COUNSELING

• Counseling is aimed of empowering a client. The general goal is

to lead an individual client or group to self – emancipation in
relation to a felt problem. At some stage in the process, the client
should attain insight and understanding of oneself, achieve better
self – awareness and look at oneself with increased self –
acceptance and appreciation, and be able to manage oneself
positively. Client empowerment means that they develop skill
and abilities that require self - management and improved
motivation toward actions that are good for one’s self and
develop a positive outlook toward the past leading to some sense
of closure and attainment of relative inner and outer harmony
resulting to improvement in relationships with family, friends,
colleagues, and others.
 GOALS OF
COUNSELING
•Different individuals have different perceptions
of what can be expected of counseling
individuals preparing to become counselors, and
those who seek counseling, as well as parents,
teachers, school administrators and governmental
agencies, all differ in their expectations of the
counseling experience.
According to Gibson and Mitchell (2003), the
following are the goals of counseling:
• 1. Development Goals - assist in meeting and advancing the client’s
human growth and development including social, personal, emotional,
cognitive and physical wellness.
• 2. Preventive Goals - help the client to avoid some undesired
outcomes.
• 3. Enhancement Goals – develop special skill and abilities.
• 4. Remedial Goals – assist the client to overcome and treat an
undesirable development.
• 5. Exploratory Goals – examine the options, test the skills and try new
and different activities.
•6. Reinforcement Goals – help the client in
recognizing that what they are doing, thinking, and
feeling is fine.
•7. Cognitive Goals – contain acquiring the basic
understanding and habits for good health.
•8. Physiological Goals – facilitate behavioral
changes towards the society.
•9. Psychological Goals – aid in developing good
social interaction skills, learning emotional control
and developing positive self – concept.
 Scope of
Counseling
•Clients are encouraged to meet with
a counselor even if they are not sure
that they need counseling. Any
client facing problems are
encouraged to see a counselor.
• The scope of counseling covers various aspects of human life including:
• 1. Personal – includes motivation, self –esteem, interest, career choice,
etc.
• 2. Social – pertains to relationship conflicts, socialization, peer
relationships, etc.
• 3. Cognitive – relates to the study habits, academic performance, irrational
thoughts, etc.
• 4. Behavioral – contains absenteeism, bullying, restlessness, misbehavior,
etc.
• 5. Psychological – comprises of personality development, stress, etc.
• 6. Emotional –embraces to anger management issues, phobias, mild
anxiety, etc.
•7. Spiritual – covers spiritual beliefs, guidance,
confusions, etc.
•8. Health - - includes wellness, life and work
balance, leisure, etc.
•9. Occupational –indicates work and career
decisions, etc.
•However, counseling does not deal with the
clinical cases such as mental illness, requiring
medication and psychotherapy.
• There are many approaches to help clients move towards
growth and problem-resolution. Often counselors will
provide them with opportunities to learn new skills and
coping mechanisms while also increasing their self-
understanding and insight. Counselors may also examine
past patterns to help them assess in a healthier way their
current/ past relationships, decision-making, and family
dynamics. With the help of their counselors, clients will
better understand their strengths and abilities to manage
life challenges which can be very important in achieving
their therapeutic goals.
Principles of Counseling
•The principles of counseling can be found in
the basic process of counseling since they
govern each and every step: developing
trust; exploring problem areas; helping to
set goals; empowering into action; helping
to maintain change; and agreeing when to
end. (Velleman, 2001)
1. Advice

•Counseling may involve advice-giving as one

of the several functions that counselors
perform. When this is done, the
requirement is that a counselor makes
judgments about a counselee’s problems
and lays out options for a course of action.
2. Reassurance

•Counseling involves providing clients with

reassurance, which is a way of giving them
courage to face a problem or confidence that
they are pursuing a suitable course of action.
Reassurance is a valuable principle because it
can bring about a sense of relief that may
empower a client to function normally again.
3. Release of emotional tension

• Counseling provides clients the opportunity to get

emotional release from their pent-up frustrations and
other personal issues. Counseling experience shows
that as persons begin to explain their concerns to a
sympathetic listener, their tensions begin to subside.
They become more relaxed and the release of
tensions helps remove mental blocks by providing a
solution to the problem.
4. Clarified thinking
• It tends to take place while the counselor and
counselee are talking and therefore becomes a logical
emotional release. As this relationship goes on, other
self-empowering results may take place later as a
result of developments during the counseling
relationship. Clarified thinking encourages a client to
accept responsibility for problems and to be more
realistic in solving them.
5. Reorientation

