skip to main content
10.1145/3397481.3450673acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesiuiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

An Activity Recognition System for Taking Medicine Using In-The-Wild Data to Promote Medication Adherence

Published: 14 April 2021 Publication History

Abstract

Nearly half of people prescribed medication to treat chronic or short-term conditions do not take their medicine as prescribed. This leads to worse treatment outcomes, higher hospital admission rates, increased healthcare costs, and increased morbidity and mortality rates. While some instances of medication non-adherence are a result of problems with the treatment plan or barriers caused by the health care provider, many are instances caused by patient-related factors such as forgetting, running out of medication, and not understanding the required dosages. This presents a clear need for patient-centered systems that can reliably increase medication adherence. To that end, in this work we describe an activity recognition system capable of recognizing when individuals take medication in an unconstrained, real-world environment. Our methodology uses a modified version of the Bagging ensemble method to suit unbalanced data and a classifier trained on the prediction probabilities of the Bagging classifier to identify when individuals took medication during a full-day study. Using this methodology we are able to recognize when individuals took medication with an F-measure of 0.77. Our system is a first step towards developing personal health interfaces that are capable of providing personalized medication adherence interventions.

References

[1]
Zahraa S Abdallah, Mohamed Medhat Gaber, Bala Srinivasan, and Shonali Krishnaswamy. 2018. Activity recognition with evolving data streams: A review. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 51, 4 (2018), 71.
[2]
Folami Alamudun, Hong-Jun Yoon, Kathleen B Hudson, Garnetta Morin-Ducote, Tracy Hammond, and Georgia D Tourassi. 2017. Fractal analysis of visual search activity for mass detection during mammographic screening. Medical physics 44, 3 (2017), 832–846.
[3]
Murtadha Aldeer, Jorge Ortiz, Richard E Howard, and Richard P Martin. 2019. PatientSense: patient discrimination from in-bottle sensors data. In Proceedings of the 16th EAI International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking and Services. ACM, Houston, Texas, USA, 143–152.
[4]
Parviz Asghari, Elnaz Soleimani, and Ehsan Nazerfard. 2020. Online human activity recognition employing hierarchical hidden Markov models. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 11, 3 (2020), 1141–1152.
[5]
Oresti Banos, Miguel Damas, Alberto Guillen, Luis-Javier Herrera, Hector Pomares, Ignacio Rojas, and Claudia Villalonga. 2015. Multi-sensor fusion based on asymmetric decision weighting for robust activity recognition. Neural Processing Letters 42, 1 (2015), 5–26.
[6]
Ling Bao and Stephen S Intille. 2004. Activity recognition from user-annotated acceleration data. In Pervasive Computing. Springer, Linz and Vienna, Austria, 1–17.
[7]
James S. Bergstra, Rémi Bardenet, Yoshua Bengio, and Balázs Kégl. 2011. Algorithms for Hyper-Parameter Optimization. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 24, J. Shawe-Taylor, R. S. Zemel, P. L. Bartlett, F. Pereira, and K. Q. Weinberger(Eds.). Curran Associates, Inc., Granada, Spain, 2546–2554. http://papers.nips.cc/paper/4443-algorithms-for-hyper-parameter-optimization.pdf
[8]
Leo Breiman. 1996. Bagging predictors. Machine learning 24, 2 (1996), 123–140.
[9]
Leo Breiman. 2001. Random forests. Machine learning 45, 1 (2001), 5–32.
[10]
Kam Capoccia, Peggy S Odegard, and Nancy Letassy. 2016. Medication adherence with diabetes medication: a systematic review of the literature. The Diabetes Educator 42, 1 (2016), 34–71.
[11]
Kyle D Checchi, Krista F Huybrechts, Jerry Avorn, and Aaron S Kesselheim. 2014. Electronic medication packaging devices and medication adherence: a systematic review. Jama 312, 12 (2014), 1237–1247.
[12]
Chen Chen, Nasser Kehtarnavaz, and Roozbeh Jafari. 2014. A medication adherence monitoring system for pill bottles based on a wearable inertial sensor. In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 4983–4986.
[13]
Liming Chen, Chris D Nugent, and Hui Wang. 2011. A knowledge-driven approach to activity recognition in smart homes. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 24, 6(2011), 961–974.
[14]
Josh Cherian, Vijay Rajanna, Daniel Goldberg, and Tracy Hammond. 2017. Did you Remember To Brush? : A Noninvasive Wearable Approach to Recognizing Brushing Teeth for Elderly Care. In 11th EAI International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare. ACM, Barcelona, Spain, 48–57. https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=3154866.
[15]
Lindsey E Dayer, Rebecca Shilling, Madalyn Van Valkenburg, Bradley C Martin, Paul O Gubbins, Kristie Hadden, and Seth Heldenbrand. 2017. Assessing the medication adherence app marketplace from the health professional and consumer vantage points. JMIR mHealth and uHealth 5, 4 (2017), e45.
