Two Stroke Engine

BACKGROUND Recent studies have focused on mechanical thrombectomy as a means to reduce the time required for revascularization and increase the revascularization rate in acute stroke. To date no systematic evaluation has been made of the different mechanical devices in this novel and fast-developing field of endovascular interventions. To facilitate such evaluations, we developed a specific in vivo model for mechanical thrombectomy that allows visualization of dislocation or fragmentation of the thrombus during angiographic manipulation. METHODS Angiography and embolization with a preformed thrombus was performed in 8 swine. The thrombus was generated by mixing 25 IU bovine thrombin and 10 mL autologous blood. For visualization during angiography, 1 g barium sulfate was added. RESULTS The preformed thrombus exhibited mechanical stability, reproducibility, and high radiographic absorption, providing excellent visibility during angiography. The setting allowed selective embolization o...

In stroke, there is paralysis or weakness of one side of the body including upper limb, trunk and lower limb leading to the disturbances in the trunk muscles. Trunk is often neglected part in the stroke rehabilitation, trunk training exercises and Swiss ball exercises results in better recruitment of trunk muscles thus improving sitting balance. To compare the effect of core strengthening exercises on Swiss ball and Conventional exercise, to improve trunk balance in hemiplegic patients following stroke. A total number of 70 subjects were screened as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into two groups, Group-A received core strengthening exercises on Swiss ball along with conventional treatment and Group-B received core strengthening exercises along with conventional treatment. Subjects showed improvement in trunk balance following 6 weeks of core strengthening exercises.Post-intervention the TIS, BBA and MBI score of both groups improved but the Group-A i...

The knowledge of warning symptoms and risk factors for stroke has not been studied among patients with stroke in developing countries. We aimed to assess the knowledge of stroke among patients with stroke and their relatives. Prospective tertiary referral hospital-based study in Northwest India. Trained nurses and medical interns interviewed patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack and their relatives about their knowledge of stroke symptoms and risk factors. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used. Of the 147 subjects interviewed, 102 (69%) were patients and 45 (31%) were relatives. There were 99 (67%) men and 48 (33%) women and the mean age was 59.7+/-14.1 years. Sixty-two percent of respondents recognized paralysis of one side as a warning symptom and 54% recognized hypertension as a risk factor for stroke. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, higher education was associated with the knowledge of correct organ involvement in stroke (OR ...

Agriculture is the backbone of India. In India almost all farmers facing problems of labour shortage. In today‟s world we
required faster productivity in less time. About 65-70 % of Indian population depends upon agriculture. So for fulfilling the
future demands there is need of advancement in techniques and equipment‟s of farming at economic cost because in India every farmer can‟t afford tractor and other high cost machine equipment for the harvesting. Day by day labour wages are increasing and in the same way demand of agriculture products are also increasing and today‟s world need faster rate of production of agriculture products. This machine does the work with less efforts and in less time so it reduces cost of labour required for seed sowing and fertiliser placement. The cutting force of sugarcane is varied 29.14 to 106.57 N.

We present a report of a patient with blunt trauma and mandibular fractures who developed a significant cerebral infarction due to an initially unrecognized injury of her left internal carotid artery. We believe that increased knowledge of this association will facilitate early recognition and hence prevention of a devastating outcome. A 41-year-old ethnic Norwegian woman presented to our Emergency Room after a bicycle accident that had caused a direct blow to her chin. At admittance, her Glasgow Coma Scale was 15. Initial trauma computed tomography showed triple fractures of her mandible, but no further pathology. She was placed in our Intensive Care Unit awaiting open reduction of her mandibular fractures. During the following 9 hours, she showed recurrent episodes of confusion and a progressive right-sided hemiparesis. Repeated cerebral computed tomography revealed no further pathology compared to the initial scan. She had magnetic resonance angiography 17 hours after admittance,...