• It involves a change in the client’s emotional self

through a change in basic goals and aspirations. This
requires a revision of the client’s level of aspiration to
bring it more in line with actual and realistic
attainment. It enables clients to recognize and accept
their own limitations. The counselor’s job is to
recognize those in need of reorientation and facilitate
appropriate interventions.
6. Listening skills

•Listening attentively to clients is the

counselor’s attempt to understand both the
content of the clients’ problem as they see
it, and the emotions they are experiencing
related to the problem. Good listening helps
counselors to understand the concerns
being presented.
7. Respect

•In all circumstances, clients must be treated with

respect, no matter how peculiar, strange,
disturbed, weird, or utterly different from the
counselor. Without this basic element, successful
counseling is impossible. Counselors do not have
to like the client, or their values, or their
behavior, but they have to put their personal
feelings aside and treat the client with respect.
8. Empathy and positive regard

• Carl Rogers combined empathy and positive regard as

two principles that should go along with respect and
effective listening skills. Empathy requires the
counselor to listen and understand the feelings and
perspective of the client and positive regard is an
aspect of respect. For Rogers, clients have to be given
both “unconditional positive regard” and be treated
with respect.
9. Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation

•Clarification is an attempt by the counselor

to restate what the client is either saying or
feeling, so the client may learn something or
understand the issue better. Confrontation
and interpretation are other more advanced
principles used by counselors in their
interventions.
10. Transference and countertransference

•When clients are helped to understand

transference reactions, they are empowered to
gain understanding of important aspects of their
emotional life. Counter transference helps both
clients and counselors to understand the
emotional and perceptional reactions and how
to effectively manage them.
•From the 10 principles of
counseling choose one as your
theme in composing a poem or
making a poster to promote
counseling among the youth.
Roles of Guidance Counselors

1. assist the person or persons in realizing a

change in behavior or attitude
2. assist clients to seek achievement of goals
3. assist clients to find help
• Given that students are every nation's future, providing advice to
them at important junctures in their development is a major
nation-building endeavor. Counseling is a procedure that involves
the client(s) and the counselor. Counselors' roles include teaching
social skills, effective communication, spiritual guidance, decision-
making, and career choices, as well as assisting the person or
persons (clients) in realizing a change in behavior or attitude,
seeking the achievement of goals, and finding help. In some cases,
counselors' roles include teaching social skills, effective
communication, spiritual guidance, decision-making, and career
choices.
• Counselors' responsibilities may occasionally include
assisting clients in coping with a crisis. Premarital and
marriage counseling, grief and loss, domestic violence
and other forms of abuse, specific counseling
scenarios such as terminal illness, and counseling of
emotionally and mentally disturbed individuals are all
examples of counseling. Counseling can be short-term
(brief counseling) or long-term (long-term counseling).
Functions of Guidance Counselors
• A guidance counselor is defined under the Philippine
Republic Act No. 9258 (Section 2-3) as a natural
person who has been professionally registered and
licensed by a valid state institution and who has
received specialized training to fulfill the functions of
guidance and counseling. The primary responsibility of
the guidance counselor is to employ an integrated
approach to producing a well-functioning individual
through:
• 1. assisting a client in fully developing his or her
potentials;
• 2. assisting a client in planning his or her future in
accordance with his or her abilities, interests, and needs;
•Competencies of Guidance Counselors
•1. administer and maintain career
guidance and counseling program
•2. administer career advocacy activities
•3. capable career advocates
•4. facilitate conduct of career advocacy
in collaboration with career
•advocates and peer facilitators
•Counselors employ different styles and
strategies in assisting and helping a
client solve their own problems by
utilizing some models presented by
known personalities that suit the needs
of a certain client.
• In helping people cope with their own problems more
effectively, Gerard Egan offered a three-stage model or
framework that aims to help people become better at
helping themselves in their everyday lives. The Egan’s
Skilled Helper Model is a framework for conceptualizing
the helping process and is used in working on issues in the
recent past and present. The Egan’s model aims to aid the
client address three main questions:
• 1. What is going on?
• 2. What solutions make sense for me?
• 3. What do I have to do to get what I need or want?
• Culley and Bond’s Three-Stage Model of
Counseling is also of significance primarily since
the person-centered approach was developed in
counseling. The focus is on developing skills and
using them effectively. It aims to bring structure to
an activity which could be “random or chaotic”.
The three-stage model has the following parts:
• 1. Beginning
• 2. Middle
• 3. End
•Alistair Ross presented also Three-Stage
Model of Counseling with the following
parts to assist clients clarify their issues and
come up with a definite solution to their
problems.
•1. starting out
•2. moving on
•3. letting go
Foundation Skills in Fostering Conversation and
Exploration
in Counseling
(Culley and Bond)
• 1. Attending and Listening
• -refers to active listening, which means listening with
purpose and responding in such a way that clients are
aware that they have both been heard and
understood.
• -active listening involves listening to the words,
gestures and body language
• -active listening is listening for what is said and what is
not said; listening to content – its meaning and the
emotions behind it.
• 2. Reflective Skills
• -concerned with the other person’s frame of
reference.
• -capture what the client is saying and plays it back to
them but in counselor’s own word.

