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    Introduction To Reinforced Concrete Design Part 2

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    jhess Quevada
    1. A reinforced concrete slab carries different types of loads including dead loads from its own weight and added materials, as well as live loads that are temporary. 2. Slabs are classified based on their construction method, including whether the concrete for the slab and beams is poured simultaneously or separately. 3. Shear stresses occur in slabs and beams in addition to bending stresses, resulting in diagonal cracks at failure points under stress. Reinforcement is not typically used for shear in slabs due to their relatively thin thickness.

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    Introduction To Reinforced Concrete Design Part 2

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    jhess Quevada
    58 views4 pages
    1. A reinforced concrete slab carries different types of loads including dead loads from its own weight and added materials, as well as live loads that are temporary. 2. Slabs are classified based on their construction method, including whether the concrete for the slab and beams is poured simultaneously or separately. 3. Shear stresses occur in slabs and beams in addition to bending stresses, resulting in diagonal cracks at failure points under stress. Reinforcement is not typically used for shear in slabs due to their relatively thin thickness.

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    INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN PART 2

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    INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN PART 2

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    1. A reinforced concrete slab carries different types of loads including dead loads from its own weight and added materials, as well as live loads that are temporary. 2. Slabs are classified based on their construction method, including whether the concrete for the slab and beams is poured simultaneously or separately. 3. Shear stresses occur in slabs and beams in addition to bending stresses, resulting in diagonal cracks at failure points under stress. Reinforcement is not typically used for shear in slabs due to their relatively thin thickness.

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    58 views4 pages

    Introduction To Reinforced Concrete Design Part 2

    Uploaded by

    jhess Quevada
    1. A reinforced concrete slab carries different types of loads including dead loads from its own weight and added materials, as well as live loads that are temporary. 2. Slabs are classified based on their construction method, including whether the concrete for the slab and beams is poured simultaneously or separately. 3. Shear stresses occur in slabs and beams in addition to bending stresses, resulting in diagonal cracks at failure points under stress. Reinforcement is not typically used for shear in slabs due to their relatively thin thickness.

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    INTRODUCTION TO REINFORCED CONCRETE (PART 2)  SLAB

    Loads carried by Floor include:


    STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A BUILDING FRAME
    1. Dead Loads – weight of all material permanently
    attached
    a. Superimposed dead loads – floor and
    ceiling finishes, mechanical duct, allowance, utilities,
    partition
    b. Self-weight
    2. Live Loads – weight are nonpermanent and will
    inhibit within a short time. Expressed in Pa or kPa.
    (Surface loads per surface area)

    AMONG THE MANY OTHER TYPES OF LIVE LOADS


    ARE:
    DEFINITION OF TERMS a. Traffic loads for bridges – Bridges are subjected to
    series of concentrated loads of varying magnitude
     FRAME
    caused by groups
    Formation of elements/ members (vertical, horizontal,
    of truck or train wheels.
    diagonal)
    b. Impact Loads – Impact loads are caused by the
    2D (Truss) is composed of braces (resist lateral
    vibration of moving or movable loads, Impact loads
    deformation) that holds diagonal members.
    are equal to the difference between the magnitude of
     SPACE FRAME
    the loads caused and the magnitude of the loads had
    Connection between horizontal and vertical frames.
    they been dead loads.
    Only composed of column and girders.
    c. Longitudinal Loads – Longitudinal loads also need
    Hold the suspended floor (gravity loads)
    to be considered in designing some structures.
     MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
    Stopping a train on a railroad bridge or a truck on a
    Specially design to resist earthquake, wind and gravity
    highway bridge causes longitudinal forces to be
    loads (lateral forces)
    applied.
     FLOOR LOADS
    d. Miscellaneous Loads – Among the other types of
    Superimposed dead load
    Dead load live loads with which the structural designer will have
    Self-weight of slab
    to contend are soil pressures (such as the exertion of
    Ceiling, mechanical wirings, etc.
    lateral earth pressures on walls or upward pressures
    -Live loads (non-permanent)
    on foundations), hydrostatic pressures (such as water
     MONOLITHIC FLOOR
    pressure on dams, inertia forces of large bodies of
    Girder and slab are simultaneously poured and are
    water during earthquakes, and uplift pressures on
    rigidly connected. They act as one.
    tanks and basement structures), blast loads (caused
     NON-MONOLITHIC FLOOR
    by explosions, sonic booms, and military weapons),
    Beams/ girders and slab are separately created and
    and centrifugal forces (such as those caused on
    connected afterwards.
    curved bridges by trucks and trains or similar effects
     SLAB
    on roller coaters).
    Flat, horizontal panel that support the floor; can be
    supported by beams/girders on edges or directly by
    • SLAB
    columns.
    • ONE-WAY SLAB
    TYPE OF SLAB ACCORDING TO METHOD OF
    Composed of short and long strips intersecting with
    CONSTRUCTION
    each other.
    a. Precast slab – has beforehand been cast with or
    Short span to long span ration, m=s/l < 0.5.
    without reinforcement in manufacturing works
    conditions, and then carried and assembled on site
    b. Cast-in-place slab - casted on site.
    c. Monolithic slab – the slab and beams are
    • Short strip supports the long strip.
    constructed as one single concrete pour.
    • The shorter the member, the stronger it
    d. Non-monolithic slab – slab and beam are
    can resist bending.
    constructed independently.
    • Since slabs are consists of multiple
    strips, all the long strips are fully
    supported by the short strip.