Tabung induksi merupakan alat yang digunakan untuk menampung campuran bahan bakar dan udara yang belum terbakar sempurna yang diterapkan pada sepeda motor mesin dua langkah guna meningkatkan efisiensi proses pembakaran. Pada perkembangannya terdapat berbagai macam jenis tabung induksi dengan bentuk dan volume yang berbeda-beda. Pada penelitian kali ini kita akan membandingkan pengaruh variasi volume dari tabung induksi tersebut terhadap daya, torsi dan air fuel ratio (AFR) engine dua langkah. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan adalah melakukan pengujian dyno test dengan memvariasikan volume tabung induksi dan mengambil data daya, torsi dan AFR. Variasi volume tabung induksi yang digunakan yaitu volume tabung RIS Kawasaki Ninja RR 150 sebesar 213,8 mm 3 dan volume tabung YEIS Yamaha RX-King 317,8 mm 3. Spesifikasi engine yang diuji yaitu mesin 2 langkah; berpendingin air; berkapasitas mesin 150 cc dengan ukuran diamater x langkah yaitu 59 mm x 54,4 mm; dan memiliki nilai rasio kompresi 6,9 : 1. Kesimpulan pada pengujian daya engine terbesar dihasilkan pada engine spesifikasi 3 dengan daya maksimum yaitu 21,2 hp pada putaran mesin 9400 rpm, sedangkan peningkatan daya engine lebih dahulu muncul engine spesifikasi 2 pada putaran mesin mulai dari 5500 rpm. Pada pengujian torsi engine didapat bahwa torsi maksimum dihasilkan pada engine spesfikasi 2 sebesar 13 Ft.Lb pada putaran mesin 8200 rpm dan juga peningkatan torsi lebih dahulu pada 5500 rpm. Pada pengujian AFR engine didapat bahwa AFR termiskin ada pada engine spesifikasi 2 yaitu 14,7 pada putaran engine 6500, sedangkan AFR terkaya ada pada engine spesifikasi 3 yaitu 13:1 pada putaran engine 7700 rpm.

Pengobatan Stroke Iskemik dengan Herbal. Adapun stroke iskemik terjadi ketika aliran darah ke otak tersumbat oleh bekuan darah,

Lakukan gaya hidup yang lebih sehat untuk menghindari penyakit stroke. Stroke adalah kondisi yang terjadi ketika pasokan darah ke otak berkurang akibat penyumbatan (stroke iskemik)

Stroke Iskemik (Stroke Sumbatan), Stroke yang paling sering terjadi. Stroke Emboli : Bekuan darah atau plak yang terbentuk di dalam jantung atau pembuluh darah.

SOP Subarashi mempunya paten fungsi untuk Memperlancar peredaran darah dan juga anti hipertensi.

More : salmonhomecoming.com

In this thesis a model of a Diesel ship propulsion plant containing a
large marine Diesel engine, a turbocharger, a propeller, and a large
container ship was built. The model was constructed with the aim of
simulating the working of a large marine propulsion plant on the screen
of a computer without recourse to the realization of each one of the
components of the whole ship propulsion plant.   
The large marine Diesel engine of the ship is modeled according to
a semi-experimental modeling approach developed in a previous article
by the same author. This approach is based on the simultaneous use of
characteristic data of the components of the engine and real engine
testing data sheets. This is motivated by the fact that the data necessary
for the equations representing the phenomena happening inside a
marine Diesel engine are not always available. Also, the modeling of the
marine Diesel engine is based on the use of mathematical equations and
on the use of relatively simple models of the engine governor, the engine
torque limiter, and the auxiliary blower.   
To the large marine Diesel engine model, propeller and ship models
have been added and the model of the whole marine propulsion plant
was built. The model was tested by the input of a speed schedule, of a
staircase form, in which the speed is sometimes constant and sometimes
increasing linearly and the results were in a good agreement with test
bench trials records of the large marine Diesel engine, when the model
of this engine was solely tested, whereas no ship sea trials data were
available for the evaluation of the results obtained when the model of the
whole ship propulsion plant was tested. Moreover, further research for
finding the best mathematical models for each one of the components of
this marine propulsion plant must be carried out.   
All in all, this thesis provided a first simplified approach for the
modeling and the simulation of a Diesel ship propulsion plant that is easy
to comprehend and very straightforward to implement.

Note: the values of the marine propeller characteristics cited in chapter five are not very accurate, because it was very difficult to obtain the exact values of the characteristics of the propeller equipping the ship in question.

The paper aims to help people affected by drop foot syndrome to walk efficiently without dragging their foot. This paper also suggests a method to keep the nervous system active, till professional medical help is administered, when a person is about to be attacked by paralysis.

An Air Driven Engine makes use of compressed air technology for its operation. If we compress normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. When this compressed air expands, the energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to displace a piston. For this work several modifications have to be done on the engine to suit our purpose. The modifications comprised of following: Closing the transfer port, closing the inlet port, removing the spark plug from the cylinder head and providing an inlet at the place of the spark plug. Air powered engines are available with filled compressed air storage tank which will be filled by compressor unit. Pressure inside the compressed air tank decreases because of continues injection of compressed air into the cylinder. Reciprocating compressor was employed to maintain constant pressure in the compressed air storage tank. The pneumatic engine of small dimensions, however with high power fulfill the regulations of the environmental protection with zero emission which will reduce the global environmental problems.