• 3. Probing Skills
• -facilitate going deeper, asking more directed or
leading questions.
•Common Skills that Require Studying
Curriculum of Accumulated Scientific
Knowledge Across Disciplines
•1. Communication skills
•-include the ability to actively listen,
demonstrate understanding, ask appropriate
questions and provide information as needed.
•-effective communication means the message
you want to communicate is received as you
intended it to be received.
• 2. Motivational skills
• - these skills are the ones that influence a client to act after
the helping session or consultation.
• 3. Problem-solving skills
• -includes differentiating between symptoms and the
problem, pinpointing probable causes and triggers for the
problem, and then generating a range of possible solutions
to the actual problem.
• 4. Conflict resolution skills
• -involves learning about style of conflict resolution and
recognizing the signs of it and learning the process of conflict
resolution.
The following problems prompted people to seek counselors
for help according to Bernardo & Ranche (2016).

• bereavement (grief, mourning, sorrow, passing away of

someone)
• Eating disorder
• Crisis Situation
• Post-traumatic stress disorder
• Depression, anxiety, and stress
• Difficulties at work/academic activities
• Phobias and obsessions
• HIV and AIDS
• Bullying (online and physical)
• Adjustments
• Addictions and substance abuse
• Issues from the past
• Failed relationships
• and other
Rights, Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors

• Registered Guidance Counselors are protected as state-registered

and licensed professionals. Scientific ideas, procedures, and
processes, as well as professional norms and ethics, regulate
them. They are in charge of conducting operations in accordance
with their mandates, professional rules, and ethics. Clients, the
professional body, and the government all hold them
accountable. It is vital that both the counselor and the client
have a thorough understanding of the issues at hand, since this
will lead to a contract to address a mutually agreed-upon issue
(Peterson & Nisenholz 1987).
A client's rights during a counseling session include the
following:

• 1. Find a competent counselor who can help him or

her.
• 2. Inquire about the confidentiality of the information.
• 3. Work with your counselor to set objectives and
track your progress.
• 4. Obtain copies of the sessions' records and reports.
• 5. You have the right to end the therapy partnership at
any time.
A client's obligations throughout the counseling process are as follows:

• 1. Stick to the timetables that have been

established.
• 2. Stick to the agreed-upon objectives.
• 3. Participate completely in each session in order to
achieve the best possible result.
• 4. Think about the counselor's recommendations.
• 5. Don't put the counselor in an ethical bind.
A counselor's responsibilities during the counseling
process are as follows:

• 1. Session records are stored in a secure computer database. All of the

records are kept in a secure environment.
• 2. When clients request it, they should be provided access to their records.
• 3. Unless the clients have given an authorization, no information regarding
sessions will be shared with other parties.
• 4. A counselor may be obliged to reveal personal material only in specific
circumstances, such as when a client plans to harm himself or others, or
when a court order requires it.
• 5. A counselor should be accessible to communicate with the client at all
times, whether via phone, email, or other means.
Code of Ethics of Counselors
• Counselors, like all other professionals in the applied
social sciences, must maintain strict confidentiality at
all times. Clients cannot trust counselors without
secrecy, making the profession hard to practice.
Counselors must keep confidential anything they learn
from their clients while caring for them. Counselors
must also live and work in accordance with the
professional norms of conduct established for the
practice of guiding and counseling, according to the
code of ethics. They must not do harm to their
clienteles. They should be morally upright individuals.
• The following are the Ethical Behaviors in Counseling
• Human rights and dignity are respected.
• Client security is paramount.
• Maintaining the trustworthiness of the practitioner-
client connection
• Improving the quality of professional knowledge and
the ways in which it is applied
• Providing relief from human misery and suffering
fostering a meaningful sense of self for the
individual(s) involved
•Personal effectiveness improvement
•Improving the quality of interpersonal
interactions
•Understanding and appreciating the
diversity of human experience and culture
•Dedicated to ensuring that counseling and
psychotherapy services are provided in a fair
and sufficient manner.
•The following are the Unethical Behaviors in
Counseling
•The counselor does not retain records or keeps
records that are improper.
•The counselor does not have a therapy strategy
in place, or if he or she does, it is ineffective.
•The client's informed permission is not obtained
by the counselor.
•The counselor tells the client falsehoods.
•With the client, the counselor creates two
relationships.
•Without the client's agreement, the counselor
reveals information about him or her.
•The counselor does not look after himself or
herself, which can lead to burnout and
detrimental client care.
•The counselor has a low level of accountability
to the public.
1. It is a set of symptoms (or
syndrome as opposed to a virus)
caused by HIV.
a. AIDS
b. Corona Virus Disease-2019
c. Dengue
d. Diarrhea
2. It is a common and serious medical
illness that negatively affects how you
feel, the way you think, and how you act.
a. Addiction
b. AIDS
c. Bullying
d. Depression
•3. It is unwanted, aggressive behavior
among school aged children that
involves a real or perceived power
imbalance.
a. Addiction
b. AIDS
c. Bullying
d. Depression
4. It is a psychological and physical inability
to stop consuming a chemical, drug, activity,
or substance, even though it is causing
psychological and physical harm.
a. Addiction
b. AIDS
c. Bullying
d.Depression
5. It expresses the power and
virility of men.
a. Addiction
b. Dominant Group
c. Machismo
d. Women Empowerment
• True or False: Write TRUE if the statement displays a fact and FALSE if
the statement is incorrect.
6. The counselor deals only with individuals who suffered from mental
illness/ problems.
7. Drug addiction creates more social problems and contributes to
social disintegration.
8. Counselors may also help in assisting and educating an AIDS patient’s
support system.
9. When people experience something collectively, counseling is
necessary to be taken on an individual category.
10. Providing sensitive care begins with understanding the barriers
faced by people with disabilities.
CLIENTELE OF COUNSELING
The special counseling population is
composed of people who abuse drugs,
people who use tobacco, women, older
adults, people with AIDS, victims of abuse,
gay men and lesbian women, and people
with disabilities (Gibson and Mitchell, 2003).
The items below briefly describe each of the
special counseling population.
•People Who Abuse Drugs
•Drug abuse is not just harmful to our
physical health but to our mental health as
well. It cannot be denied that drug addiction
create more social problems and contribute
to social disintegration. Consequently, more
youth victims cry for help and seek for
counselor’s attention.
•People Who Use Tobacco
•Slowly, our population recognizes the
bad effects of tobacco to our health.
However, many people still use tobacco
even if it is deadly. Users find it difficult
to stop smoking. Hence, smokers who
desire to quit tobacco were added to the
list of the counselor’s audiences.
•People Who Abuse Alcohol
•Alcoholism is seen as a disease and alcoholics
find it difficult to stop drinking on their own. This
requires help from a professional as it requires
appropriate treatment. However, an equally
important paradigm is to look at alcoholism as a
weakness of self-control and self-discipline.
Therefore, this requires intervention other than
treatment.
• Women
• Even with the changing role of women in society, men still
predominantly control purchasing and decision-making powers.
