Tax Evasion vs. Tax Avoidance: Definitions and Differences
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Tax avoidance and tax evasion are two very different things with different definitions and different consequences.
What is tax evasion?
Tax evasion is a form of tax fraud that involves the use of illegal methods to conceal income or information from the IRS or other tax authorities to avoid the assessment or payment of taxes.
Examples of tax evasion include claiming tax deductions or tax credits you’re not entitled to, intentionally underreporting or failing to report income, and concealing taxable assets. Tax evasion can result in fines, penalties and/or prison time.
What is tax avoidance?
Tax avoidance, on the other hand, is the use of legal methods to reduce taxable income or tax owed. Claiming allowed tax deductions and tax credits are common tactics, as is investing in tax-advantaged accounts such as IRAs and 401(k)s.
The difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance
The difference between tax evasion and tax avoidance largely boils down to two elements: lying and hiding.
“Tax avoidance is structuring your affairs so that you pay the least amount of tax due. Tax evasion is lying on your income tax form or any other form,” says Beverly Hills, California-based tax attorney Mitch Miller.
For example:
Putting money in a 401(k) or taking advantage of a tax-deductible donation are perfectly legal methods of lowering a tax bill (tax avoidance), as long as you follow the rules.
Concealing assets, income or information to dodge liability typically constitutes tax evasion.
Examples of tax evasion
Tax evasion doesn’t require elaborate schemes or dark-alley meetings. Here are a few examples of how it can happen more easily than you'd think.
1. Paying for childcare under the table
Paying someone who works for you in cash doesn’t constitute tax evasion, Freyman says. What does, however, is a lack of communication with the IRS and payroll tax payments. You should report the wages you pay on Schedule H and give the worker a W-2 each year, he says. Not sure if that household helper counts as an employee? IRS Publication 926 will help you decide.
2. Ignoring overseas income
This often affects people who work or own rental properties outside of the country, Freyman says.
“We've heard a lot of times: ‘But my property is not in the U.S. Why in the world should I report any income on it if it's a rental?’” he says. “That's one that always gets people. They think just because it's out of the country, they don't have to report it.”
3. Banking on cryptocurrency
Using virtual currencies won’t get you through any secret loopholes. Cryptocurrencies may be relatively novel, but the IRS already has rules about them: Their transactions are taxable. And sometimes taxpayers overlook cryptocurrency holdings that have increased in value.
“They might get rid of it and not realize that that's still income,” Freyman warns.
» Learn more: Crypto Taxes: Rules for Bitcoin and Others
4. Not reporting income from an all-cash business or illegal activities
Some of the most common tax evasion cases involve people running cash businesses who pocket money from the cash register without reporting the income, Miller says.
“That's tax evasion,” he says. “That is very, very common — and the IRS knows that's very common.”
Tax evasion also happens when people don’t report income from illegal activities, such as drug dealing or prostitution. (Yes, you have to report that on your tax return.)
Examples of tax avoidance
When it comes to tax avoidance, there are plenty of ways to reduce your tax bill legally.
Capitalize on tax-advantaged retirement accounts such as 401(k)s and individual retirement accounts are popular methods of tax avoidance.
Learn more about the world of tax deductions and credits. You might qualify if you paid for tuition, day care, medical expenses or even sales taxes. Charitable donations may also help you.
Your tax prep software or tax advisor can help you find legal options for tax avoidance.
Consequences of tax evasion
An innocent mistake on your tax return doesn’t automatically turn you into a tax evader — intent is a factor. If you did intend to evade taxes, here’s a taste of the penalties you could face, according to the IRS:
A felony on your record.
Five years in jail, and/or
A fine of up to $250,000 ($500,000 for corporations).
A bill for the cost of prosecuting you.
Prison time is a real possibility for willful tax evasion, but civil penalties may be more likely, according to Miller. Still, civil penalties add up. They can easily double the tax originally owed, he says. Some examples include:
Accuracy-related penalties.
Interest on penalties owed.
Another consequence of tax evasion is higher audit risk. Typically, only the last three years of your tax returns are eligible for audit. “If you omit 25% or more of your gross income [from a tax return], that extends the statute of limitations to six years,” Miller says.
Your tax preparer might dump you, too.
“We can only advise and guide and say, ‘OK, in this kind of case, you should really change this. This is not good,’” says Greg Freyman, a CPA in Jacksonville, Florida. “And if the client refuses or doesn't want to do it, then it's up to us.… Do we want to work with this client, is this client ethical?”
Think you won't be caught? Don't be so sure. The IRS pays whistleblowers.
What to do if you want to come clean
File an amended tax return using IRS Form 1040-X, which lets you make changes to tax returns you’ve filed in the past. The IRS will generally work with you to resolve the issue. But Miller adds, “There are certain areas that they do not compromise on."
