tutorial

AI & Law: Formative Developments, State-of-the-Art Approaches, Challenges & Opportunities

Authors:

Jack G. Conrad,

Shirsha Ray Chaudhuri,

Saptarshi GhoshAuthors Info & Claims

CODS-COMAD '23: Proceedings of the 6th Joint International Conference on Data Science & Management of Data (10th ACM IKDD CODS and 28th COMAD)

Pages 320 - 323

https://doi.org/10.1145/3570991.3571050

Published: 04 January 2023 Publication History

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Natural Language Processing (NLP) are transforming the way legal professionals and law firms approach their work. The significant potential for the application of AI to Law, for instance, by creating computational solutions for legal tasks, has intrigued researchers for decades. This appeal has only been amplified with the advent of Deep Learning (DL). In particular, research in AI & Law can be extremely beneficial in countries like India with an overburdened legal system.

In this tutorial, we will give an overview of the various aspects of applying AI to legal textual data. We will start with a history of AI & Law, and then discuss the current state of AI & Law research including the techniques that have produced the biggest impact. We will also take a deep dive into the software processes required to implement and sustain such AI solutions.

References

[1]

Trevor Bench-Capon, Michał Araszkiewicz, Kevin Ashley, Katie Atkinson, Floris Bex, Filipe Borges, Daniele Bourcier, Paul Bourgine, Jack G Conrad, Enrico Francesconi, 2012. A history of AI and Law in 50 papers: 25 years of the international conference on AI and Law. Artificial Intelligence and Law 20, 3 (2012), 215–319. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10506-012-9131-x

Digital Library

[2]

Paheli Bhattacharya, Kaustubh Hiware, Subham Rajgaria, Nilay Pochhi, Kripabandhu Ghosh, and Saptarshi Ghosh. 2019. A comparative study of summarization algorithms applied to legal case judgments. In European Conference on Information Retrieval. Springer, 413–428. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-15712-8_27

Digital Library

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Paheli Bhattacharya, Shounak Paul, Kripabandhu Ghosh, Saptarshi Ghosh, and Adam Wyner. 2019. Identification of rhetorical roles of sentences in indian legal judgments. In Legal Knowledge and Information Systems: JURIX 2019: The Thirty-second Annual Conference, Vol. 322. IOS Press, 3. https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.05405

[4]

Paheli Bhattacharya, Shounak Paul, Kripabandhu Ghosh, Saptarshi Ghosh, and Adam Wyner. 2021. DeepRhole: deep learning for rhetorical role labeling of sentences in legal case documents. Artificial Intelligence and Law(2021), 1–38. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10506-021-09304-5

[5]

Ilias Chalkidis, Manos Fergadiotis, Prodromos Malakasiotis, Nikolaos Aletras, and Ion Androutsopoulos. 2020. LEGAL-BERT: The Muppets straight out of Law School. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2020. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 2898–2904. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.findings-emnlp.261

[6]

Ilias Chalkidis, Abhik Jana, Dirk Hartung, Michael Bommarito, Ion Androutsopoulos, Daniel Katz, and Nikolaos Aletras. 2022. LexGLUE: A Benchmark Dataset for Legal Language Understanding in English. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Dublin, Ireland, 4310–4330. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.297

[7]

Jack G. Conrad and John Zeleznikow. 2013. The Significance of Evaluation in AI and Law: A Case Study Re-Examining ICAIL Proceedings. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (Rome, Italy) (ICAIL ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1145/2514601.2514624

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Jack G. Conrad and John Zeleznikow. 2015. The Role of Evaluation in AI and Law: An Examination of Its Different Forms in the AI and Law Journal. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law (San Diego, California) (ICAIL ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1145/2746090.2746116

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Guido Governatori, Trevor Bench-Capon, Bart Verheij, Michał Araszkiewicz, Enrico Francesconi, and Matthias Grabmair. 2022. Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the first decade. Artificial Intelligence and Law(2022), 1–39. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10506-022-09329-4

[10]

Peter Henderson, Mark S Krass, Lucia Zheng, Neel Guha, Christopher D Manning, Dan Jurafsky, and Daniel E Ho. 2022. Pile of Law: Learning Responsible Data Filtering from the Law and a 256GB Open-Source Legal Dataset. arXiv preprint arXiv:2207.00220(2022). https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.00220

[11]

Elena Leitner, Georg Rehm, and Julian Moreno-Schneider. 2020. A Dataset of German Legal Documents for Named Entity Recognition. In Proceedings of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC). 4478–4485.