Machismo is the sense of being manly and self-reliant, the concept
associated with a strong sense of masculine pride. Most men still
have less participation in household responsibilities and child care. In
this case, women’s advancement is constrained. What complicates
this situation is the women’s perception about themselves and the
society’s expectations. Counselors are responsible in helping women
appreciate their own values, abilities, aptitudes, and interests and to
utilize these to develop their full potential (Gibson and Mitchell,
2003).
• Older Adults
• The aging population is increasingly rising and
demands more attention. Retirees who are adjusting
to life outside work feel lost and ignored. Life for them
suddenly loses meaning. A transition from a busy life
to retirement stage must be instituted. This is a
challenge to the counseling profession. Other aging
issues that require counseling attention include loss of
a partner, decline of mental capacity and mobility,
increased loneliness, decline in financial security, etc.
• People with AIDS
• Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused
by HIV, has been labelled as the most feared disease
due to its incurability. Victims of this disease are
seeking help to improve their quality of life and to
handle their depression, emotional stress and low
self-esteem. Counseling approach requires sensitivity
and appreciation of the intricacies of the disease.
Counselors may also help in assisting and educating
the victim’s support system.
• Victims of Abuse
• This population represents victims of domestic
violence characterized by spouse and child abuses.
Bullying is one form by which there’s unwanted,
aggressive behavior among school aged children that
involves a real or perceived power imbalance. Spouse
abuse is often associated with poverty, drug abuse,
and career disappointments. The abuse has also
become rampant and has caused psychological
damage to the victims. The counsellors are
increasingly being utilized to help the victims.
• Gay Men and Lesbian Women
• There is a growing number of gays and lesbians that
are coming out. However, there are still sectors in the
society, including their own families that avoid and
discriminate them. They are usually the victims of
harassment, violence, discrimination, and isolation.
Gays and lesbians, like other sectors of the society,
suffer from peer denial, family clash, health
uncertainties, and prejudgment. Counseling will focus
of self-awareness, self-acceptance, and
understanding.
• People with Disabilities (PWD)
• PWD deals with challenges and issues within their families,
environment, and society. Depending on the family’s
understanding of disability and various identities held, those
negative messages can be perpetuated and further oppress
the PWD’s abilities and strengths. Depending on the
limitations of the PWD, families may assume the individual
to be incapable. Due to these experiences, an understanding
of how to work with clients with disabilities and the system
they navigate is vital to addressing concerns while providing
culturally responsive care (Tapia-Fuselier & Ray, 2019).
Providing sensitive care begins with understanding the
barriers faced by PWD.
Clientele Characteristics
life-changing situation or personal problem or crisis
needs capacitation to be able to manage well their
Individual
unique circumstances
may be very difficult to endure
group in communities, organizations, schools,
Group and teachers, departments in workplaces
Organization reduce conflict or manage it
more productive as a team or work better together
people experience something collectively
Community socially troubling and constitute the danger
blocking their collective capacity to move on
The situation of the special counseling
population indicates the increasing and
growing need of the counseling
profession. However, counselors and
helping institutions, in general, need to
continue upgrading themselves to match
the changing requirements of their
clientele.
Counseling and Its Processes and Methods
• According to Positive Psychology Program, below are
some of the useful narrative therapy questions.
• How long have you been noticing the problem?
• How does the problem impact your energy for daily
tasks?
• Are you accepting what the problem is doing to you?
• How would you prefer things to be?
• If you were to stay connected to what you just said
about what you prefer, what next steps could you
take?
Give your personal
thoughts or ideas on these
therapy questions. Did you
find these advantageous to
the part of the client? Why
or why not?
• Processes in Counseling
• The counseling process is considered as an art and
a science. The art, which is the subjective part,
requires counseling to be sensitive to the world of the
client. It entails good listening skills and ability to
demonstrate care and empathy. The science which
represents the objective part of the process requires
the use of scientific tools to obtain comprehension on
what is happening during the different stages of the
counseling process.
There are six stages of the
counseling process, namely,
relationship building, assessment
and diagnosis, formulation of
counseling goals, intervention and
problem solving, termination and
follow-up, and research and
evaluation. (Nystul, 2003)
• Stage One: Relationship Building
