Note: includes digital advertising revenues for local and national broadcast radio stations, satellite radio services, purely online radio stations, and streaming music services such as Pandora and Spotify; includes podcast advertising and sponsorship; includes both audio and nonaudio ad formats
Methodology: Estimates are based on the analysis of various elements related to the ad spending market, including macro-level economic conditions, historical trends of the advertising market, historical trends of each medium in relation to other media, reported revenues from major ad publishers, estimates from other research firms, data from benchmark sources, consumer media consumption trends, consumer device usage trends, and EMARKETER interviews with executives at ad agencies, brands, media publishers, and other industry leaders.