7d]

= [1.14- (0.7x0.385)]

47
=0.8705

K2 = [0.5+0.25x0.425]

=0.606

For M25 grade concrete τc

τc = [k1,k2, τc]

=[0.8705x0.40]

=0.3482 N/mm2

SINCE τ<τC ,The shear stress are with in safe permissible limits

PIER DESIGN

P =207.26 KN/M2

=2487 KN

PU =TOTAL LOAD *1.5

=2487 *1.5

=3730 KN

FCK =25 N/MM2 & FY =415 N/MM2

DESIGN: The column with lateral ties

PU = 0.4fck AC + 01.67 fyASC

AC=Ag -Asc

Let provide 1% steel Asc =0.01Ag

AC =0.99AC

48
PU = 0.4x25x0.99Ag +0.67x415x0.01Ag

3730*10^3 =12.68Ag

Ag =2941640 N/mm2

SINCE it is rectangular column assume the breath to depth ratio as 0.2B =0.5D

Ag=B*D

Ag=0.5D*D

=0.5D2

= [294.152*10^3/0.5] =D2

D=√ [ 294.152∗103 ] / [ 0.5 ]

0.2B=0.5xD

=0.5x800

B= [0.5x800]/2

=2000mm~1900mm

SIZE =800x1900mm

STEP:2

Area at longitudinal steelAsc,

Ag= 800x1900=1520x103

Pu=0.4fckAC+0.67 FyAsc

AC= Ag -Asc

AC=1520x10^3-Asc

33730x103=0.4x25x[1520x103-Asc] +0.67x 415

49
11.47*10^6 =268.05Asc

Asc=42790.52mm2

Minimum Asc min=0.8% of Ag

=0.8x1520x103

Asc min=12160mm2

Maximum Asc max=6% of Ag

= [6/100]x1520^3

=912000mm2

Ascmini<Asc<Asc max

12160<42790<91200 Hence ok

STEP:3

Number of bars =[ASC/asc] [Assume 25 mm]

=[42790.52/[π/4][252]]

=[42790.52/[0.785x625]]

= 87 bars

ASC pro = no.of.bars x π/4x 252

=87x π/4 x 252

=42706mm2

Diametre and pitch for lateral ties

1.)6mm, 2.)1/4 of diameter

=1/4x 25
50
=6.25mm

Pitch:

1.)300mm 2.)LLD=800mm 3.)16tims of diameter of bar=16x 25 =40

 Provide 10mm dia lateral ties at 300mm c/c

SPACING:-
Spacing,s={B-2[CC]-φ/2-φ/2 }/2
S= {1900-2(40)-(25/2)-(25/2)}/2
=897mm

DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
Rectangular footing (uniformly distributed)

DATA:

Fck=25 N/mm2fy=415 N/mm2Qu=?

Required area=load on column+self weight/safe bearing capacity

SELF WEIGHT=10%of load on column

10/100x3730=373 KN

AREA qd =(load on column + self weight) /(safe bearing capacity)

SELF WEIGHT=10% of load on column

=10/100x3730=373 KN

Area of qd=(3730+373 /200)

=20.51mm2

51
STEP :3

Size of footing =for rectangular column

= lxb

Size ratio = long of column / short size of column

=1900/800

=2.3

Side ratio of footing =1:2:3

l=2.3b

areaqd =2.3bxb

20.53 =2.3b2

B=√ ¿)

=2.9~3m

L=3x2.3

=6.67m~6m

Size of footing =6mx3m

STEP :4

Upward design pressure (q0)

(q0)=load on column xsf/area

=3730x1.5/1.8=310KN/m2

52
STEP:5

Design bending moment [mu] since it is rectangular footing calculating the design
b.m along both xx &gg and along yy

Myy = q0 [ Area at hatched portion x distance between ( G and face of the column)

Lp = ((60000-1900)/2) =2050mm

C.G =(LP/2) = (1100/2) =550mm

Mxx = 0.31 (1100 x 6000 ) x (550)

=1125.3 x 106 N/mm

Mxx design bending moment is along yy axis

= 1954 x 106 N/mm

Effective depth (d) and overall depth

Mu = Qubd2

D= √
Mu
Qub

√ ¿ ¿= 3000

= 434 mm ~ 450 mm

Overall depth D = dtd’

Assume 50 mm clear cover and 12mm φ bars.