• This is the heart of the counseling process because it
provides the force and foundation for the counseling
to succeed. Relationship building is the art dimension
of counseling. This stage involves establishing rapport,
promote acceptance of the client as a person with
worth, establishing genuine interaction, promote
direct mutual communication, helping clients focus
and understand themselves, and slowly promote
counseling relevant communication from the client.
(Tysul, 2003)
•Stage 2: Assessment and Diagnosis
•The assessment and diagnosis stage is one
of the most crucial stages. This serves as the
window for the counselor to have a
thorough appreciation of the client’s
condition. It entails analysis of the root
causes of the problem. The data that will be
gathered in the diagnosis will be utilized in
the formulation of goals.
• Formulation of Counseling Goals
• Goals are important as these set the direction of the
counseling process. These goals shall serve as the
parameters of work and the client-counselor relationship.
Counseling goals may be treated as process goals or
outcome goals. Process goals institute the circumstances
needed to make the counseling work progress, which
includes promoting a good relationship. The outcome
goals stipulate the desire of the client in terms of the
counseling process. Nevertheless, the client and
counsellor must agree on the counseling goals.
• Intervention and Problem Solving
• Upon formulation of the counseling goals, the strategies for
intervention may now be outlined. Interventions comprise of
individual, group, couples, and family counseling. The client’s
participation in choosing intervention strategies has more benefits.
Cormier and Cormier (1998) as cited by Tysul (2003) recommended
some guidelines which will motivate client participation. The
guidelines include the following:
• the counselor has to provide a mapping of the different approaches
offered;
• describe the role of the counselor and client for each procedure;
• identify possible risks and benefits that may come; and
• estimate the time and cost of each procedure.
• Problem-solving approach may be applied in the
counseling process. Kanfer and Busemeyer (1982) as
cited in Tysul (2003), identified the six-stage model for
problem solving:
• problem detection
• problem definition
• identification of alternative solutions
• decision-making
• execution
• verification
• Termination and Follow-up
• The essential goal in counseling to witness a client progress
on his/her own without the assistance of the counselor.
There are four components of termination which were
identified by Quintan and Holahan (1992) as cited by Tysul
(2003):
• discussion of the end of counseling
• review of the course of counseling
• closure of the counselor-client relationship
• discussion of the client’s future and post-counseling plan
•Research and Evaluation
•This stage can be undertaken at any
point in the counseling stage. Research
and evaluation are fundamental part of
the evaluation. Results of the research
provide a scientific appreciation of the
counseling situation.
Methods in Counseling
The items to be discussed in this section
involve the theoretical orientations of
counsellors and their corresponding
approaches. The approaches to be
studied which are within the broad
theoretical categories include
psychoanalytical, affective, cognitive, and
behavioral (Gladding, 2000).
•Classic Theories
•The psychological theories
developed by Sigmund Freud,
Alfred Adler, and Carl Jung are
considered as the classic schools for
the reason that they primed the
underpinning of clinical practice.
 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
• The approach of Freud in counseling and
psychotherapy is popularly known as psychoanalysis
which is an analysis of the mind. Its objective is to
restructure the personality by resolution of
intrapsychic conflict, which focuses on the internal
forces such as unconscious processes. It focuses on
personal adjustment through reorganization of
internal forces within the person to help him/her
become aware of the unconscious (i.e., repressed
memories) aspects of his/her personality.
Psychoanalysis has three goals: (a) to
help clients gain insights about
themselves, (b) to help clients work
unstock issues, through a
developmental stage, not settled in the
past, and (c) to help clients cope with
the stresses of the society (Gladding,
2000).
Psychoanalysis has three goals: (a) to
help clients gain insights about
themselves, (b) to help clients work
unstock issues, through a
developmental stage, not settled in the
past, and (c) to help clients cope with
the stresses of the society (Gladding,
2000).
 According to Nystul (2003), a
psychoanalytic counselor may utilize the
following methods/techniques:
Method/ Technique Description
A method to encourage the patient to discuss
Free Association whatever comes to his mind in order to release
suppressed emotions
A method to explore unconscious processes
Dream Analysis
using dreams
A form of feedback procedure for patients to
Confrontation and
become aware of what is happening to him/her
Clarification
and to determine areas for further analysis
A process of giving insights to the patients about
Interpretation the inner conflicts which can be reflected in
resistance, transference, and other processes
 b. Adler’s Individual Psychology
• The approach of Adler in counseling and psychotherapy
