Assorted References

• early church
  • In Christianity: The Gentile mission and St. Paul
  • In Christianity: Eastern controversies
• history of Christianity and the Apostle’s Creed
  • In Christianity: The Christological controversies
  • In Jesus: Doctrines of the person and work of Christ
  • In Jesus: The debate over Christology in modern Christian thought
• Jesus
  • In Christianity: Different interpretations of the person of Jesus
• major references
  • In Christianity: The Christological controversies
  • In St. Paul the Apostle: Christology
• New Testament references
  • In biblical literature: Form criticism
  • In biblical literature: The Gospel According to Mark: unique structure
  • In biblical literature: Form and content of John
  • In biblical literature: Christology in Hebrews
  • In biblical literature: The First Letter of Peter
• patristic literature
  • In patristic literature: The post-Nicene period
  • In patristic literature: The Chalcedonian Fathers
• salvation
  • In salvation: Christianity
• schism
  • In Christianity: Early controversies

contribution by

• Eutyches
  • In Eutyches
• John IV of Odzun
  • In John IV of Odzun
• Luther and Zwingli
  • In Martin Luther: Controversies after the Diet of Worms
• Paul of Samosata
  • In Paul of Samosata
• Philoponus
  • In John Philoponus
• Theodore of Mopsuestia
  • In Theodore Of Mopsuestia
• Theodore of Rhaithu
  • In Theodore Of Rhaithu
• Theodoret of Cyrrhus
  • In Theodoret Of Cyrrhus

General works

There are numerous general studies of histories of Christian thought and Christology. Among the most useful surveys of Christian theology is Jaroslav Pelikan, The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, 6 vol. (2002). Jaroslav Pelikan, Jesus Through the Centuries: His Place in the History of Culture (1999); and Marvin W. Meyer and Charles Hughes (eds.), Jesus Then and Now: Images of Jesus in History and Christology (2001), examine the understanding of Jesus throughout history. John McIntyre, The Shape of Christology, 2nd ed. (1998), is a general survey of approaches to Christology; and David F. Ford and Mike Higton (eds.), Jesus (2002), is an extensive collection of sources on attitudes toward Jesus throughout history. Important works by contemporary scholars and theologians include E.P. Sanders, Paul and Palestinian Judaism: A Comparison of Patterns of Religion (1977); Edward Schillebeeckx, Jesus: An Experiment in Christology (1979); Mary Daly, Beyond God the Father: Toward a Philosophy of Women’s Liberation (1985); Rosemary Radford Ruether, Mary, the Feminine Face of the Church (1977); and Rudolf Karl Bultmann, Theology of the New Testament (1970).

New Testament and early Christian Christology

Christology in Scripture and during the early history of Christianity are considered in Paul Fredriksen, From Jesus to Christ: The Origins of New Testament Images of Jesus, 2nd. ed. (2000); Martin Hengel, Studies in Early Christology (1995); C.F.D. Moule, The Origin of Christology (1977); Martin Hengel, The Son of God: The Origin of Christology and the History of Jewish-Hellenistic Religion (1976); Wilhelm Bossuet, Kyrios Christos: A History of the Belief in Christ from the Beginnings of Christianity to Irenaeus, trans. by John E. Steely (1970; originally published in German, 1913); Ferdinand Hahn, The Titles of Jesus in Christology: Their History in Early Christianity (1969); Oscar Cullmann, The Christology of the New Testament, trans. by Shirley C. Guthrie and Charles A.M. Hall (1968; originally published in German, 1957); Reginald Horace Fuller, The Foundations of New Testament Christology (1965, reissued 1979); and Aloys Grillmeyer, Christ in the Christian Tradition: From the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451), trans. by Pauline Allen and John Cawte (1965, reissued 1995; originally published in German, 1951).

The debates of the 4th and 5th centuries are examined in Rowan Williams, Arius: Heresy and Tradition, rev. ed. (2002), a thoughtful work by the archbishop of Canterbury; Timothy D. Barnes, Athanasius and Constantius: Theology and Politics in the Constantinian Empire (2001); Richard P.C. Hanson, The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God: The Arian Controversy, 318–381 (1988); V.C. Samuel, The Council of Chalcedon Re-examined (1977); and A.A. Luce, Monophysitism, Past and Present: A Study in Christology (1920).

Christology in the Middle Ages

Developments in medieval Christology are treated in Rachel Fulton, From Judgment to Passion: Devotion to the Christ and the Virgin Mary (2002); Celia Chazelle, The Crucified God in the Carolingian Era: Theology and Art of Christ’s Passion (2001); John C. Cavadini, The Last Christology of the West: Adoptionism in Spain and Gaul, 785–820 (1993); and Barbara C. Raw, Anglo-Saxon Crucifixion Iconography and the Art of the Monastic Revival (1990). R.W. Southern, Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape (1990); and Michael Clanchy, Abelard: A Medieval Life (1997), are biographies of two important medieval theologians.

Protestant and Eastern Orthodox Christology

An introduction to Christology in the Protestant tradition is provided in John D. Rempel, The Lord’s Supper in Anabaptism: A Study in the Christology of Balthasar Hubmaier, Pilgram Marpeck, and Dirk Philips (1993), no. 33 in the series Studies in Anabaptist and Mennonite History; A. Schmidt, Die Christologie in Martin Luthers späten Disputationen (1990); and T. Mahlmann, Das neue Dogma der lutherischen Christologie. Probleme und Geschichte seiner Begründung. Gütersloh (1969). John Meyendorff, Christ in Eastern Christian Thought, 2nd ed. (1987; originally published in French, 1969), is an excellent examination of Eastern Orthodox Christology.

Modern views

There are numerous works on modern Christology by theologians and other scholars. Among the more provocative and informative are Thomas Bohache, Christology from the Margins (2008); Rita Nakashima Brock and Rebecca Ann Parker, Proverbs of Ashes: Violence, Redemptive Suffering, and the Search for What Saves Us (2001); Joseph Pandiappallil, Jesus the Christ and Religious Pluralism: Rahnerian Christology and Belief Today (2001); John Macquarrie, Christology Revisited (1998); Alrah Pitchers, The Christology of Hans Küng: A Critical Examination (1997); Julie M. Hopkins, Towards a Feminist Christology: Jesus of Nazareth, European Women, and the Christological Crisis (1994); Alister E. McGrath, The Making of Modern German Christology, 1750–1990, 2nd ed. (1994); Donald E. Waltermire, The Liberation Christologies of Leonardo Boff and Jon Sobrino: Latin American Contributions to Contemporary Christology (1994); Victor Paul Furnish, Jesus According to Paul (1993), in the series Understanding Jesus Today; John Hick, The Metaphor of God Incarnate: Christology in a Pluralistic Age (1993); C. Norman Kraus, Jesus Christ Our Lord: Christology From a Disciple’s Perspective, rev. ed. (1990); Schubert M. Ogden, The Point of Christology (1982, reissued 1992); Karl Rahner, A New Christology (1980); Wolfhart Pannenberg, Jesus, God, and Man, 2nd ed. (1977, reissued 2001; originally published in German, 1964); John Hick (ed.), The Myth of God Incarnate: Christology in a Pluralistic Age (1977, reissued 1993); and Albert Schweitzer, The Quest of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to Wrede, trans. by W. Montgomery et al., 3rd ed. (1954, reissued 2001; originally published in German, 1906).

Non-Western Christology

Studies of Christology in the non-Western world include A. Alangaram, Christ of the Asian Peoples: Towards an Asian Contextual Christology: Based on the Documents of Federation of Asian Bishops’ Conferences, 2nd rev. ed. (2001); Kwok Pui-Lan, Introducing Asian Feminist Theology (2000); V. Küster, The Many Faces of Jesus Christ: Intercultural Christology (1999, reissued 2001); Daniel Lucas Lukito, Making Christology Relevant to the Third World: Applying Christopraxis to Local Struggle (1998); and Douglas J. Elwood (ed.), Asian Christian Theology: Emerging Themes, rev. ed. (1980; originally published as What Asian Christians are Thinking: A Theological Source Book, with Supplementary Bibliography, 1976). Good introductions to African Christology include Diane B. Stinton, Jesus of Africa: Voices of Contemporary African Christology (2004); and S.O. Abogunrin, J.O. Akao, and D.O. Akintunde (eds.), Christology in African Context (2003).

Jesus in art

The history of depictions of Jesus in painting and sculpture is treated in Ron O’Grady (ed.), Christ for All People: Celebrating a World of Christian Art (2001); John Drury, Painting the Word: Christian Pictures and Their Meanings (1999); Jaroslav Pelikan, The Illustrated Jesus Through the Centuries (1997); Stanley E. Porter, Michael A. Hayes, and David Tombs (eds.), Images of Christ: Ancient and Modern (1997); Nancy Grubb, The Life of Christ in Art (1996); Leo Steinberg, The Sexuality of Christ in Renaissance Art and in Modern Oblivion, 2nd ed., rev. and expanded (1996); Egon Sendler, The Icon: Image of the Invisible (1988, reissued 1999); Roland H. Bainton, Behold the Christ (1974); Gertrud Schiller, Iconography of Christian Art, trans. from German by Janet Seligman, 2 vol. (1971); Owen S. Rachleff, Rembrandt’s Life of Christ: Paintings, Drawings, and Etchings by Rembrandt, with Quotations from the Gospels (1966); Marcelle Auclair, Christ’s Image, trans. from the French by Lionel Izod, rev. ed. (1961); Cynthia Pearl Maus, Christ and the Fine Arts: An Anthology of Pictures, Poetry, Music, and Stories Centering in the Life of Christ, rev. and enlarged ed. (1959, reissued 1977); Marvin Ross and Bruce Rogers, The Life of Christ in Masterpieces of Art and the Words of the New Testament. Selection of Masterworks (1957); James Christopher Emerson (ed.), The Life of Christ in the Conception and Expression of Chinese and Oriental Artists: The Mystery of Christ As Conceived by the Oriental Mind (1939, reprinted 1979); and Wyke Bayliss, Rex Regum: A Painter’s Study of the Likeness of Christ from the Time of the Apostles to the Present Day (1898, reissued 1905).

Jesus in film

Portrayals of Jesus in motion pictures are studied in Bryan P. Stone, Faith and Film: Theological Themes at the Cinema (2000); Richard C. Stern, Clayton N. Jefford, and Guerric DeBona, Savior on the Silver Screen (1999); Lloyd Baugh, Imaging the Divine: Jesus and Christ-Figures in Film (1997); and W. Barnes Tatum, Jesus at the Movies: A Guide to the First Hundred Years (1997, reissued 2004).