D1 = 50 + 25/2 = 62.5

D’ = 62.5 mm

D = 450 + 62 = 512 mm ~ 515 mm

53
Overall depth is not sufficient to take care of shear so increase the depth by a 2
times.

= 2 x 15 = 30mm

D = 1040 – 71 = 967 ~ 970mm

STEP 7 :

Area of reinfotcement (Ast) along yy.

Mu = 0.87 fyAst D {(1 – fyAst)/(fckbd)}

1954 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 970 (1- 415 xAst)/(25 x 300)

1954 x 106 = 350218.5 Ast – 1.9978/ Ast2

X1 = 169531.96 x2 =5769.24mm2

Ast = 5769.24 mm2

Number of bars = Ast/ast = 5769.24/II/4(25)2

= 5769.24/3.14/4 x 625

= 5769.24/0.785 x 625

= 5769.24/490.625

= 11.75 ~ 12 bars.

Along xx

Mu = 0.87 fyAst d (1- fy ast / fck x bd)

1125.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 970 (1- 415x Ast/25 x600 x970)

1125.3 x 106 = 350218.5 Ast – 0.998905 Ast2

X1 = 347359.27 X2 = 3243

54
Ast = 3243 m2

Reinforcement in central band = Ast x 2/ B+1

B = (length of footing/breadth of footing) = 6/3

B=2

Ast at central band (AstCB) = 1519.62 x 2/1.5 + 1) = 2162 mm2

No.of .bars in central band = (Ast / Ast )= 2162/π/4 x (25)2

= 4.40 ~5 Nos

Ast at edge band = Ast – AstCB/2

= 3243-2162/2

= 540.5 mm2

No. of bars in edge bend = 540.5/ (π/4)x(25)2

= 1.1 ~1 Nos

 Provide 2 at 45 mm φ bars in central band and provide 1 at 42 mm φ bar in

edge band.

STEP 8 :

Development length (Ld)

Ld = 0.87 fy φ / 4τ bd x 1.6

= 0.87 x 415 x 25 / 4x1.4x1.6

= 9026.25/8.96

= 1007.39 ~ 1010 mm2

Projection Length along xx = 1100mm

55
Projection Length along yy = 2050mm

 Ld value is less than projection length along both axes.

 Hence safe.


STEP 9 :

Check for shear

1. One way shear (@ d from face of column along yy axis

Shear force , q0 = Area of hatched potion

= 0.31 x 3000

Vu = 483.6 KN

Nominal shear stress (V = vu/bd = 483/3000 x 970)

= 483/2910000

= 0.160 N / mm2

Permissible shear stress Kτc

Τc = 100Ast/bd

= 100 x 5769.24/3000 x970

Τc = 576.924/2910000

= 0.198 ~ 0.20 N/mm2

τv< k τc ; 0.33 < 0.36

Hence safe in local shear along yy direction along xx axis.

Shear force, Vu = q0 x hatched area

56
= 0.31 x 6000 x 90

= 167.4 KN

Nominal shear stress , τv = Vu/bd

= 167.4 x103/3000 x 970

= 0.057 N / mm2

Permissible shear stress ,Kτc

= 100 Ast / bd

= 100 x 3243/3000 x 970

= 3245900/2910000

= 0.11 N/MM2

= 0.29 ForHenebook

= K =1

τv<Kτc = 0.05 < 0.29 Hance safe along xx direction

Two way shear (@ d/2 arounf face of column)

Shear force Vu = q0 x hatched area

= 0.31 x (3000 x6000) – (1770 x 2870)

= 0.31 (18 x 106 ) – (5.0799 x 106)

= 4 x 106 N

Nominal shear stress τv = Vu/bd = 4 x 106/3000 x 970

= 1.37 N / mm2

τc = 0.25√ fck
57
= 0.25√ 25

= 1.25 = 1.25 N/mm2

Ks = 0.5 + fc

Bc = short side of column/long side of column

= 800/1900 = 0.42

Ks = 0.75 + 0.42

= 1.17

τv<ksτc ;1.37 <1.4625

Hence safe in two way shear

STEP 10:

Transfer load at colum base nominal bearing stress <permissible bearing.