Due to increased use of fossil fuels in present
times, not only we are on the verge of depletion the fuels
but also by utilizing them on a vast scale, we are polluting the
environment leading to increased global warming. There are
millions of cars on roads already so it would be illogical to
withdraw all the automobiles, so it is better to modify internal
combustion engine to an efficient air engine with minimal cost.
For Simplification, in this paper we are considering 2-stroke
internal combustion Engine. There are two primary concerns
which needed to be addressed for the changeover. One is to
determine the position of air supply from a place where
maximum work could be extracted. The other one is the design
of timing circuit to precisely decide the point of entry of air
and the duration for air supply.

In internal combustion engines, the chemical composition of the trapped fuel-air-residual gas mixture controls the nature of combustion, which, in turn, determines the characteristics of the ensuing emissions and work production processes. Therefore, knowledge of the trapped mixture’s composition is critical for reliably predicting and controlling engine performance, emissions, and efficiency. A good index of the overall trapped mixture composition is the trapped equivalence ratio. Unfortunately, in two-stroke engines, it is unfeasible to accurately determine the trapped equivalence ratio using traditional intake flow measurements and exhaust emissions data. This limitation arises from the simultaneous occurrence of intake and exhaust processes in two-stroke engines, which causes: (1) exhaust emissions to be diluted by excess fresh air that was supplied for achieving effective gas exchange, that is trapping inefficiencies and (2) a significant fraction of combustion products to stay...

In present study, A spark ignition and a compression ignition engine with uniflow valve scavenging of the cylinder and a transfer valve in the piston crown have been described. A great disadvantage of two-stroke engines is ports which are made in the cylinder bearing surface. Under the heat which is realised during the combustion, the thermal extension of the range in proximity of the ports and other parts of the cylinder is different and so the distortion of the geometry of the cylinder liner surface force the designer to make the clearance between the piston and the cylinder liner bigger. This paper presents the critical review to study the effect of fuel injection timing and scavenging using diesel on the combustion and emission characteristics of a single cylinder, two stroke, air cooled direct injection diesel engine. It is well known that injection strategies including the injection timing and pressure play the most important role in determining engine performance, especially in scavenging emissions. However, the injection timing and pressure quantitatively affect the performance of the diesel engine.

Thesis by Maurice Dean Black, 1972, at the Brigham Young University
52 pages
- no Wankel rotary engine -

> Content ...
> Table of Contents  4
> List of Illustrations  5
> Chapter 1 - Introduction  6
> Chapter 2 - The Cavity / Rotor System  7
  » Characterization of the Cavity/Rotor System  7
  » Cavity Design  7
  » Rotor Design  11
> Chapter 3 - Engine Design Variations  13
  » Internal Combustion Engines  13
  » Otto Cycle Engine  15
  » Surge-tube Four-cycle Engine  15
  » Conventional Two-cycle Engine  18
  » Symmetric Two-cycle Engine  18
  » Otto Cycle  22
  » Surge-tube Four-cycle  22
  » Conventional Two-cycle  24
  » Symmetric Two-cycle  25
  » Compressed Gas Engines  30
> Chapter 4 - Special Design Considerations  33
  » Tip Loading + its Alleviation with Springs  33
  » Minimizing Gas Losses  36
  » Use of a perfect Circle as Cavity Perimeter  36
  » Zero Fuel Loss Modification of the Conventional Two-cycle Engine  39
  » Improved Specific Fuel Consumption in the Symmetric Two-cycle Engine  39
> Chapter 5 - Test + Display Engine  42
> Chapter 6 - Evaluation  45
> Appendix
  » Computer Programs for idealized Engine Cycles  46
  » Notation  46
  » Otto Cycle  47
  » Surge Tube Four-cycle  48
  » Conventional Two-cycle  49
  » Symmetric Two-cycle  50
> Works cited  51
> Abstract  52

german keywords: Rotationskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

Background Transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and minor stroke are often considered transient events; however, many patients experience residual problems and reduced quality of life. Current follow-up healthcare focuses on stroke prevention and care for other long-term problems is not routinely provided. We aimed to explore patient and healthcare provider (HCP) experiences of residual problems post-TIA/minor stroke, the impact of TIA/minor stroke on patients’ lives, and current follow-up care and sources of support. Methods This qualitative study recruited participants from three TIA clinics, seven general practices and one community care trust in the West Midlands, England. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 TIA/minor stroke patients and 24 HCPs from primary, secondary and community care with framework analysis. Results A diverse range of residual problems were reported post-TIA/minor stroke, including psychological, cognitive and physical impairments. Consultants and ...

