Metasys is the first open-source FPGA-based infrastructure with a prototype in a RISC-V core, to enable the rapid implementation and evaluation of a wide range of cross-layer software/hardware cooperative techniques techniques in real hardware. This repository contains all sources required to build MetaSys and develop its prototype on the Zedboard FPGA boards.

For more details, please read our full paper published in ACM TACO. This paper received one of the three Best Paper Awards at HiPEAC 2023.

Please cite the following paper if you find MetaSys useful:

N. Vijaykumar, A. Olgun, K. Kanellopoulos, N. Bostanci, H. Hassan, M. Lotfi, P. B. Gibbons, O. Mutlu, “MetaSys: A Practical Open-Source Metadata Management System to Implement and Evaluate Cross-Layer Optimizations,” ACM TACO, 2022.

Link to the PDF on arXiv: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.08123.pdf
Link to the abstract on arXiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.08123

Below is bibtex format for citation.

@article{vijaykumar2021metasys,
      title={MetaSys: A Practical Open-Source Metadata Management System to Implement and Evaluate Cross-Layer Optimizations}, 
      author={Nandita Vijaykumar and Ataberk Olgun and Konstantinos Kanellopoulos and Nisa Bostancı and Hasan Hassan and Mehrshad Lotfi and Phillip B. Gibbons and Onur Mutlu},
      year={2022},
      journal={ACM TACO}
}

To reproduce our design, follow the instructions in this README file below to generate the rocket-chip prototype on ZC706. You should use our version of riscv-tools to generate the toolchain (gcc, riscv-pk, etc.), which is included in this repository.

MetaSys Readme contains instructions on how to extend the infrastructure with more case studies and how to use the software library provided with MetaSys.

This repository contains the files needed to run the RISC-V rocket chip on various Zynq FPGA boards (Zybo, Zedboard, ZC706) with Vivado 2016.2. Efforts have been made to not only automate the process of generating files for these boards, but to also reduce duplication as well as the size of this repo. Prebuilt images are available in git submodules, and they are only shallowly cloned if requested.

This README contains 3 major sets of instructions:

1. Quick Instructions: This is the simplest way to get started - you'll download the relevant prebuilt images for your board and learn how to run binaries on the RISC-V Rocket Core. These instructions require only that you have a compatible board - neither Vivado nor the RISC-V Toolchain are necessary.

2. Pushing Your Rocket Modifications to the FPGA: These instructions walk through what we believe is the common case - a user wanting to utilize a custom-generated Rocket Core.

3. Building Everything from Scratch: Here, we discuss how to build the full stack from scratch. It is unlikely that you'll need to use these instructions, unless you are intending to make changes to the configuration of the Zynq ARM Core or u-boot.

Finally, the bottom of the README contains a set of Appendices, which document some common operations that we believe are useful or provides more depth on commands described elsewhere in the documentation.

To guide you through the rest of the documentation, we have provide both a Table of Contents and an Overview.

Note: If you are seeking to test your own modifications to rocket chip (RC) using this repository, it must be derived from RC commit fb476d1 or later, as this project expects both a debug module to be present, and links directly against RC to build a top-level project directly in chisel. Otherwise, you should use an older version of this repository bf6d00c2 or earlier, which has support for HTIF-based rocket chip instances.

• Overview of System Stack
• 1 - Quick Instructions
• 2 - Pushing Your Rocket Modifications to the FPGA
  • Setting Up Your Workspace
  • Configuring Rocket Chip
  • Generating Verilog for Rocket Chip
  • Generating Project for Configuration
  • Repacking boot.bin
• 3 - Building Everything from Scratch
  • Project Setup
  • Generating a Bitstream
  • Building the FSBL
  • Building u-boot for the Zynq ARM Core
  • Creating boot.bin
  • Building linux for the ARM PS
  • Building riscv-linux
  • Booting Up and Interacting with the RISC-V Rocket Core
• Appendices
  • Connecting to the Board
  • Getting Files On & Off the Board
  • Working with Vivado
  • Changing the Processor's Clockrate
  • Contents of the SD Card
  • Building fesvr-zynq
  • Building riscv-tools for Zybo
• Acknowledgements

Our system will allow you to run a RISC-V binary on a rocket core instantiated on a supported Zynq FPGA. This section will outline the stack of all of the parts involved and by proxy, outline the rest of the documentation. Going top-down from the RISC-V binary to the development system:

Target Application (RISC-V binary) will run on top of whatever kernel the rocket chip is running. Compiled by riscv-gcc or riscv-llvm.