[12]

Vijit Malik, Rishabh Sanjay, Shubham Kumar Nigam, Kripabandhu Ghosh, Shouvik Kumar Guha, Arnab Bhattacharya, and Ashutosh Modi. 2021. ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 4046–4062. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.313

[13]

Shounak Paul, Pawan Goyal, and Saptarshi Ghosh. 2020. Automatic Charge Identification from Facts: A Few Sentence-Level Charge Annotations is All You Need. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. International Committee on Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain (Online), 1011–1022. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.88

[14]

Shounak Paul, Pawan Goyal, and Saptarshi Ghosh. 2022. LeSICiN: A Heterogeneous Graph-Based Approach for Automatic Legal Statute Identification from Indian Legal Documents. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, 10 (Jun. 2022), 11139–11146. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i10.21363

[15]

Shounak Paul, Arpan Mandal, Pawan Goyal, and Saptarshi Ghosh. 2022. Pre-training Transformers on Indian Legal Text. arXiv preprint arXiv:2209.06049(2022). https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.06049

[16]

Giovanni Sartor, Michał Araszkiewicz, Katie Atkinson, Floris Bex, Tom van Engers, Enrico Francesconi, Henry Prakken, Giovanni Sileno, Frank Schilder, Adam Wyner, 2022. Thirty years of Artificial Intelligence and Law: the second decade. Artificial Intelligence and Law(2022), 1–37. https://webspace.science.uu.nl/ prakk101/pubs/SecondDecadeComplete.pdf

[17]

Serena Villata, Michal Araszkiewicz, Kevin Ashley, Trevor Bench-Capon, L Karl Branting, Jack G Conrad, and Adam Wyner. 2022. Thirty years of artificial intelligence and law: the third decade. Artificial Intelligence and Law(2022), 1–31. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10506-022-09327-6

[18]

Chaojun Xiao, Xueyu Hu, Zhiyuan Liu, Cunchao Tu, and Maosong Sun. 2021. Lawformer: A pre-trained language model for Chinese legal long documents. AI Open 2(2021), 79–84.

[19]

Lucia Zheng, Neel Guha, Brandon R Anderson, Peter Henderson, and Daniel E Ho. 2021. When does pretraining help? assessing self-supervised learning for law and the casehold dataset of 53,000+ legal holdings. In Proceedings of the Eighteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law. 159–168. https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.08671

Cited By

Zafar A(2024)Balancing the scale: navigating ethical and practical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in legal practicesDiscover Artificial Intelligence10.1007/s44163-024-00121-84:1Online publication date: 15-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00121-8
Hill GWaddington MQiu L(2024)From pen to algorithm: optimizing legislation for the future with artificial intelligenceAI & SOCIETY10.1007/s00146-024-02062-3Online publication date: 22-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02062-3

Index Terms

AI & Law: Formative Developments, State-of-the-Art Approaches, Challenges & Opportunities
1. Computer systems organization
  1. Dependable and fault-tolerant systems and networks
    1. Redundancy
  2. Embedded and cyber-physical systems
    1. Embedded systems
    2. Robotics
2. Networks
  1. Network properties
    1. Network reliability

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cover image ACM Other conferences

CODS-COMAD '23: Proceedings of the 6th Joint International Conference on Data Science & Management of Data (10th ACM IKDD CODS and 28th COMAD)

January 2023

357 pages

ISBN:9781450397971

DOI:10.1145/3570991

Copyright © 2023 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

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Published: 04 January 2023

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CODS-COMAD 2023

CODS-COMAD 2023: 6th Joint International Conference on Data Science & Management of Data (10th ACM IKDD CODS and 28th COMAD)

January 4 - 7, 2023

Mumbai, India

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Cited By

Zafar A(2024)Balancing the scale: navigating ethical and practical challenges of artificial intelligence (AI) integration in legal practicesDiscover Artificial Intelligence10.1007/s44163-024-00121-84:1Online publication date: 15-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-024-00121-8
Hill GWaddington MQiu L(2024)From pen to algorithm: optimizing legislation for the future with artificial intelligenceAI & SOCIETY10.1007/s00146-024-02062-3Online publication date: 22-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-024-02062-3

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