    • SLAB
    SHEAR STRESS
    • At different positions along the beam, v and f
    change, and thus the directions of the principal
    stresses change. • It can be seen from the preceding
    • SLAB equation that at the neutral axis, the principal stresses
    SHEAR STRESS will be located at a 45° angle with the horizontal.
    • You have previously learned that in elastic • Diagonals cracks are produced due to shear stress.
    homogeneous beams, where stresses are proportional • For slabs, there is no reinforcement for shear due to
    to strains, two kinds of stresses occur (bending and its thickness (100-150 mm are relatively thin)
    shear), and they can be calculated with the following
    expressions: * Furthermore, according to engineering mechanics, if
    pure shear is produced in a member, a principal
    tensile
    stress of equal magnitude will be produced on
    another
    • An element of a beam not located at an extreme plane. Because the tensile strength of concrete is less
    fiber or at the neutral axis is subject to both bending than its shearing strength, the concrete will fail in
    and shear stresses. These stresses combine into tension before its shearing strength is reached.
    inclined compressive and tensile stresses, called
    principal stresses, which can be determined from the
    following expression:

    • The direction of principal stresses can be


    determined with the formula to follow, in which α is
    the inclination of the stress to the beam’s axis: IRON GRID
    A framework (usually of steel) over a theater stage
    and
    immediately below the stage house roof; used as the
    • SLAB structural support from which scenery and lighting
    LONGITUDINAL BARS IN ONE-WAY SLAB equipment are hung. Also called a grid.
    • Girders are the main horizontal supports of a
    structure and support smaller beams.
    • All girders are beams, but not all beams are girders.
    • SLAB • Beam and girders have defined cross-
    TWO-WAY SLAB sectional area.
    • Short span to long span ration, • Girder fabrication consists of load requirements
    from smaller beams the girder will support. Beam
    fabrication does not.
    • Stiffness on both strips are relatively close.
    • Both directions are bending to either
    support each other or manifest independent
    bending.

    • COLUMN
    • Vertical structures that resists compressive forces.
    SLAB • Suffer against BUCKLING.
    TWO-WAY SLAB -BUCKLING EFFECT is due to moment and
    • Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the instability because of the applied compressive
    additional of beams between the columns, by force.
    thickening the slabs around the columns (drop
    panels), and by flaring the columns under the slabs
    (column capitals).

    •COLUMN
    1. Pedestals
    2. Short columns
    3. Long columns

    •COLUMN
    REINFORCEMENT REQUIREMENTS
    • Longitudinal Bars
    - Provided to sustain compressive forces
    • BEAMS AND GIRDERS caused by axial loads and tensile forces
    caused by bending moments.
    • Confinement
    - Individual hoop ties with cross-ties or
    continuous spiral bars to provide:
    a) Lateral bracing of longitudinal bars to prevent
    buckling when concrete cover breaks.
    b) Prevention against spitting of the column due to
    shear failure
    c) Confinement of concrete column core for increased
    strength and ductility.
    • BEAMS AND GIRDERS
    *COLLAPSE STAGE (Ultimate Strength) is when
    FACTORED LOADS (service loads are multiplied with
    LOAD FACTORS) provide non-linear inelastic behavior.

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