RISC-V Kernel (proxy kernel or RISC-V Linux) runs on top of the rocket chip. The proxy kernel is extremely lightweight and designed to be used with a single binary linked against Newlib while RISC-V Linux is appropriate for everything else.

Rocket Chip (rocket core with L1 instruction and data caches) is instantiated on the FPGA. Many of its structures will typically map to various hard blocks including BRAMs and DSP slices. It communicates to the host ARM core on the Zynq via AXI.

Front-end Server (riscv-fesvr) runs on the host ARM core and provides an interface to the rocket chip running on the FPGA (connected via AXI).

Zynq ARM Core (actually dual Cortex A9) runs Linux and simplifies interfacing with the FPGA.

FPGA Board (Zybo, Zedboard, or ZC706) contains the Zynq FPGA and several I/O devices. At power on, the contents of the SD card are used to configure the FPGA and boot Linux on the ARM core.

External Communication (TTY over serial on USB or telnet/ssh over ethernet) allows the development system to communicate with the FPGA board.

Development System (PC with SD card reader) generates the images to configure the FPGA.

Using prebuilt images, run hello world and/or linux on rocket

First, enter into the directory for your board (current options are zybo, zedboard, and zc706). From there, run the following to download all of the necessary images:

$ make fetch-images

Next, insert the SD card on the development system and copy over the images:

$ make load-sd SD=path_to_mounted_sdcard

Finally, eject the SD card, insert it into the board, set the board's boot jumper to "SD", and power the board on. Connect to the board with an ethernet cable (password is root) and run hello world:

$ ssh [email protected]
root@zynq:~# ./fesvr-zynq pk hello
hello!

Awesome! You can now run RISC-V binaries on Rocket. If you'd like to boot linux on the Rocket core, see Booting Up and Interacting with the RISC-V Rocket Core.

Requires: Vivado 2016.2 and its settings64.sh and a JVM that can run Scala

After you clone the repository for the first time, you must initialize the submodules rocket-chip and testchipip, as well as the first-level submodules of rocket-chip itself.

$ make init-submodules

If you have your own working rocket-chip directory that you would like to use, override the ROCKET_DIR make variable set in common/Makefrag.

The verilog for the rocket chip is generated by Chisel and thus is not intended to be edited by humans. This project instantiates rocket chip as module larger top level chisel project, that includes an adapter to interface the ARM core with rocket chip's debug module.

The configuration used to generate the rocket chip comes from the CONFIG environment variables. If CONFIG isn't set by the environment, it is taken from the Makefile for the current board. For this example, we use the Zybo which has a default configuration of ZynqSmallConfig.

Enter into the directory for your board (current options are zybo, zedboard, and zc706). After making changes within rocket-chip and/or common/src/main/scala, you can run the rocket chip generator and copy the newly generated verilog back into the board's src/verilog directory with:

 $ make rocket

You can also explicitly set the CONFIG variable from the command-line (can do this for any command):

 $ make rocket CONFIG=MyFPGAConfig

By default this will look up a configuration specified in the rocket chip library. You may define a custom one without recompiling rocketchip, by defining in the zynq chisel sources at common/src/main/scala, and instead calling:

 $ make rocket CONFIG_PROJECT=zynq CONFIG=MyCustomZynqConfig

The generator will instead look for the configuration definition in the local project instead of the rocket chip library.

To generate a Vivado project specific to the board and the configuration (one project per configuration):

$ make project

This step only needs to be done once per configuration.

Once you have changed the design, you will need to generate a new bitstream and that will need to be packaged in boot.bin. boot.bin also contains the binaries needed for startup (FSBL.elf and u-boot.elf) but these can be reused. From within the board's directory (zybo in this example), to repack boot.bin:

$ make fpga-images-zybo/boot.bin

If you have modified the verilog for your project but not generated a new bitstream, make should generate a new bitstream automatically. To use the new boot.bin, copy it to the SD card, insert the SD card into the board, and power on the board.

This section describes how to build the entire project from scratch. Most likely, you will not need to perform all of these steps, however we keep them here for reference. Various other sections of this README may selectively refer to these sections. This section assumes that you've just pulled this repository and have sourced the settings file for Vivado 2016.2.

For ease of exposition, we will be describing all of the commands assuming that we are working with the zybo and its default configuration ZynqSmallConfig. Replacing references to the zybo with zedboard or zc706 will allow you to use these instructions for those boards.

From here on, $REPO will refer to the location of the fpga-zynq repository.

First, we need to generate a Vivado project from the source files that are present in a particular board's directory.