[16]
Stefan Dernbach, Barnan Das, Narayanan C Krishnan, Brian L Thomas, and Diane J Cook. 2012. Simple and complex activity recognition through smart phones. In Intelligent Environments (IE), 2012 8th International Conference on. IEEE, Guanajuato, Mexico, 214–221.
[17]
Iram Fatima, Muhammad Fahim, Young-Koo Lee, and Sungyoung Lee. 2013. A Genetic Algorithm-based Classifier Ensemble Optimization for Activity Recognition in Smart Homes.KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems 7, 11 (2013), 21 pages.
[18]
Donya Fozoonmayeh, Hai Vu Le, Ekaterina Wittfoth, Chong Geng, Natalie Ha, Jingjue Wang, Maria Vasilenko, Yewon Ahn, and Diane Myung-kyung Woodbridge. 2020. A Scalable Smartwatch-Based Medication Intake Detection System Using Distributed Machine Learning. Journal of Medical Systems 44, 4 (2020), 1–14.
[19]
Enrique Garcia-Ceja, Carlos E Galván-Tejada, and Ramon Brena. 2018. Multi-view stacking for activity recognition with sound and accelerometer data. Information Fusion 40(2018), 45–56.
[20]
Anil K Gehi, Sadia Ali, Beeya Na, and Mary A Whooley. 2007. Self-reported medication adherence and cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary heart disease: the heart and soul study. Archives of Internal Medicine 167, 16 (2007), 1798–1803.
[21]
Katherine A Grosset, Ian Bone, and Donald G Grosset. 2005. Suboptimal medication adherence in Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorders: official journal of the Movement Disorder Society 20, 11(2005), 1502–1507.
[22]
Donghai Guan, Weiwei Yuan, Young-Koo Lee, Andrey Gavrilov, and Sungyoung Lee. 2007. Activity recognition based on semi-supervised learning. In 13th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications (RTCSA 2007). IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 469–475.
[23]
Niloofar Hezarjaribi, Ramin Fallahzadeh, and Hassan Ghasemzadeh. 2016. A machine learning approach for medication adherence monitoring using body-worn sensors. In 2016 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE). IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 842–845.
[24]
Tâm Huynh and Bernt Schiele. 2006. Towards less supervision in activity recognition from wearable sensors. In 2006 10th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers. IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 3–10.
[25]
Aurel O Iuga and Maura J McGuire. 2014. Adherence and health care costs. Risk management and healthcare policy 7 (2014), 35.
[26]
Haik Kalantarian, Nabil Alshurafa, Ebrahim Nemati, Tuan Le, and Majid Sarrafzadeh. 2015. A smartwatch-based medication adherence system. In 2015 IEEE 12th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN). IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–6.
[27]
H. Kalantarian, N. Alshurafa, and M. Sarrafzadeh. 2016. Detection of Gestures Associated With Medication Adherence Using Smartwatch-Based Inertial Sensors. IEEE Sensors Journal 16, 4 (Feb 2016), 1054–1061. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2015.2497279
[28]
Haik Kalantarian, Babak Motamed, Nabil Alshurafa, and Majid Sarrafzadeh. 2016. A wearable sensor system for medication adherence prediction. Artificial intelligence in medicine 69 (2016), 43–52.
[29]
Jennifer R Kwapisz, Gary M Weiss, and Samuel A Moore. 2011. Activity recognition using cell phone accelerometers. ACM SigKDD Explorations Newsletter 12, 2 (2011), 74–82.
[30]
Gierad Laput and Chris Harrison. 2019. Sensing Fine-Grained Hand Activity with Smartwatches. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Glasgow, Scotland, 1–13.
[31]
Oscar D Lara and Miguel A Labrador. 2013. A survey on human activity recognition using wearable sensors. Communications Surveys & Tutorials, IEEE 15, 3 (2013), 1192–1209.
[32]
Young-Seol Lee and Sung-Bae Cho. 2014. Activity recognition with android phone using mixture-of-experts co-trained with labeled and unlabeled data. Neurocomputing 126(2014), 106–115.
[33]
Brent Longstaff, Sasank Reddy, and Deborah Estrin. 2010. Improving activity classification for health applications on mobile devices using active and semi-supervised learning. In 2010 4th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare. IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 1–7.
[34]
Jinxin Ma, Anaelia Ovalle, and Diane Myung-kyung Woodbridge. 2018. Medhere: A smartwatch-based medication adherence monitoring system using machine learning and distributed computing. In 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). IEEE, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 4945–4948.
[35]
Victor Mendiola, Abnob Doss, Will Adams, Jose Ramos, Matthew Bruns, Josh Cherian, Puneet Kohli, Daniel Goldberg, and Tracy Hammond. 2019. Automatic exercise recognition with machine learning. In International Workshop on Health Intelligence. Springer, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 33–44.
[36]
