John I
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- Bynames:
- the Prince of Fond Memory, John of Aviz, John the Great, and John the Bastard
- Portuguese:
- o Principe de Boa Memória, João de Aviz, João o Grande, and João o Bastardo
- Born:
- April 11, 1357, Lisbon
- Died:
- August 14, 1433, Lisbon (aged 76)
- Title / Office:
- king (1385-1433), Portugal
John I (born April 11, 1357, Lisbon—died August 14, 1433, Lisbon) was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty.
Early life
John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was made master of the military Order of Aviz; he received an ecclesiastical and military education, probably at Aviz in Alentejo. On his father’s death, in 1367, his half-brother Ferdinand became king and embarked on a calamitous rivalry with the new ruler of Castile, Henry II, who finally forced Ferdinand to accept a Castilian marriage for his infant heiress, Beatriz, thus compromising the future independence of Portugal.
When Ferdinand died, in 1383, his widow, Queen Leonor, submitted to the demand of her Castilian son-in-law, John I, that he be recognized as king of Portugal. John of Aviz, who had hitherto remained carefully in the background, though he had been arrested for a time in 1382, was now persuaded by a group of young nationalists, led by Nuno Álvares Pereira, to murder Queen Leonor’s favourite and adviser, the Galician João Fernandes Andeiro, conde de Ourém. Popular support was at once stirred up for John, and Queen Leonor fled from Lisbon, appealing to Castile for help. In May 1384 Castilian armies besieged John in Lisbon until the outbreak of plague forced them to withdraw (September).
Election as king
John had been named defender of the realm, but in April 1385 representatives of the three estates met in the Cortes (assembly) of Coimbra, and, after it had been demonstrated that King Pedro’s elder surviving sons had not been legitimized, John was elected king. The cities of Lisbon and Porto and the merchants and trade guilds enthusiastically backed him, but much of the older nobility still favoured the Castilian succession. John and Nuno Álvares, now his constable, marched northward and obtained the submission of the chief places but returned on hearing that the Castilians were preparing a major invasion. As Spanish forces entered central Portugal, John and Nuno Álvares advanced to bar the road to Lisbon and won the famous Battle of Aljubarrota (August 14, 1385). This victory assured Portugal’s independence and made John a desirable ally.
He had already received some English aid, and a small party of English archers had fought for him at Aljubarrota, and he now concluded the Treaty of Windsor (May 9, 1386), which became the cornerstone of the Anglo-Portuguese alliance. In consequence, John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, arrived in Galicia, hoping, through his second marriage (1371), with the daughter of King Pedro I of Castile, to realize his claim to the Castilian crown. John of Aviz sealed the alliance by marrying, in February 1387, Lancaster’s daughter, Philippa. A joint invasion of León was unsuccessful, and Lancaster withdrew. John of Aviz made a 10-year truce with Castile in 1389, but frontier warfare with Castile was intermittent thereafter until peace was finally made in 1411.
Consolidation and expansion
John’s elder sons had now reached the age at which they could become knights, and it was ostensibly on their behalf that he organized an expedition against Ceuta, which fell in a day (August 24, 1415). He had probably hoped to advance into Morocco and tap the African caravan routes, but, instead, Ceuta became a beleaguered outpost supplied from the Portuguese Algarve. This stimulated the maritime explorations, beginning with the rediscovery and settlement of the Madeira Islands and the Azores.
John’s court now became a centre of culture, influenced through Queen Philippa by English traditions. Of their sons, the inclita geração (“illustrious generation”), the eldest, Edward, administered the kingdom under his father and was later king; the second, Pedro, travelled through Europe and was regent after Edward’s death; and the third, Henry, known as the Navigator, was the patron and organizer of the overseas discoveries. For them, John introduced the title of duke into Portugal. Their sister, Isabel, married Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy and count of Flanders, thus consolidating Portuguese interests in the Low Countries. John’s natural son, Afonso, married the daughter of the constable Nuno Álvares, and their descendants, the house of Bragança, became kings of Portugal from 1640.
John’s long struggle with Castile and the need to recompense a new aristocracy caused serious financial difficulties, but he rallied his people around his throne and acquired a reputation as a cautious leader and shrewd statesman. He rewarded the faithful trade guilds by granting them permanent representation in the House of Twenty-four, in which two members of each of the 12 major guilds were to sit. He also granted them a special magistrate, the judge of the people. At Porto he ended the unpopular civil jurisdiction exercised over the city by the bishop. He displayed his devotion by building near Leiria the great Abbey of Batalha to commemorate his victory and serve as a pantheon. He was the author of a work on hunting (Livro da montaria), his favourite pastime.
There is a portrait of John in the Museum of Ancient Art, Lisbon, and recumbent statues of John and Philippa over their tomb at Batalha.
Harold V. Livermore