Article

Compiler-assisted demand paging for embedded systems with flash memory

Authors:

Sang Lyul MinAuthors Info & Claims

EMSOFT '04: Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software

Pages 114 - 124

https://doi.org/10.1145/1017753.1017775

Published: 27 September 2004 Publication History

Abstract

In this paper, we propose a novel, application specific demand paging mechanism for low-end embedded systems with flash memory as secondary storage. These systems are not equipped with virtual memory. A small memory space called an execution buffer is allocated to page an application. An application-specific page manager manages the buffer. The manager is generated by a compiler post-pass and combined with the application image. Our compiler post-pass analyzes the ELF executable image of an application and transforms function call/return instructions into calls to the page manager. As a result, each function of the code can be loaded into memory on demand at run time. To minimize the overhead of demand paging, code clustering algorithms are also presented. We evaluate our techniques with five embedded applications. We show that our approach can reduce the code memory size by 33% on average with reasonable performance degradation (8-20%) and energy consumption (10% more on average) for low-end embedded systems.

References

[1]

Andrew W. Appel. Modern Compiler Implementation in Java. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Digital Library

[2]

ARM. ARM Developer Suite Version 1.2: ARM Debug Target Guide. ARM Limited, 2001.

[3]

Oren Avissar and Rajeev Barua. An Optimal Memory Allocation Scheme for Scratchpad-Based Embedded Systems. IEEE Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems, 1(1):6--26, 2002.

Digital Library

[4]

Samsung~Electronics Co. NAND Flash Memory and SmartMedia Data Book. 2002.

[5]

Poletti Francesco, Paul Marchal, David Atienza, Luca Benini, Francky Catthoor, and Jose~M. Mendias. An Integrated Hardware/Software Approach for Run-Time Scratchpad Management. In The 41st Design Automation Conference (DAC 2004), pages 238--243, June 2004.

Digital Library

[6]

Matthew R. Guthaus, Jeffrey S. Ringenberg, Dan Ernst, Todd M. Austin, Trevor Mudge, and Richard B. Brown. MiBench: A Free, Aommercially Representative Embedded Benchmark Suite. In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Workshop on Workload Characterization, December 1998.

Digital Library

[7]

Prabhat Jain, Srinivas Devadas, Daniel Engels, and Larry Rudolph. Software-assisted Cache Replacement Mechanisms for Embedded Systems. In Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer Aided Design, pages 119--126, 2001.

Digital Library

[8]

Chunho Lee, Miograg Potkonjak, and William~H. Mangione-Smith. MediaBench: A Tool for Evaluating and Synthesizing Multimedia and Communications Systems. In Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Microarchitecture, December 1997.

Digital Library

[9]

M-Systems. Two Technologies Compared: NOR vs. NAND. White Paper, 91-SR-012-04-8L, Rev 1.1, July 2003.

[10]

P. R. Panda, N. Dutt, and A. Nicolau. Memory Issues in Embedded Systems-on-Chip: Optimizations and Exploration. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.

Digital Library

[11]

Chanik Park, Jeong-Uk Kang, Seon-Yeong Park, and Jin-Soo Kim. Energy-Aware Demand Paging on NAND Flash-based Embedded Storages. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED 2004), August 2004.

Digital Library

[12]

Chanik Park, Jaeyu Seo, Sunghwan Bae, Hyojun Kim, Shinhan Kim, and Bumsoo Kim. A Low-Cost Memory Architecture with NAND XIP for Mobile Embedded Systems. In ISSS+CODES 2003: First IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis, October 2003.

Digital Library

[13]

Samsung Electronics Co. http://www.samsung.com/products/semiconductor/asic. 2004.

[14]

Abraham Silberschatz, Peter Galvin, and Greg Gagne. Applied Operating System Concepts. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2003.

Digital Library

[15]

Tajana Simunic, Luca Benini, Peter Glynn, and Giovanni De Micheli. Dynamic Power Management for Portable Systems. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, pages 22--32, 2000.

Digital Library

[16]

Tajana Simunic, Luca Benini, and Giovanni De Micheli. Energy-Efficient Design of Battery-Powered Embedded Systems. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 9(1):15--28, 2001.

Digital Library

[17]

Stefen Steinke, Lars Wehmeyer, Bo-Sik Lee, and Peter Marwedel. Assigning Program and Data Objects to Scratchpad for Energy Reduction. In Design, Automation and Test in Europ Conference and Exposition (DATE 2002), pages 409--417, Feb 2002.

Digital Library

[18]

Hiroyuki Tomiyama and Hiroto Yasuura. Code Placement Techniques for Cache Miss Rate Reduction. IEEE Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems, 2(4):410--429, October 1997.

Digital Library

[19]

Toshiba America Electronic Components, Inc. Cost Savings with NAND Shadowing Reference Design with Motorola MPC8260 and Toshiba CompactFlash. 2002.

[20]

Manish Verma, Lars Wehmeyer, and Peter Marwedel. Cache-Aware Scratchpad Allocation Algorithm. In Design, Automation and Test in Europ Conference and Exposition (DATE 2004), pages 1264--1269, Feb 2004.

