Water Science

A pilot-scale irrigation scheme was set up in South-West Portugal to investigate the causes of emitter clogging which has been observed when waste stabilisation pond effluents are used for drip irrigation of crops. During field trials over a period of two growing seasons, the ...

Abstract: Korapuzha is a short river of 40 km with a drainage area of 624 km2, flowing from dense forest and empties into the Arabian sea. It is formed by the confluence of two streams Agalapuzha and unnoorpuzha. In this study the samples were collected from Agalapuzha, Punnoorpuzha and Korappuzha, Korapuzha estuaries. The temperature and pH were monitored on the site and the remaining parameters were analyzed in the laboratory. The physical quality parameters such as color, odor, appearance and chemical
quality parameters such as pH, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, ammonia, dissolved oxygen, total solids, total hardness,
and iron have been evaluated. Compare the physical and chemical parameters. The physico-chemical analysis shows that the samples have high level of salinity, sulphate, total solids and total hardness. The results show that the water is affected by the intrusion of sea water into the river by excess excavation of sands from river for the construction of buildings and other anthropogenic activities which leads to environmental destruction.

In many parts of Italy, particularly in the South, it has become ever more difficult to meet the water demand. The recent years of drought and the constant increase of water demand for the civil sector have made irrigation supply more problematic. Wastewater reuse could represent a viable solution to meet water demand. The focus of this paper is on the regulation problems, hampering the development of wastewater reuse for irrigation, and on the potentials for reuse, particularly in Southern Italy. Planned exploitation of municipal wastewater could help meeting the irrigation water demand particularly in Southern Italy, where farmers have been practising uncontrolled wastewater reuse for a long time. In Northern and Central Italy, where available water resources generally meet water needs for different purposes, wastewater reuse could play an important role in controlling the pollution of water bodies. Despite the fact that Italian legislation is extremely strict and outdated, for se...

The denitrification potential, a key parameter in nutrient removal activated sludge systems, is mathematically described in terms of mass balance expressions for different carbon sources, namely, easily biodegradable substrate, slowly biodegradable substrate and biomass. Mass balance was derived both for single-anoxic (pre-denitrification) and dual anoxic (Bardenpho) systems. Correction factors for anoxic growth were experimentally determined using respirometry for domestic sewage and meat processing wastewater. The denitrification potential expressions were evaluated for different process configurations such as pre-denitrification, Bardenpho process and University of Cape Town (UCT) process.

An algorithm for the burst detection and location in water distribution networks based on the continuous monitoring of the flow rate at the entry point of the network and the pressure at a number of points within the network is presented. The approach is designed for medium to large bursts with opening times in the order of a few minutes and is suitable for networks of relatively small size, such as district metered areas (DMAs). The burst-induced increase in the inlet flow rate is detected using the modified cumulative sum (CUSUM) change detection test. Based on parameters obtained from the CUSUM test, the burst is simulated at a number of burst candidate locations. The calculated changes in pressure at the pressure monitoring points are then compared to the measured values and the location resulting in the best fit is selected as the burst location. The EPANET steady-state hydraulic solver is utilised to simulate the flows and pressures in the network. A sensitivity-based sampling...

Résumé L’avancement industriel et technologique à l'échelle mondiale a introduit des polluants de natures diverses dans l'eau. Les polluants peuvent être des contaminants organiques et des métaux lourds. Leur présence dans des effluents industriels où l'eau potable est un problème de santé publique en raison de leur absorption et, par la suite, leur accumulation dans l’organisme humain. Les règlements de pollution de l'eau exigent que les industries textiles réduisent considérablement la quantité de colorants dans leurs rejets. L'adsorption, procédé de traitement des eaux usées, exploite la capacité de quelques solides pour concentrer certaines substances sur leurs surfaces. Généralement, l’adsorbant le plus utilisé pour le traitement des effluents textiles est le charbon activé. La capacité de la bentonite pour enlever la couleur a été reconnue il y a quelque temps. Dans ce travail, nous avons étudié la cinétique d’adsorption d’un colorant acide, le rouge de Con...

In this work, the Box-Benkhen experimental Design (BBD) was applied for the optimization of the parameters of the electrocatalytic degradation of wastewaters resulting from a phenolic resins industry placed in the suburbs of Medellin (Colombia). The direct and the oxidant assisted electro-oxidation experiments were carried out in a laboratory scale batch cell reactor, with monopolar configuration, and electrodes made of graphite (anode) and titanium (cathode). A multifactorial experimental design was proposed, including the following experimental variables: initial phenol concentration, conductivity, and pH. The direct electro-oxidation process allowed to reach ca. 88% of phenol degradation, 38% of mineralization (TOC), 52% of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) degradation, and an increase in water biodegradability of 13%. The synergetic effect of the electro-oxidation process and the respective oxidant agent (Fenton reactant, potassium permanganate, or sodium persulfate) let to a signifi...

The IWA specialised group on anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the oldest working groups of the former IAWQ organisation. Despite the fact that anaerobic technology dates back more than 100 years, the technology is still under development, adapting novel treatment systems to the modern requirements. In fact, most advances were achieved during the last three decades, when high-rate reactor systems were developed and a profound insight was obtained in the microbiology of the anaerobic communities. This insight led to a better understanding of anaerobic treatment and, subsequently, to a broader application potential. The present "state-of-the-art" paper, which has been written by members of the AD management committee, reflects the latest achievements and sets future lines for further development.

The Activated Sludge Model No. 2d (ASM2d) presents a model for biological phosphorus removal with simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in activated sludge systems. ASM2d is based on ASM2 and is expanded to include the denitrifying activity of the phosphorus accumulating ...

The Activated Sludge Model No. 2 is introduced as a further development of Activated Sludge Model No. 1. Model No. 2 introduces phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAO) and allows us to simulate the behaviour of biological nutrient removal activated sludge systems. ...

In this worksheet, students will be instructed to do an experiment that will allow them to examine how water is transported in plants, while also honing their observational skills. Water transportation is important as it aids in the movements of nutrients and minerals from the water, which is used for photosynthesis. Adult supervision is strongly advised.

Skills Learned: Learn how to conduct an experiment to observe water transport in plants and develop observational skills, better understand the concept and function of plants, better understand the tools for conducting an experiment, and gain experience in the proper use of materials and tools, as well as preparation.
Intended Grade Level: Grade 1
Subject: Science, Biology

Credits:
Writer - Josephine Lityo
Editors - Fay A.K. and Stella I.W.
Layout - Stevie A.
Illustrator - Angie

The water of Lake Tanganyika is subject to changes in physicochemical characteristics
resulting in the deterioration of water quality to a great pace. The present investigation was
carried out on Lake Tanganyika at 4 sampling sites and aimed to assess the water quality
with reference to (i) its suitability for fish culture purposes, (ii) determining the trophic and
pollution status of the sampled stations, (iii) assessing the qualitative and quantitative
pattern of planktons diversity as fish food, (iv) establishing an inventory and taxonomic
characterization of fish species diversity and (v) highlighting the effect of pollutants on the
abundance and spatial distribution of fish species.
The physico-chemical and biological parameters of water samples were compared
to desirable and acceptable international standards for fish culture and the results of
comparative analysis indicated that the Lake has a high fish potential as the most important
of the water quality parameters were suitable for fish culture. The investigation revealed the
occurrence of 75 species belonging to 7different orders and 12 families in all sampling sites
and among the different species recorded, those belonging to the order Perciformes and the
family Cichlidae were most dominant.
The values of transparency, chlorophyll a and total phosphorus were indicative of
eutrophication phenomenon. Besides, Kajaga and Nyamugari stations were found heavily
polluted while Rumonge and Mvugo Stations were moderately polluted and for this purpose,
three categories of fish species have been distinguished, depending on their adaptation
level to pollution: polluosensitive species, polluotolerant species and polluoresistant
species.
With respect to planktons community results, it was found that all the values
obtained were within the permissible limits recommended in pisciculture and, the
abundance and diversity of phytoplankton species were far greater than those of
zooplankton species with 115species belonging to 7differet families for phytoplanktons
against 10species belonging to 4families for zooplankton population in all sampling stations.