$ cd $REPO/zybo
$ make project

Next, let's open up the project in the Vivado GUI:

$ make vivado
# OR
$ cd zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig
$ vivado zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig.xpr

If you wish to make any modifications to the project, you may now do so. Once you've finished, let's move on:

Inside Vivado, select Open Block Design followed by system.bd in the dropdown. This will open a block diagram for the Zynq PS Configuration and is necessary for correct FSBL generation.

Next, select Generate Bitstream. Vivado will now step through the usual Synthesis/Implementation steps. Upon completion, if you're interested in only the bitstream, you can stop here; the file you want is in:

$REPO/zybo/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig.runs/impl_1/rocketchip_wrapper.bit

Otherwise, let's continue on to select Open Implemented Design. This is again necessary to properly export the description of our Hardware for the Xilinx SDK to use.

At this point, select File -> Export -> Export Hardware. This will create the following directory:

$REPO/zybo/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig.sdk

This directory contains a variety of files that provide information about the hardware to the SDK. Let's continue on to building the FSBL.

This step assumes that you have just generated the bitstream. Inside the Vivado GUI, select "Launch SDK". This will open up the Xilinx SDK preconfigured with the description of our hardware. In order to generate the FSBL, do the following:

1. Select File -> New -> Application Project

2. In the new window, type "FSBL" as the Project name, and ensure that the rest of the properties are correctly set (disregarding the greyed out Location field).

3. Select Next, at which point you should be given a set of options. Select Zynq FSBL and Finish.

4. The SDK will proceed to automatically compile the FSBL. You can see the progress in the Console.

5. Once the build is finished, we need to build u-boot before returning to the SDK in order to create our BOOT.bin.

Returning to the command line, do the following from the directory corresponding to your board:

$ make arm-uboot

This target performs a variety of commands. It will first pull the u-boot source from the Xilinx repositories (see the submodule in $REPO/common/u-boot-xlnx), patch it with the necessary files found in $REPO/zybo/soft_config/, compile u-boot, and place the resulting u-boot.elf file in $REPO/zybo/soft_build/u-boot.elf.

At this point, we have built up all of the necessary components to create our boot.bin file. Returning to the Xilinx SDK, select Xilinx Tools -> Create Zynq Boot Image.

First, you should fill in the Output BIF file path with $REPO/zybo/deliver_output. If this directory has not already been created, you may go ahead and create it (this is where we will place all of the items that we will ultimately transfer to the SD card). See the below for a sample path. Performing this step will also fill in the Output path field, which specifies the location of the BOOT.bin file that we desire.

Next, we will add the individual files that make up BOOT.bin. Order is important, so follow these steps exactly:

1. Select Add and in the window that opens, click Browse and specify the following location:

$REPO/zybo/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig.sdk/FSBL/Debug/FSBL.elf

Once you have done so select the dropdown next to Partition type and select bootloader. You must perform this step after selecting the path, else the SDK will change it back to datafile, and your BOOT.bin will not work.

At the conclusion of this step, the Add partition window will look something like:

Click _OK_to return to the previous window.

2. Once more, click Add. In the new Add partition window, click Browse and specify the following location:

$REPO/zybo/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig/zybo_rocketchip_ZynqSmallConfig.runs/impl_1/rocketchip_wrapper.bit

Ensure that Partition type is set to datafile and click OK.

3. Click Add a final time. Click Browse and this time select our compiled u-boot.elf:

$REPO/zybo/soft_build/u-boot.elf

Again, ensure that Partition type is set to datafile and click OK.

Select Create Image. This will produce a BOOT.bin file in the $REPO/zybo/deliver_output directory.

If you make modifications to the project in the future, you can avoid having to perform this step manually and instead may reuse the output.bif file that the SDK generates the first time you use Create Zynq Boot Image. Use the following make target to do so:

$ make deliver_output/boot.bin

As part of our bootstrapping process, we need to boot linux on the ARM core in the Zynq. We can build this copy of linux like so (again assuming that we are in $REPO/zybo):

$ make arm-linux

We additionally need to produce the devicetree.dtb file that linux will use to setup peripherals of the ARM core. We can produce this like so:

$ make arm-dtb

At this point, the $REPO/zybo/deliver_output directory contains the following files:

• BOOT.bin - (the filename is case insensitive, you may see boot.bin). This contains the FSBL, the bitstream with Rocket, and u-boot.
• uImage - Linux for the ARM PS
• devicetree.dtb - Contains information about the ARM core's peripherals for linux.

