irreligion
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irreligion, the lack or rejection of religious beliefs or practices. Irreligion is a broad concept that encompasses many different positions and draws upon an array of philosophical and intellectual perspectives, including atheism, agnosticism, skepticism, rationalism, and secularism. These perspectives themselves are multifaceted, such that people who are irreligious may hold a wide variety of specific beliefs about religion or be related to religion in varied ways. Around the world, hundreds of millions of people do not identify with any religion, particularly in China, which is officially an atheist state.
The term irreligion can be challenging to apply in specific circumstances and is frequently characterized differently depending on context. Surveys of religious belief sometimes use lack of identification with a religion as a marker of irreligion. However, this can be misleading, as in some cases a person may identify with a religious cultural institution while not actually holding the doctrines of that institution or participating in its religious practice. Some scholars define irreligion as the active rejection of religion, as opposed to the mere absence of religion.
Atheism is either the lack of belief in a god or gods, sometimes called “negative atheism,” or the disbelief in a god or gods, sometimes called “positive atheism.” Atheism is generally contrasted with theism, the positive assertion of the existence of at least one god. Atheism is often specifically contrasted with belief in the existence of a single deity that is omnipotent (all-powerful), omniscient (all-knowing), omnipresent (existing everywhere), and omnibenevolent (infinitely good or just)—as the God of the Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Islam, and Judaism) is generally understood. “Narrow” atheists deny the existence of this God but need not take any position on the existence of the divine more generally. Other “wide” atheists dispute the existence of any god.
Agnosticism is the position that the existence of a god or gods is unknown or unprovable. Like atheism, agnosticism can be defined in different ways. Agnosticism is sometimes understood as a personal position of not knowing whether or not the divine exists. It can also be defined as the stronger position of believing that the existence of the divine is entirely unknowable, such that no positive belief or positive disbelief in a god or gods is rationally justified. Because of these varying definitions, it is possible to be both a negative atheist and an agnostic. Some agnostics may also be theists, believing personally or on the basis of faith in a divine power while acknowledging that there is little basis to claim any knowledge of such a power.
Secularism, the indifference toward or nonparticipation in religion, is often characteristic of the social and political life of a polity. People who are secular may or may not identify with a religion personally, but they tend to support minimizing religion in public life, often to encourage a pluralistic society, where different religious groups can coexist in a common civilization.
Skepticism is the philosophical position of doubting claims that are generally believed to be true. Throughout history skeptics have posed philosophical questions about the nature and extent of human knowledge (see epistemology) and often specifically about human knowledge of the divine. In the modern era the term skepticism is often used to describe an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity regarding religious beliefs as well as beliefs generally considered to be mystical, pseudoscientific, or superstitious.
In relation to religion, rationalism is the general philosophical position that human knowledge derives from the use of reason and other natural cognitive faculties rather than, for example, the experience of divine revelation. Throughout the history of Western philosophy rationalism has posed a formidable challenge to traditional beliefs in the supernatural or the divine, despite the efforts of many philosophers to devise rationally acceptable arguments for God’s existence (see Religion, philosophy of: Epistemological issues). The rationalist stance is thus generally opposed to religions, including Christianity, that assert the existence of a god or gods or whose claims rely on allegedly supernatural sources.
Irreligion does not require the active support of any of these positions, however. For example, in the United States the great majority of people who profess to have no religion do not self-identify as atheist or agnostic, instead describing their religion as “nothing in particular.”
From the early 21st century, many countries saw a rapid rise in the proportion of people claiming no religious affiliation. However, global population trends suggested that irreligious people might decline as a share of the global population in subsequent decades. This was largely due to relative population declines in less religious societies, including those in western Europe and East Asia.
The total number of irreligious people in the world is difficult to determine, in part because the majority of irreligious people live in China, where freedom of religion is limited. China recognizes only five religions or branches of religion: Buddhism, Daoism, Islam, and two branches of Christianity, Roman Catholicism and Protestantism. In addition, China has a strong tradition of Confucianism, a spiritual way of life that is sometimes described as a religion despite not positing the existence of any deity. Nevertheless, the number of religious people in China is believed to be rising, in particular the number of Buddhists and Christians.