focuses on the role of cognition in psychological functioning.
Its objective is to gain an understanding of the clients and
assess why clients behave and think in certain ways. Adlerian
counseling focuses on four goals: (a) establishment and
maintenance of an egalitarian relationship, (b) analysis of
client’s lifestyle, (c) interpretation of client’s lifestyle in a way
that promotes insight, and (d) reorientation and reeducation
of the client with accompanying behavior change (Gladding,
2003).
 According to Nystul (2003), Adlerian
techniques can be explained in four phases
of Adlerian psychotherapy.
 Phase Description
First Phase: Establishing the Relationship
Effective listening skills are necessary to promote
Use of listening skills
mutual trust and respect.
Winning the respect of clients and offering hope can
Winning respect and
increase the client’s motivation towards becoming
offering hope
involved in counseling.
Encouragement gives the feeling of support to the
Encouragement
clients which can help believing in themselves.
Second Phase: Performing Analysis and Assessment
Identify client’s strengths that may be utilized to
Lifestyle analysis
overcome the client’s problems.
Dream analysis may be
A method to see dreams as an attempt to deal with
used to conduct
difficulties and challenges of life
lifestyle analysis.
 Third Phase: Promoting Insight
A method that allows clients to understand the dynamics of self-defeating
Insight process patterns and utilize the insights to rectify the said patterns during the
orientation process
Fourth Phase: Reorientation
A method that involves determining the pay-off of the game and interpreting it
Spitting in the client’s soup
to the client; this can be used for clients that engage in manipulative games.
A method (based on Ellin’s, 1962 rationale emotive theory) which includes
focusing on pleasant and unpleasant experiences and feelings they generate
The push-button technique (taken from Dinkmayer, 1995 as cited in Nystul, 2003); the push-button
symbolizes the amount of control clients can exert when they push the button
and put the stop to self-defeating processes.
A method used to avoid old defeating patterns such as humor when the clients
Catching oneself catch themselves. Counselors may encourage clients to learn to laugh at their
self-defeating tendencies.
A method that advances ‘can-do’ spirit and a self-fulfilling prophecy, which can
Acting as-if help clients experience success. It involves acting as if the client can do
whatever she wants.
A method that provides a structure as homework assignment which can be
Task setting and commitment
useful in instilling the value of effort to change
 c. Jung’s Analytic Psychology
• The counseling and psychology approach of Jung is referred to as
psychotherapy. Jung’s approach highlights the task of unconscious
processes in psychological functioning. The approach applies
dreams and other procedures to determine the unconscious
processes to utilize the result to boost the functioning of
personality and to enhance mental health and wellness. Its overall
goal is to work for the client’s transcend and move towards self-
realization by helping the self emerges (Nystul, 2003). Jungian
approach analyzes the interrelationship of several dreams over a
period of time. Counselors help the client appreciate the meaning
of the dreams and utilize them to understand more the client’s
personality.
2. Experiential Theories
• The experiential theories fall under the affective theories
which are concerned about generating impact on the
emotions of clients to affect change.
• Roger’s Person-Centered Counseling
• This counseling theory has been described as ‘if-then’
approach because this considers that if certain
conditions exist in the counseling relationship, then
the client will move toward self-actualization. Tysul
(2003) identified the said conditions which were
formulated by Rogers (1957):
 Condition Description
This implies that the counsellors must be congruent
with what they experience and what they
Counselor Congruence communicate. For example: “If you feel threatened by
the client, you cannot say you enjoy their company”
will create confusion among the clients.
This implies that the counselors must attempt to
Emphatic
understand the client from the client’s perspective of
understanding
frame of reference.
This implies that it is vital for the counselors to build
sense of acceptance nd respect to the client. It does
Unconditional positive
not mean accepting and tolerating anything about the
regard
client’s actions or words but to see and consider the
client as a person.
Manifestations that the client is
ready to move toward self-
actualization include openness
to experience, self-trust,
possesses internal source of
evaluation, and willingness to
grow.
 Perls Gestalt Therapy
• Gestalt’s counseling approach focuses on the here and
now (Yontef’s and Jacob, 2000 as cited by Tysul, 2003).
It refers to a dialogue between the therapist and the
client wherein the client experiences from the inside
what the therapist observes on the outside (Yontey
and Simkin, 1999 as cited by Tysul, 2003). The goal of
the approach is awareness on the environment, of
responsibility for choices, of self and self-acceptance.
This approach is appropriate for people who lack
awareness and a feeling of ‘out of touch’.
 Technique Description