The only remaining file that we are missing at this point is uramdisk.image.gz, the root filesystem for linux on the ARM Core. You can obtain it like so (it will be placed in $REPO/zybo/deliver_output):

$ make fetch-ramdisk

Now, take the four files in deliver_output/, and place them on the root of the SD card that we will insert into the Zybo. The layout of your SD card should match the following:

SD_ROOT/
|-> boot.bin
|-> devicetree.dtb
|-> uImage
|-> uramdisk.image.gz

At this point, you have performed the necessary steps to run binaries on Rocket. See Section 3.8 for how to do so. If you are interested in running riscv-linux on Rocket, continue on to Section 3.7:

There are two options to obtain riscv-linux:

To build riscv-linux for Rocket, follow the instructions here. These instructions will show you how to create a linux image that boots from an initramfs. We also now have support for block devices, so you can also boot from an ext2 image created by buildroot. To configure linux to boot from a block device, instead of selecting "Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk", add the arguments "root=/dev/generic-blkdev rw" to the kernel command line under "Kernel Hacking" -> "Built-in Kernel Command String". To use the block device, you will need to use the ucbbar-all branch of riscv-linux.

Next, you'll need to build an instance of the Berkeley Bootloader(BBL) that contains your linux image as a payload. BBL is provided alongside the proxy kernel at this repository.

Finally, drop your bbl image into SD_ROOT/, which will be mounted as /mnt/boot/ in the ARM core's filesystem.

Warning: If you are working with the Zybo, you need to make sure you compile with a version of the riscv-gnu-toolchain that targets RV64IMA, as the zybo configuration does not possess an FPU.

Included in the home directory of the ARM core's ramdisk we've provided an instance of bbl preloaded with a miniminal linux image. All you have to do is follow the instructions in the next section.

First, insert the SD card and follow the instructions in Appendix A to connect to your board. You can login to the board with username root and password root. Once you're at the prompt, you can run a basic hello world program on rocket like so:

root@zynq:~# ./fesvr-zynq pk hello
hello!

To boot riscv-linux, run:

root@zynq:~# ./fesvr-zynq bbl
              vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
                  vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
rrrrrrrrrrrrr       vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr      vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr    vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr    vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr    vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr      vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv  
rrrrrrrrrrrrr       vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv    
rr                vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv      
rr            vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv      rr
rrrr      vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv      rrrr
rrrrrr      vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv      rrrrrr
rrrrrrrr      vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv      rrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrr      vvvvvvvvvvvvvv      rrrrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrrrr      vvvvvvvvvv      rrrrrrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrrrrrr      vvvvvv      rrrrrrrrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr      vv      rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr          rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr      rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr  rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr

       INSTRUCTION SETS WANT TO BE FREE
[    0.000000] Linux version 4.6.2 <more messages follow>

After linux boots you'll be presented with a busybox prompt from riscv-linux running on rocket!

If you are using a root filesystem on a seperate filesystem image, you can boot linux by running

root@zynq:~# ./fesvr-zynq +blkdev=rootfs.ext2 bbl

On the Zybo and Zedboard a single serial-USB cable is needed but on the ZC706 you will also need a USB type A to type B cable (and possibly some drivers). To connect:

$ screen /dev/tty.usbmodem1411 115200,cs8,-parenb,-cstopb

Note: The numbers following tty.usbmodem may vary slightly. On the Zybo, replace usbmodem with usbserial- and on the ZC706, replace it with SLAB_USBtoUART.

The board has an IP of 192.168.1.5 and can be accessed by username/password of root/root on telnet and ssh. For example:

$ ssh [email protected]

Note: Make sure your development system ethernet interface is configured to be on the 192.168.1.x subnet. The default configuration intends for the board to be directly attached to the development system (single cable). If you want to place the board on a larger network, we recommend changing the root password to something stronger and changing the IP configuration to mesh well with your network.

The easiest way to get a file onto the board is to copy it with scp over ethernet:

$ scp file [email protected]:~/

Note: Linux is running out of a RAMdisk, so to make a file available after a reboot, copy it to the SD card or modify the RAMdisk.

Requires: u-boot and sudo

The RAMDisk (uramdisk.image.gz) that holds Linux for the ARM cores is a gzipped cpio archive with a u-boot header for the board. To open the RAMdisk:

$ make ramdisk-open

When changing or adding files, be sure to keep track of owners, groups, and permissions. When you are done, to package it back up:

$ make ramdisk-close

A useful application of this is to add your SSH public key to .ssh/authorized_keys so you can have passwordless login to the board.

