Abstract
The derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) over a decade ago sparked widespread enthusiasm for the development of new models of human disease, enhanced platforms for drug discovery and more widespread use of autologous cell-based therapy. Early studies using directed differentiation of iPSCs frequently uncovered cell-level phenotypes in monogenic diseases, but translation to tissue-level and organ-level diseases has required development of more complex, 3D, multicellular systems. Organoids and human-rodent chimaeras more accurately mirror the diverse cellular ecosystems of complex tissues and are being applied to iPSC disease models to recapitulate the pathobiology of a broad spectrum of human maladies, including infectious diseases, genetic disorders and cancer.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Cell Differentiation
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Cell Lineage / genetics
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Cell Lineage / immunology
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Chimera / genetics
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Chimera / immunology
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Communicable Diseases / genetics
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Communicable Diseases / immunology
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Communicable Diseases / pathology
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Communicable Diseases / therapy*
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Drug Discovery / methods
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Genetic Diseases, Inborn / genetics
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Genetic Diseases, Inborn / immunology
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Genetic Diseases, Inborn / pathology
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Genetic Diseases, Inborn / therapy*
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Genetic Therapy / methods
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Humans
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / cytology*
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / immunology
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells / transplantation
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Models, Animal
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Models, Biological*
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Neoplasms / genetics
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Neoplasms / immunology
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Neoplasms / pathology
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Neoplasms / therapy*
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Organoids / cytology
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Organoids / drug effects
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Organoids / immunology
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Tissue Engineering / methods*
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Tissue Transplantation / methods
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Transplantation, Heterologous