Digital Library

Cited By

Mururu GNi KGavrilovska APande SEgger BLee D(2023)PinIt: Influencing OS Scheduling via Compiler-Induced AffinitiesProceedings of the 24th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems10.1145/3589610.3596279(87-98)Online publication date: 13-Jun-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3589610.3596279
Youn JCho D(2019)A spill data aware memory assignment technique for improving power consumption of multimedia memory systemsMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-018-6783-x78:5(5463-5478)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-018-6783-x
Chae DKim JKim YKim JChang KSuh SLee HVarela CCastro HBarrios C(2016)CloudSwapProceedings of the 16th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing10.1109/CCGrid.2016.22(462-472)Online publication date: 16-May-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/CCGrid.2016.22
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Compiler-assisted demand paging for embedded systems with flash memory

Recommendations

Energy-aware demand paging on NAND flash-based embedded storages
ISLPED '04: Proceedings of the 2004 international symposium on Low power electronics and design

The ever-increasing requirement for high-performance and huge-capacity memories of emerging embedded applications has led to the widespread adoption of SDRAM and NAND flash memory as main and secondary memories, respectively. In particular, the use of ...
Demand Paging Techniques for Flash Memory Using Compiler Post-Pass Optimizations

In this article, we propose an application-specific demand paging mechanism for low-end embedded systems that have flash memory as secondary storage. These systems are not equipped with virtual memory. A small memory space called an execution buffer is ...
Dynamic scratchpad memory management for code in portable systems with an MMU

In this work, we present a dynamic memory allocation technique for a novel, horizontally partitioned memory subsystem targeting contemporary embedded processors with a memory management unit (MMU). We propose to replace the on-chip instruction cache ...

Comments

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

EMSOFT '04: Proceedings of the 4th ACM international conference on Embedded software

September 2004

316 pages

ISBN:1581138601

DOI:10.1145/1017753

General Chair:
Giorgio Buttazzo
University of Pavia, Italy

Copyright © 2004 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

SIGBED: ACM Special Interest Group on Embedded Systems

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 27 September 2004

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Article

Conference

EMSOFT04

Sponsor:

SIGBED

EMSOFT04: Fourth ACM International Conference on Embedded Software 2004

September 27 - 29, 2004

Pisa, Italy

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 60 of 203 submissions, 30%

Upcoming Conference

ESWEEK '24

Sponsor:
sigbed
sigbed
sigbed

Twentieth Embedded Systems Week

September 29 - October 4, 2024

Raleigh , NC , USA

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

56
Total Citations
View Citations
1,170
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)24
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 14 Sep 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Mururu GNi KGavrilovska APande SEgger BLee D(2023)PinIt: Influencing OS Scheduling via Compiler-Induced AffinitiesProceedings of the 24th ACM SIGPLAN/SIGBED International Conference on Languages, Compilers, and Tools for Embedded Systems10.1145/3589610.3596279(87-98)Online publication date: 13-Jun-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3589610.3596279
Youn JCho D(2019)A spill data aware memory assignment technique for improving power consumption of multimedia memory systemsMultimedia Tools and Applications10.1007/s11042-018-6783-x78:5(5463-5478)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11042-018-6783-x
Chae DKim JKim YKim JChang KSuh SLee HVarela CCastro HBarrios C(2016)CloudSwapProceedings of the 16th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud, and Grid Computing10.1109/CCGrid.2016.22(462-472)Online publication date: 16-May-2016
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/CCGrid.2016.22
Pallister JEder KHollis SOlukotun KSmith AHundt RMars J(2015)Optimizing the flash-RAM energy trade-off in deeply embedded systemsProceedings of the 13th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization10.5555/2738600.2738615(115-124)Online publication date: 7-Feb-2015
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/2738600.2738615
We KLee CYi KLin KLee Y(2014)HRT-PLRUIEEE Transactions on Computers10.1109/TC.2013.7063:4(927-940)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2014
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TC.2013.70
Xianlu Luo Liu DKan Zhong Dan Zhang Yi Lin Jie Dai Weichen Liu (2014)Enhancing lifetime of NVM-based main memory with bit shifting and flipping2014 IEEE 20th International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications10.1109/RTCSA.2014.6910554(1-7)Online publication date: Aug-2014
https://doi.org/10.1109/RTCSA.2014.6910554
Hu JXue CZhuge QTseng WSha E(2013)Write activity reduction on non-volatile main memories for embedded chip multiprocessorsACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems10.1145/2442116.244212712:3(1-27)Online publication date: 8-Apr-2013
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2442116.2442127
Lee DKim JLee CKim K(2013)mRT-PLRUIEEE Transactions on Computers10.1109/TC.2012.3362:4(758-771)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2013
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TC.2012.33
Zuolo LMiorandi GZambelli COlivo PBertozzi D(2013)System interconnect extensions for fully transparent demand paging in low-cost MMU-less embedded systems2013 International Symposium on System on Chip (SoC)10.1109/ISSoC.2013.6675257(1-6)Online publication date: Oct-2013
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSoC.2013.6675257
Brandolese CFornaciari WRucco LTerraneo FJerraya ACarloni LChang NFummi F(2012)Enabling ultra-low power operation in high-end wireless sensor networks nodesProceedings of the eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis10.1145/2380445.2380513(433-442)Online publication date: 7-Oct-2012
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2380445.2380513
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents