cell: Media
biology
Videos
similarities and differences between cells
Basic similarities between cells and ways cells may vary depending on their function.
The major parts of an animal cell explained
From teeny-tiny ants to 200-ton whales, all members of the animal kingdom are composed...
Understand how cell membranes regulate food consumption and waste and how cell walls provide protection
Cells ingest molecules through their plasma membranes.
Understand the importance and role of chloroplasts, chlorophyll, grana, thylakoid membranes, and stroma in photosynthesis
The location, importance, and mechanisms of photosynthesis. Study the roles of chloroplasts,...
Examine the structures adenine, ribose, and a three-phosphate chain in adenosine triphosphate molecule and their role in releasing energy for cellular activities
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is the primary carrier of energy in cells. The water-mediated...
Study DNA's double helix structure to learn how the organic chemical determines an organism's traits
James Watson and Francis Crick revolutionized the study of genetics when they discovered...
The functions of key cell organelles explained
Animal and plant cells house various types of internal membrane-bound compartments,...
Analyze the structure and motion of cilia and flagella
Learn about the structure and movement of cilia and flagella.
Discover how the human endocrine system disperses hormones from glands through the bloodstream
Hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system are carried in the bloodstream...
See a movie illustrating wounded cells releasing signaling molecules causing a wave of calcium signaling
This false-colour movie, acquired by means of confocal microscopy, illustrates long-range...
Witness a living plant cell's chromosomes carrying genetic material duplicate during the process of mitosis
Time-lapse photography of a live plant cell nucleus undergoing mitosis.
Observe a single mature cell splitting into two duplicate daughter cells
Learn about cell division in the developing embryo and in mature cells.
Consider how the invention of the microscope abetted the discovery and categorization of cells
The discovery of cells was a revolution.
Consider how a single-celled organism contains the necessary structures to eat, grow, and reproduce
Cells are the basic units of life.
How a cell's nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus interact
Learn about the different cell organelles, including the mitochondrion, the nucleus,...
See time-lapse microphotography of blastomeres created by mitotic cleavage of embryonic cells
Learn about mitotic cleavage of embryonic cells by watching this time-lapse microphotography...
The difference between eukaryote and prokaryote cells
Learn about the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Study how bacteriophages replicate by injecting nucleic acid into a bacteria cell to create virions
The cycle of infection results in the death of the host cell and the release of many...
Robert Hooke's exploration of the microscopic world
An overview of Robert Hooke and his discoveries.
Images
cells
Animal cells and plant cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a distinct...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
DNA structure
The initial proposal of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick was...
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messenger RNA; translation
Molecular genetics emerged from the realization that DNA and RNA constitute the genetic...
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early stages of human development
The ovum contains a small collection of cells in the early stages of human development....
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molecular view of the cell membrane
Intrinsic proteins penetrate and bind tightly to the lipid bilayer, which is made...
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glycerophospholipid structure
General structural formula of a glycerophospholipid. The composition of the specific...
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liposome
Phospholipids can be used to form artificial structures called liposomes, which are...
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lipid bilayer; cell membrane
Phospholipid molecules, like molecules of many lipids, are composed of a hydrophilic...
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endoplasmic reticulum; organelle
A scanning electron micrograph of a pancreatic acinar cell, showing mitochondria...
Pietro M. Motta & Tomonori Naguro/Science Source
ligand-gated ion channel: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is an example of a ligand-gated ion channel....
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permeation; diffusion
The principle of permeation can be illustrated by differences in the diffusion of...
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ion diffusion across a semipermeable membrane
Diffusion of ions across a semipermeable membrane. (A) A high concentration of KCl...
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endocytosis and exocytosis
Endocytosis and exocytosis are fundamental to the process of intracellular digestion....
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phagocytosis
The process by which cells engulf solid matter is called phagocytosis. There are...
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
Receptors play key roles in many cellular processes. For example, receptor-mediated...
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plant cell
Plant cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including fluid-filled spaces, called...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
endoplasmic reticulum in protein biosynthesis
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a major role in the biosynthesis of proteins....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Synapse
Chemical transmission of a nerve impulse at the synapse. The arrival of the nerve...
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centromere and chromatids in cell division
During the first stages of cell division, the recognizable double-stranded chromosome...
© Merriam-Webster Inc.
histone; nucleosome
DNA wrapped around clusters of histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which can coil...
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antibody structure
The structure of an antibody molecule represents the dramatic rearrangements of DNA...
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mitochondrion
The internal membrane of a mitochondrion is elaborately folded into structures known...
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chloroplast
Internal structures of the chloroplast. The interior contains flattened sacs of photosynthetic...
© Merriam-Webster Inc.
electron-transport chain
The electron-transport chain embedded in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
spinach chloroplast
Electron micrograph of an isolated spinach chloroplast.
Courtesy of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley
photosynthesis
In photosynthesis, plants consume carbon dioxide and water and produce glucose and...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Calvin cycle
Pathway of carbon dioxide fixation and reduction in photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle....
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
striated muscle; human biceps muscle
The structure of striated, or skeletal, muscle. Striated muscle tissue, such as the...
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connective tissue; fibrocyte
Electron micrograph of a small area of dense fibrous connective tissue, illustrating...
Don W. Fawcett, M.D.
multicellular animal
Marine sponges are multicellular animals that can regenerate from single cells. The...
© Royalty-free/Corbis
cell surface receptor
Hormones and active metabolites bind to different types of receptors. Water-soluble...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
mitosis
Mitosis, the process in which a cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
gamete formation in meiosis
Meiosis, the process in which gametes (sex cells) form.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
meiosis in pollen
Cross section of a plant anther showing meiosis occurring in pollen grain cells.
© Bernard Photo Product—Animals Animals/age fotostock
cancer-causing retroviruses
Retroviral insertion can convert a proto-oncogene, integral to the control of cell...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
small intestine
The small intestine contains many distinct types of cells, each of which serves a...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
leaf structure
Structures of a leaf. The epidermis is often covered with a waxy protective cuticle...
© Merriam-Webster Inc.
How was Dolly cloned?
Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in 1996 by fusing the nucleus from a mammary-gland...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
lipid structure
Structure and properties of two representative lipids. Both stearic acid (a fatty...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, detail of a portrait by Jan Verkolje; in the Rijksmuseum,...
Courtesy of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Louis Pasteur
French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur performing a scientific experiment....
World Photos/Alamy
Karl Ernst, Ritter von Baer
Karl Ernst, Ritter von Baer, detail of a lithograph by Rudolf Hoffmann, 1839.
Courtesy of Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pa.
Chromosomes are inside the cells of every living thing. They are so small that they...
© James Cavallini—BSIP/age fotostock
Bacillus-type bacterial cell
Schematic drawing of the structure of a typical bacterial cell of the bacillus type.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
endocytosis
Adsorption to and entry into a cell of an enveloped animal virus by the process of...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
organelles of eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a clearly defined nucleus,...
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Plant cell
Cutaway drawing of a plant cell, showing the cell wall and internal organelles.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
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