The method requires the client to rephrase a statement

to assume a responsibility. Ask the client to end all the
Assuming responsibility statement with - and I take responsibility for it.
Example: I will report to the principal what David did to
Diana and I will take responsibility for it.

The method encourages the client to take personal

responsibility by saying, “I or me” instead of stating in
Using Personal general terms such as “we or us.”
Pronouns Example: Instead of saying, we got scared of the angry
people who mobbed our car, say “I got scared of the
angry people who mobbed our car.”
 The method is a means to assist the clients in getting in touch with
himself/herself. The counselor may ask the clients to close their eyes to
Now I am aware get in touch with inner world and say, “Now I am aware…”
Example: Now I am aware of the silence and I am afraid that I will hear
something scary.
The method can help clients to work through conflicting parts of
personality. This technique is done by putting an empty chair in front of
the client. The empty chair is the chair of the personality that avoids to do
what the clients wants to do.
Example: A client wants to give feedback to the teacher but is afraid of
negative reactions.
The Empty Chair technique
The counselor will instruct the client to start the conversation with
his/her other personality seated at the chair in front of him/her stating
why he/she want to give a feedback and what is the feedback all about.
After that, the client will be asked to sit on the empty chair and express
why s/he does not want to give feedback. Then the client will move back
and forth until the issue is resolved.
•3. Cognitive-Behavioral Theories: Rational
Emotive Behavior and Transaction Analysis
•The cognitive-behavioral theories highlight the
task of cognition in psychological functioning.
According to Holden (1993) as cited by Gladding
(2000), cognitions are thoughts, beliefs and
internal images about events in their lives.
Cognitive counseling theories underscore mental
processes and their effects on mental health.
 • Ellis’s Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
• The Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) highlights the
roles of cognitions on emotions with the assertion that
persons can be best appreciated in terms of internal
cognitive dialogue or self-talk. REBT views that emotional
disorder is associated with cognitive processes that are not
rational. Its main goal is to reform the self-defeating
cognition of the client and assist him/her to obtain a more
reasonable viewpoint in life. The type of therapy is didactic
and provoking. It educates the clients to argue illogical
thinking and if essential, challenge the client’s self-defeating
idea or principle (Gladding, 2000). The REBT comprises of
cognitive, emotive, and behavioral technique.
Technique Description
Focuses on helping clients conquer defeating
cognitions. It involves reforming ideas that are
Cognitive unreasonable and irrational. Other techniques
include reframing from an unconstructive stance
to a more positive viewpoint.
Focuses on the client’s affective or emotional
Emotive domain. This helps in assisting clients learn to
acknowledge themselves.
Focuses on the full array of behavioural methods
such as assertiveness training, relaxation therapy,
Behavioral
self-management, self-monitoring, and
homework assignments.
 Beck’s Cognitive Therapy
•Cognitive Therapy highlights the vitality of
cognitive thinking particularly dysfunctional
thoughts. This counseling approach is
appropriate for people suffering from
depressions and anxieties. The table below
presents the techniques associated with
cognitive as described by Beck and Weishaar
(2000) as cited by Gladding (2000).
 Technique Description

This method is referred to as “what if”” and includes priming clients

Decatastrophizing
for results that may strongly affect the client.

This method assists clients to drum up clients who have a lost sense
of control on an obstacle by rearticulating an obstacle to something
Redefining
that may be useful.
Example: “I am ugly” to “I am beautiful”.

This method comprises of instructing the clients to observe and get a

Decentering practical appreciation of other people’s response. This will help
clients apprehend that they are not the center of attention.

This method applies a broad selection of methods to assist clients in

Behavioral Techniques obtaining essential skills, relaxing, preparing for difficult situations,
and exposing them to feared situations.
•c. Berne’s Transactional Analysis
•The Transactional Analysis (TA) approach refers
to examining and dissecting transactions
between people. It includes evaluating the three
ego state of parent, adult, and child of each
person. The fundamental goal is assist clients to
reach a stage of being autonomous, self-aware,
spontaneous, and have the capacity for intimacy
(Tysul, 2003). The TA techniques are identified by
Bern (1961) as cited by Tysul (2003).
 Technique Description

A method that assists clients be conscious of their

Structural analysis
three ego

A method that assists clients to learn to

Transactional analysis communicate with complementary transaction
(i.e., adult to adult)

A method that looks into the type of life script the

Script analysis
client has developed and how it can be rewritten