PU/ Area of Column < 0.45 Fck √

A1
a2

3730 x 103x1.5/1900 x 800 <0.45x25√(6000¿ x 3000)/1900 x 8003.44 ¿

5595000/1520000 < 0.45 x 25 √

18000000
1520000

8392500/1520000 < 0.45 x 25 √ 11.84

DATA ANALYSIS
58
SL.NO
DESCRIPTION PER RATE
1. Mason I class Each RS.550/day
2. Mason II class Each RS.500/day

3. Mazdoor I class Each RS.400/day

4. Mazdoor II class Each RS.350/day

5. Carpenter I class Each RS.535/day

6. Carpenter II class Each RS.495/day

7. Fitter I class Each RS.490/day

8. Fitter II class Each RS.460/day

9. Painter /varnish I class Each RS.447/day

10. Painter /varnish II class Each RS.419/day

11. Head mazdoor Each RS.411/day

12. Mixer operation ( including concrete 1m RS.389/day
mixture)
13. Grinding charges for mortar 1m RS.65/day
14. Centering RCC slab 1m2 RS.200/day

15. Mixing charges 1m3 RS.130/day

CEMENT MORTAR 1:2-1 m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

59
 720KG Cement 8240 Tonne 5932.80
1m
3
Sand 606.4 1m
3
606.4

1 m3 Mixing charges 130 1 m3 130

RATE FOR 1 m2= 666.92/m2

CEMENT MORTAR 1:3-1 m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

480KG Cement 8240 Tonne 3955.4
1m
3
Sand 606.4 1m
3
606.4
1m
3
Mixing charges 130 1m
3
130
RATE FOR 1 m2=469.16/ m2

QUANTIT DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Y
360KG Cement 8240 Tonne 2966.4
Sand 606.4 606.4
3 3
1m 1m

1 m3 Mixing charges 130 1 m3 130

RATE FOR 1 m2=370.28/ m2
CEMENT MORTAR 1:4-1 m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

288KG Cement 8240 Tonne 2373
1 m3 Sand 606.4 1 m3 606.4

60
 1 m3 Mixing charges 130 1 m3 130
RATE FOR 1 m2=310.952/ m2

CEMENT MORTAR 1:6-1 m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

240KG Cement 8240 Tonne 1977.6
1 m3 Sand 606.4 1 m3 606.4
Mixing charges 130 130
3 3
1m 1m

RATE FOR 1 m2=271.4/ m2

LIME MORTAR 1:2-1 m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.126 Lime 1335 Tonne 168.21
1 m3 Sand 606.4 1 m3 606.4
1 m3 Mixing charges 130 1 m3 130
RATE FOR 1 m2=904.61/ m2

CEMENT CONCRETE 1:1.5:3-1 m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

10m3 Broken stone 20mm 1449 1 m3 14490
4.5 m3 Cement mortar 1:2 6669.2 1m3 30011.4
3.54 m3 Mason I class 550 Each 1947

61
 21 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 8400
35 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 12250
RATE FOR 1 m3=6709.84/m3

CEMENT CONCRETE 1:1.5:3-10 m3FOR FOOTING

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

9.5 m3 Broken stone 40mm 9110 1 m3 86545
4.75 m3 Cement mortar 1:4 3702.8 1m3 17588.3
170 Kg Steel 4369 10 m3 742730
1.8 No Mason I class 550 Each 990
17 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 6800
24 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 8400
RATE FOR 1 m3=68305.33/ m3

CEMENT CONCRETE 1:1.5:3-10 m3 FOR COLUMN

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

9.5 m3 Broken stone 40mm 9110 1 m3 86545
4.75 m3 Cement mortar 1:4 3702.8 1m3 17588.3
120Kg Steel 4369 10 m3 524280
1.8 No Mason I class 550 Each 990
17 No Mazdoor I class 400 Each 6800

62
 24 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 8400
RATE FOR 1 m3=64460.33

CEMENT CONCRETE 1:1.5:3-10 m3 FOR SLAB

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

9.5 m3 Broken stone 40mm 9110 1 m3 86545
4.75 m3 Cement mortar 1:4 3702.8 1m3 17588.3
80Kg Steel 4369 10 m3 349520
1.8 No Mason I class 550 Each 990
17 No Mazdoor I class 400 Each 6800
24 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 8400
RATE FOR 1 m3=46984.33

CEMENT CONCRETE 1:1.5:3-10 m3 FOR BEAM

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

9.5 m3 Broken stone 40mm 9110 1 m3 86545
4.75 m3 Cement mortar 1:4 3702.8 1m3 17588.3
150Kg Steel 4369 10 m3 655350
1.8 No Mason I class 550 Each 990
63
 17 No Mazdoor I class 400 Each 6800
24 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 8400
RATE FOR 1 m3=77567.33

PLASTERING WITH CM 1:3 -10 m3 FOR CELLING

Q`UANTIT DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

Y
0.22 m3 Cement Mortar 1:3 4691.6 1 m3 1032.02
2.2 Nos Mason I class 550 Each 1210
0.5 No Mazdoor I class 400 Each 200
2.2 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 770
RATE FOR 1 m3= 321.502

PLASTERING WITH CM 1:4 -10 m3 FOR INTERNAL & EXTERNAL

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

4.75 m3 Cement Mortar 1:4 3702.8 1 m3 17588.3
1.8No Mason I class 550 Each 1210
17 NoS Mazdoor I class 400 Each 200
24 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 770

64
 RATE FOR 1 m3= 3377.83

BRICK JELLY LIME CEMENT CONCRETE AT 1:2:4-10 m FOR

WEATHERING COURSE

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

3.8 m3 Lime mortar 1:2 904.61 1m3 3437.518
9.5 m3 Brick jelly 20mm 836 1m3 7942
1.8 No Mason I class 550 Each 990
17 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 6800
14 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 4900
RATE FOR 1 m3= 2406.9518

SUPPLUING AND FILLING OF RIVERS SAND AT BASEMENT

INCLUDES WELL WATERING AND COMPATION

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

1m3 Cost of filling sand 6060.4 1m3 6060.4
1m3 Filling charges 25.00 1m3 25.00
RATE FOR 1 m3= 631.4

65
CC 1:4:8 USING 40mm HBG FOR FOUNDATION AND BASEMENT
10m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

9.5 m3 Broken stone 40mm 9110 1m3 86545
3.8 m3 Cement mortar 1:4 3702.8 1m3 14070.64
1.8 No Mason I class 550 Each 990
17 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 6800
14 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 4900
RATE FOR 1 m3= 11330.564

R.C.C 1:2:4 USING 20mm HBG FOR LINTEL PLINTH BEAM-1m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

1m3 R.C.C 1:2:4 Using 67098.4 1m3 67098.4
20mm
1m3 Sundrise Approximate 1m3 30.00
TOTAL RATE =67128.4/m3

66
 BRICK MASONARY IN cm 1:6 USING I CLASS BRICK FOR
FOUNDATION & BASEMENT -1Om3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

3870 Brick I class 7130 1000Nos 27593.1
3.2m3 Cement mortar 1:4 3702.8 1m3 11848.96
3.5 Nos Mason I class 550 Each 1925
10 Nos Mason II class 500 Each 5000
7.1 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 2840
21 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 7350
TOTAL RATE =56557.06/m3

FLOOR FINISHING WITH cm 1:3, 20mm THICK -10m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

2.2m3 Cement mortar 1:3 4691.6 1m3 10321.52
1.1 No Mason I class 550 Each 605
05 No Mazdoor I class 400 Each 200
1.1 No Mazdoor II class 350 Each 385
Sundrise 15.00
TOTAL RATE = 11526.52/10m3
67
WEATHRING COURSE INCULDING TWO COATS FLAT TILES
150×150×12mm -10m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