Note: Since these ramdisk operations use sudo on files, they may not work on a network mounted filesystem. To get around this limitation, it is easiest to just copy it to a local filesystem when modifying the ramdisk.

Requires: Vivado 2016.2 and its settings64.sh sourced

First, enter into the directory for your board (current options are zybo, zedboard, and zc706). To generate a bitstream, you will need a Vivado project. You should only need to generate it once, but the automation this repo provides makes it easy to generate again if you delete the project. To generate a Vivado project from scratch:

$ make project

To generate a bitstream from the command-line:

$ make bitstream

To launch Vivado in GUI mode:

$ make vivado

You can change the clockrate for the rocket chip by changing RC_CLK_MULT and RC_CLK_DIVIDE within a board's src/verilog/clocking.vh. After that change, you will need to generate a new bitstream (and boot.bin).

Note: Although rarely needed, it is possible to change the input clockrate to the FPGA by changing it within the block design, src/constrs/base.xdc, and ZYNQ_CLK_PERIOD within src/verilog/clocking.vh. This will also require regenerating FSBL.elf, the bitstream, and of course boot.bin.

The SD card is used by the board to configure the FPGA and boot up the ARM core. All of these files are available within a board's fpga-images submodule, but they can also be built from scratch. Here is a summary of the files and their purposes:

• boot.bin is generated by the Xilinx SDK and is actually three files. To generate it from scratch, follow the instructions from Section 3 up through Section 3.5 Creating boot.bin. To repack it from existing components, follow Repacking boot.bin. boot.bin contains:
  • Bitstream (rocketchip_wrapper.bit) configures the FPGA with the rocket chip design. To build it with the GUI, see Section 3.2 Generating a Bitstream and to build it with the command-line, see: Working with Vivado.
  • First Stage Bootloader (FSBL.elf) - This bootloader configures the Zynq processing system based on the block design in the Vivado project. The FSBL will hand-off to u-boot once the processing system is setup. We build the FSBL using the Xilinx SDK and hardware information exported from Vivado. (see Section 3.3)
  • u-boot (u-boot.elf) - This bootloader takes configuration information and prepares the ARM processing system for booting linux. Once configuration is complete, u-boot will hand-off execution to the ARM linux kernel. We build u-boot directly from the Xilinx u-boot repository, with some configuration modifications to support Rocket. (see Section 3.4)
• ARM Linux (uImage) - This is a copy of linux designed to run on the ARM processing system. From within this linux environment, we will be able to run tools (like fesvr-zedboard) to interact with the RISC-V Rocket Core. We build directly from the Xilinx linux repository, with a custom device tree file to support Rocket. (see Section 3.6)
• ARM RAMDisk (uramdisk.image.gz) - The RAMDisk is mounted by ARM Linux and contains the root filesystem. For obtaining it, see Section 3.6, and for modifying it, see Appendix B.
• devicetree.dtb - Contains information about the ARM core's peripherals for Linux. (See Section 3.6)

The riscv-fesvr repo provides against which the zynq-fesvr is linked. Additionally, common/csrc includes source for main, and a simple driver, which hands off debug module requests and reponses between the ARM core and rocket chip. Before building, make sure the 2016.2 version of settings64.sh is sourced. To build the riscv-fesvr binary for Linux ARM target (to run on Zynq board), type:

$ make fesvr-zynq

and make sure you have the Xilinx SDK in your PATH, and the riscv-tools/riscv-fesvr submodule initialized in your rocket chip directory. When installing fesvr-zynq, don't forget to copy the library as well (common/build/libfesvr.so to /usr/local/lib on the board).

The Zybo build was last tested with this version of the toolchain.

Because the Zybo board uses ZynqSmallConfig, riscv-tools must be recompiled to omit floating point instructions. Add the --with-arch=RV64IMA tag to the line in build.sh that builds riscv-gnu-toolchain. It should read as follows:

build_project riscv-gnu-toolchain --prefix=$RISCV --with-arch=RV64IMA

Then run ./build.sh as normal.

When testing on spike, run spike with the --isa=RV64IMA flag.

If pk does not work, make sure it is being built using this version of the toolchain, since it is specifically generated to not have floating point instructions. Also make sure any binaries you want to run on the Zybo are compiled using this toolchain.

Please feel free to contact us or raise an issue in the repo in case you have any questions or problems building the prototype.

• Nandita Vijaykumar
• Mehrshad Lotfi
• Konstantinos Kanellopoulos (konkanello [at] gmail [dot] com)
• Ataberk Olgun (olgunataberk [at] gmail [dot] com)
• Nisa Bostanci (nisabstnc [at] gmail [dot] com)