A huge list of online materials and bibliography on environmental science, ecology, biology, water quality, scientific basis for protection of the environment. The materials are in English and other languages.
https://www.academia.edu/6303876/ ;

This article argues that groundwater—account-ing for 98% of all fresh water on earth—is central to human development. Drawing upon studies at the regional and sub-regional level, this review article explores synergies and trade-offs between groundwater development and human development. On one hand, groundwater exploitation may enhance human development. Groundwater's ''untapped potential'' related to various aspects of human development involves (a) water supply for irrigation and domestic purposes; (b) climate change adaptation and hydrological resilience; (c) hydrogeological storage of CO 2 ; and (d) access to (renewable) energy. On the other hand, human development may come at the expense of quality deterioration or depletion of groundwater. The review concludes that achieving a sound understanding of local groundwater characteristics and human impact on groundwater resources across scales is paramount to implementing the sustainable development goals in an integrated manner.

Traditional methods to evaluate flood risk generally focus on heavy storm events as the principal cause of flooding. Conversely, fault tree analysis is a technique that aims at modelling all potential causes of flooding. It quantifies both overall flood probability and relative contributions of individual causes of flooding. This paper presents a fault model for urban flooding and an application to the case of Haarlem, a city of 147,000 inhabitants. Data from a complaint register, rainfall gauges and hydrodynamic model calculations are used to quantify probabilities of basic events in the fault tree. This results in a flood probability of 0.78/week for Haarlem. It is shown that gully pot blockages contribute to 79% of flood incidents, whereas storm events contribute only 5%. This implies that for this case more efficient gully pot cleaning is a more effective strategy to reduce flood probability than enlarging drainage system capacity. Whether this is also the most cost-effective st...

Wastes from the personal care product (PCP) industry are often high in biodegradable carbon, which makes them amenable to aerobic biological treatment, although process costs are usually high due to aeration inefficiencies, high electricity demand and production of large amounts of sludge. As such, anaerobic treatment technologies are being considered to lower net energy costs by reducing air use and increasing methane production. To assess the amenability of PCP wastes to anaerobic treatment, methane yields and rates were quantified in different anaerobic reactors treating typical PCP wastes, including wastes from shampoo and hair colorant products. Overall, shampoo wastes were more amenable to methanogenesis with almost double the methane yields compared with colour wastes. To assess relevant microbial guilds, qPCR was performed on reactor biomass samples. Methanosaetaceae abundances were always significantly higher than Methanosarcinaceae and Methanomicrobiales abundances (P <...

Based on results of pilot scale research with source-separated black water (BW) and grey water (GW), a new sanitation concept is proposed. BW and GW are both treated in a UASB (-septic tank) for recovery of CH4 gas. Kitchen waste is added to the anaerobic BW treatment for doubling the biogas production. Post-treatment of the effluent is providing recovery of phosphorus and removal of remaining COD and nitrogen. The total energy saving of the new sanitation concept amounts to 200 MJ/year in comparison with conventional sanitation, moreover 0.14 kg P/p/year and 90 litres of potential reusable water are produced.

A guideline for simulation studies of wastewater treatment plants is proposed. The aim of the HSG-guideline is to define a reference quality level that helps to make the results of simulation studies comprehensible and comparable and therefore increases the quality and reliability of mathematical modelling in wastewater treatment. The paper gives a summary of the HSG-guideline, written by a group of university members from Germany, Austria and Switzerland.