6.2m3 Brick jelly for lime 836 1m3 5183.2
900 Nos Flat tiles 939.1 1000Nos 845.19
150×150×12mm
6.27m3 Cement mortar 1:3 4691.6 1m3 29416.33
13litre Crude oil 70 1litre 910
10m2 Flush pointing 120 1m2 1200
1.1 Nos Mason I class 550 Each 605
1.1 Nos Mazdoor I class 400 Each 440
2.1 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 735
TOTAL RATE = 39334.72/m3

PLASTERING FOR WALL SURFACE WITH CM 1:5 12mm- 10m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.12m3 Cement mortar 1:5 3109.52 1m3 373.14
1.1 No Mason I class 550 Each 605
1.5 No Mason II class 500 Each 705

68
 1.1 No Mazdoor II class 350 Each 385
Sundrise 10.00
TOTAL RATE = 2123.14/10m2

PLASTERING FOR WALL SURFACE WITH CM 1:3 10mm- 10m2

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.12m3 Cement mortar 1:3 4691.6 1m3 562.99
1 No Mason I class 550 Each 605
1.5 No Mason II class 500 Each 750
1.1 No Mazdoor II class 350 Each 385
Sundrise 10.00
TOTAL RATE = 2257.99/10m2

WHITE WASHING TWO COATS OF LIME- 100m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

0.07m3 Burnt lime 997 1m3 69.79
1.6 No Mason I class 550 Each 880
0.5 No Mason II class 500 Each 250

69
 2.7 Nos Mazdoor II class 350 Each 945
Sundrise 35.00
TOTAL RATE = 2179.79/100m3

CEMENT WASHING- 10m3

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

8.2kg Cement paint 104.15 1m3 854.03
0.5 No Mason I class 550 Each 275
0.5 No Mason II class 500 Each 250
0.8 No Mazdoor II class 350 Each 280
TOTAL RATE = 1659.03/10m3

RTS WORK FOR 100kg

QUANTITY DESCRIPTION RATE PER AMOUNT

100kg Cost of steel 4369 1 tonne 436900
1kg Biding wire 90 1kg 90
3.2Nos Fitter I class 490 Each 1568

70
TOTAL RATE = 438588/100 KG

71
 DETAILED ESTIMATE

S.
Description of N Lengt Breadt Dept
N Quantity
Work o h h h
o
1 Earth Work in 1 7 3.5 2.15 52.67 m³
Excavation 4 2 0.30 0.30 0.72 m³
i) Foundati
on

72
 ii) Wing
Walls
53.39 m³
Sand Filling
i) Foundati
2 on
ii) Wing 1 605 3 0.15 2.925 m³
Walls 4 2 0.23 0.15 0.276 m³
3.201 m³
P.C.C. 1:4:8 in
Foundation
3
i) Foundation 1 6.5 3 0.15 2.925 m³
ii) P.C.C. Retain 4 2 0.23 0.15 0.276 m³
3.201 m³
Designing [1:1:2]
i) Foundati
on
4
Concrete 1 6.5 3 0.45 8.775 m³
ii) Piers 3 3.05 0.40 1.90 6.954 m³
iii) Slab 1 6 2 0.3 3.6 m³

Parapet Wall
5
Post[1:1:2] 6 0.23 0.23 0.60 0.190 m³
6 Parapet Wall 8 2.6 0.076 0.152 0.140 m³
73
 Hand Slab
19.759 m³
½xbxh
Side Slope
7 ½x3x3
Area
4 4.5 m² 18 m²
Wing Walls
8
[1:1:2] 4 2 0.23 0.60 1.104 m³
Wearing Coat
9
[1:1:2] 1 6 2 0.100 1.2 m³
2.304 m
³

Shuttering [Foundation]
10 i) Length 2 6.5 0.45 5.85m²
ii) Breadth 2 3 0.45 2.7 m²
Pire
i) Length 6 1.90 3.05 34.77 m²
ii) Breadth 6 0.40 3.05 7.32 m²
Slab Shuttering
i) Length 2 6 0.3 3.6 m²
ii) Breadth 2 2 0.3 1.2 m²
Parapet Wall 24 0.23 0.60 3.31 m²
Returns Wall 4 2 0.60 4.8 m²

74
11 Slab Centering 2 2.4 1.90 9.12 m²
72.67 m²
White Washing
Pire
12
i) Length 6 1.90 3.05 34.77 m²
ii) Breadth 6 0.40 3.05 7.32 m²
Slab
i) Length 2 6 0.30 3.6 m²
ii) Breadth 2 2 0.30 1.2 m²
Parapet Wall 24 0.23 0.60 3.31 m²
Parapet Wall Hand Slab 8 2.6 0.152 0.39 m²
50.59 m²

75
ABSTRACT ESTIMATE

76
 ABSTRACT (ROD DETAILES QUNATITY)
TOTAL
PER 12.19 TOTAL
METER
DIAMETE NUMBER METER METER METER
OF
R OF BAR OF BARS OF BARS OF BARS OF BAR
(D^2/162)
WEIGTH WEIGTH WEIGTH
BAR
0.996
8 mm 12.15/12.19 =1nos 0.395 4.815 4.815
16.50
10 mm 201.15/12.19 =17nos 0.617 7.525 127.925
46.95
12 mm 572.66/12.19 =47nos 0.888 10.825 508.775
14.76
16 mm 180/12.19 =15nos 1.58 19.263 288.948
TOTAL 930.463
WEIGTH (kg)

77
S.N QYANTIT
DESCRIPTION RATE UNIT AMOUNT
o Y
Earth work
1 53.39 500 m3 26,695
excavation
Earth work sand m3
2 3.201 606.7 1,942.04
filling
Plain cement m3
3 3.201 5743.6 18,385
concrete 1:4:8
Rain force cement m3 2,12,073.3
4 19.759 10733
concrete 1:1:2 5
Side slope cement m3
5 14.4 5743.6 82,707.84
1:1:2
6 1.104 Returns walls 1:1:2 10733 m3 11,849..23
7 1.2 Wearing coat 1:1:2 393.34 m3 472.008
Shuttering &
8 72.67 150 m2 10,900.50
Centerings
White washing &
9 50.59 1.4 m2 708.25
Painting
10 930.46 Steel 50 ton 46523
TOTA 4,12,256.5
11
L 0
5,00,000.0
12 L.S L.S L.S
0
TOTAL 9,12,256.5
13
AMOUNT 0

78
REAL MODEL VIEW

79
80
81
 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION

The SMALL BRIDGE is constructed in a manner by providing all

facilities. Through the project is completed with economical design, it
can be executed within the estimated cost of RS. 912,256.50/- by
executing this, people will have a wonderful modern with all
sophisticated facilities.

82
83
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84
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IS 3370(Part
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85
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IS 804:1967
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Code of practice for use of steel tubes in general
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IS 808:1989
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IS 811:1987
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86
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87
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structures: Part 4 Industrial structures including
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4326:2013 and construction of buildings (third revision)
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4967:1968 river valley projects
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4991:1968 explosions above ground

IS Criteria for safety and design of structures subject

6922:1973 to underground blasts

IS Improving earthquake resistance of low strength

13828:1993 masonry buildings – Guidelines

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IS 13920:1993
subjected to seismic forces- Code of practice
IS Guidelines for evaluation, repair and seismic
13935:2009 strengthening of masonry buildings (first revision)
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15988:2013 Reinforced Concrete Buildings - Guidelines.
IS 875(Part
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88
 loads - Unit weights of building material and stored
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Code of practice for design loads (other than
IS 875(Part
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Code of practice for design loads (other than
IS 875(Part
earthquake) for buildings and structures: Part 3 Wind
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Code of practice for design loads (other than
IS 875(Part
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Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of practice for
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89
90
THANK YOU TO ALL

91