Uzun Ḥasan

Uzun Ḥasan (born 1423, Amida [now Diyarbakır, Turkey]—died January 6, 1478, Tabrīz [now in Iran]) was the ruler (1453–78) of the Turkmen Ak Koyunlu dynasty who created a short-lived empire in Iran, Iraq, eastern Anatolia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan.

With the death of Kara Osman, founder of the Ak Koyunlu dynasty, in 1435, a civil war ensued among his descendants. By 1453 Uzun Ḥasan had emerged victorious and succeeded to the throne. His principality, centred at Amida, was surrounded by two hostile powers: in the east the rival Turkmen dynasty of Kara Koyunlu, led by Jahān Shāh; and in the west the growing power of the Ottomans. Uzun Ḥasan entered into a series of alliances to secure his western flank. He made a major move in 1458 by marrying Catherine, the daughter of Kalo-Ioannes, the Christian emperor of Trebizond (in northeastern Anatolia). He also strengthened diplomatic ties with Venice, Muscovy, Burgundy, Poland, and Egypt and with the Karamanid dynasty of south-central Anatolia.

In 1461 Uzun Ḥasan began his campaigns against the Kara Koyunlu. With the death of Jahān Shāh in 1467, Uzun Ḥasan was able to annex territories in Azerbaijan and Iraq. By 1469 he had occupied all of Iran. Uzun Ḥasan’s support of the Karamanids, however, precipitated war (1472) with the Ottomans (August 1473), who decisively defeated the Ak Koyunlu at the Battle of Terjan and thus emerged supreme in Anatolia.