Alexander Mertens, Christopher Brandl, Talya Miron-Shatz, Christopher Schlick, Till Neumann, Andreas Kribben, Sven Meister, Clarissa Jonas Diamantidis, Urs-Vito Albrecht, Peter Horn, 2016. A mobile application improves therapy-adherence rates in elderly patients undergoing rehabilitation: a crossover design study comparing documentation via iPad with paper-based control. Medicine 95, 36 (2016), 1–8.
[37]
Bobak Jack Mortazavi, Mohammad Pourhomayoun, Gabriel Alsheikh, Nabil Alshurafa, Sunghoon Ivan Lee, and Majid Sarrafzadeh. 2014. Determining the single best axis for exercise repetition recognition and counting on smartwatches. In 2014 11th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks. IEEE, Zurich, Switzerland, 33–38.
[38]
Vasily Moshnyaga, Masaki Koyanagi, Fumiyuki Hirayama, Akihisa Takahama, and Koji Hashimoto. 2016. A medication adherence monitoring system for people with dementia. In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC). IEEE, Budapest, Hungary, 000194–000199.
[39]
Andrea B Neiman, Todd Ruppar, Michael Ho, Larry Garber, Paul J Weidle, Yuling Hong, Mary G George, and Phoebe G Thorpe. 2017. CDC grand rounds: improving medication adherence for chronic disease management—innovations and opportunities. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 66, 45 (2017), 1248.
[40]
Lars Osterberg and Terrence Blaschke. 2005. Adherence to medication. New England Journal of Medicine 353, 5 (2005), 487–497.
[41]
F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B. Thirion, O. Grisel, M. Blondel, P. Prettenhofer, R. Weiss, V. Dubourg, J. Vanderplas, A. Passos, D. Cournapeau, M. Brucher, M. Perrot, and E. Duchesnay. 2011. Scikit-learn: Machine Learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research 12 (2011), 2825–2830.
[42]
Nishkam Ravi, Nikhil Dandekar, Preetham Mysore, and Michael L Littman. 2005. Activity recognition from accelerometer data. In AAAI, Vol. 5. AAAI, Palo Alto, CA, USA, 1541–1546.
[43]
Bernardino Romera-Paredes, Min SH Aung, and Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze. 2013. A One-Vs-One Classifier Ensemble With Majority Voting for Activity Recognition. In ESANN. ESANN, Bruges, Belgium, 6 pages.
[44]
Charissa Ann Ronao and Sung-Bae Cho. 2016. Human activity recognition with smartphone sensors using deep learning neural networks. Expert Systems with Applications 59 (2016), 235–244.
[45]
Loren J Schleiden, Olufunmilola K Odukoya, and Michelle A Chui. 2015. Older adults’ perceptions of e-prescribing: impact on patient care. Perspectives in health information management 12, Winter(2015), 15 pages.
[46]
Linda Simoni-Wastila, Yu-Jung Wei, Jingjing Qian, Ilene H Zuckerman, Bruce Stuart, Thomas Shaffer, Anand A Dalal, and Lynda Bryant-Comstock. 2012. Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease maintenance medication adherence with all-cause hospitalization and spending in a Medicare population. The American journal of geriatric pharmacotherapy 10, 3(2012), 201–210.
[47]
Maja Stikic, Kristof Van Laerhoven, and Bernt Schiele. 2008. Exploring semi-supervised and active learning for activity recognition. In 2008 12th IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers. IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 81–88.
[48]
Surescripts. 2011. The National Progress Report on e-prescribing and interoperable health care.
[49]
Christina Tarantola. 2017. The Top Reminder Apps for Patients. https://www.pharmacytimes.com/contributor/christina-tarantola/2017/12/the-top-medication-reminder-apps-for-patients Last Accessed Sept. 29, 2020.
[50]
Edison Thomaz, Irfan Essa, and Gregory D Abowd. 2015. A practical approach for recognizing eating moments with wrist-mounted inertial sensing. In Proceedings of the 2015 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing. ACM, Osaka, Japan, 1029–1040.
[51]
George Vavoulas, Charikleia Chatzaki, Thodoris Malliotakis, Matthew Pediaditis, and Manolis Tsiknakis. 2016. The MobiAct Dataset: Recognition of Activities of Daily Living using Smartphones. In ICT4AgeingWell. SCITEPRESS, Setúbal, Portugal, 143–151.
[52]
Rui Wang, Zdeňka Sitová, Xiaoqing Jia, Xiang He, Tobi Abramson, Paolo Gasti, Kiran S Balagani, and Aydin Farajidavar. 2014. Automatic identification of solid-phase medication intake using wireless wearable accelerometers. In 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, USA, 4168–4171.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)Exploring the Impact of the NULL Class on In-the-Wild Human Activity RecognitionSensors10.3390/s2412389824:12(3898)Online publication date: 16-Jun-2024
  • (2024)A Step Toward Better Care: Understanding What Caregivers and Residents in Assisted Living Facilities Value in Health Monitoring SystemsProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36372908:CSCW1(1-29)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
  • (2023)Wearable Identities: Understanding Wearables’ Potential for Supporting the Expression of Queer IdentitiesProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3581327(1-19)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023

Index Terms

  1. An Activity Recognition System for Taking Medicine Using In-The-Wild Data to Promote Medication Adherence
            Index terms have been assigned to the content through auto-classification.

            Recommendations

            Comments

            Information & Contributors

            Information

            Published In

            cover image ACM Conferences
            IUI '21: Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
            April 2021
            618 pages
            ISBN:9781450380171
            DOI:10.1145/3397481
            Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

            Sponsors

            Publisher

            Association for Computing Machinery

            New York, NY, United States

            Publication History

            Published: 14 April 2021

            Permissions

            Request permissions for this article.

            Check for updates

            Author Tags

            1. ADLs
            2. human activity recognition
            3. medication adherence
            4. wearable technology

            Qualifiers

            • Research-article
            • Research
            • Refereed limited

            Conference

            IUI '21
            Sponsor:

            Acceptance Rates

            Overall Acceptance Rate 746 of 2,811 submissions, 27%

            Upcoming Conference

            IUI '25

            Contributors

            Other Metrics

            Bibliometrics & Citations

            Bibliometrics

            Article Metrics

            • Downloads (Last 12 months)30
            • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)2
            Reflects downloads up to 05 Jan 2025

            Other Metrics

            Citations

            Cited By

            View all
            • (2024)Exploring the Impact of the NULL Class on In-the-Wild Human Activity RecognitionSensors10.3390/s2412389824:12(3898)Online publication date: 16-Jun-2024
            • (2024)A Step Toward Better Care: Understanding What Caregivers and Residents in Assisted Living Facilities Value in Health Monitoring SystemsProceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/36372908:CSCW1(1-29)Online publication date: 26-Apr-2024
            • (2023)Wearable Identities: Understanding Wearables’ Potential for Supporting the Expression of Queer IdentitiesProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3581327(1-19)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023

            View Options

            Login options

            View options

            PDF

            View or Download as a PDF file.

            PDF

            eReader

            View online with eReader.

            eReader

            HTML Format

            View this article in HTML Format.

            HTML Format

            Media

            Figures

            Other

            Tables

            Share

            Share

            Share this Publication link

            Share on social media