Gas exchange processes in two-stroke internal combustion engines, i.e. scavenging, remove exhaust gases from the combustion chamber and prepare the fuel-oxidizer mixture that undergoes combustion. A non-negligible fraction of the mixture trapped in the cylinder at the conclusion of scavenging is composed of residual gases from the previous cycle. This can cause significant changes to the combustion characteristics of the mixture by changing its composition and temperature, i.e. its thermodynamic state. Thus, it is vital to have accurate knowledge of the thermodynamic state of the post-scavenging mixture to be able to reliably predict and control engine performance, efficiency and emissions. Several simple-scavenging models can be found in the literature that-based on a variety of idealized interaction modes between incoming and cylinder gases-calculate the state of the trapped mixture. In this study, boundary conditions extracted from a validated 1-D predictive model of a single-cylinder twostroke engine are used to gauge the performance of four simple scavenging models. It is discovered that the assumption of thermal homogeneity of the incoming and exiting gases is a major source of inaccuracy. A new non-isothermal multi-stage single-zone scavenging model is thus, proposed to address some of the shortcomings of the four models. The proposed model assumes that gas-exchange in cross-scavenged two-stroke engines takes place in three stages; an isentropic blowdown stage, followed by perfect-displacement and perfect-mixing stages. Significant improvements in the trapped mixture state estimates were observed as a result.

The introduction of modern aftertreatment systems in marine diesel engines call for accurate prediction of exhaust gas temperature, since it significantly affects the performance of the aftertreatment system. The scavenging process establishes the initial conditions for combustion, directly affecting exhaust gas temperature, fuel economy, and emissions. In this paper, a semi-empirical zero-dimensional three zone scavenging model applicable to two-stroke uniflow scavenged diesel engines is updated using the results of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations. In this 0-D model, the engine cylinders are divided in three zones (thermodynamic control volumes) namely, the pure air zone, mixing zone, and pure exhaust gas zone. The entrainment of air and exhaust gas in the mixing zone is specified by time varying mixing coefficients. The mixing coefficients were updated using results from CFD simulations based on the geometry of a modern 50 cm bore large two-stroke marine diesel engi...

Background and ObjectivesMultidisciplinary acute stroke teams improve acute ischemic stroke management but may hinder trainees’ education which in turn may contribute to poorer outcomes in community hospitals upon graduation. Our goal was to assess graduate neurology trainee performance independent of a multi-disciplinary stroke team in the management of acute ischemic stroke, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-related hemorrhage, and cerebral herniation syndrome.MethodsIn this prospective, observational, single-center simulation-based study, participants (sub-interns to attending physicians) managed a patient with acute ischemic stroke followed by tPA-related hemorrhagic conversion leading to cerebral herniation. Critical actions were developed by a modified Delphi approach based on relevant American Heart Association guidelines and the Neurocritical Care Society’s Emergency Neurological Life Support protocols. The primary outcome measure was graduate neurology trainees’ critical a...

Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in patients with a low National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 0–5 remains controversial. IVT should be used in patients with mild but nevertheless disabling symptoms. We hypothesize that response to IVT of patients with “mild stroke” may depend on their level of functional dependence (FD) at hospital admission. The aims of our study were to investigate the effect of IVT and to explore the role of FD in influencing the response to IVT. This study was a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database, including 389 patients stratified into patients receiving IVT (IVT+) and not receiving IVT (IVT −) just because of mild symptoms. Barthel index (BI) at admission was used to assess FD, dividing subjects with BI score < 80 (FD+) and with BI score ≥ 80 (FD−). The efficacy endpoints were the rate of positive disability outcome (DO+) (3-month mRS score of 0 or 1), and the rate of positive functional outcome (FO+) (mRS score ...

Background and Purpose— Mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. However, the impact of balloon guide catheter (BGC) use is not well established. Methods— STRATIS (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke) was a prospective, multicenter study of patients with large vessel occlusion treated with the Solitaire stent retriever as first-line therapy. In this study, an independent core laboratory, blinded to the clinical outcomes, reviewed all procedures and angiographic data to classify procedural technique, target clot location, recanalization after each pass, and determine the number of stent retriever passes. The primary clinical end point was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale, 0–2) at 3 months as determined on-site, and the angiographic end point was first-pass effect (FPE) success rate from a single device attempt (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebr...

Moving research evidence to practice can take years, if not decades, which denies stroke patients and families from receiving the best care. We present the results of an international consensus process prioritizing what research evidence to implement into stroke rehabilitation practice to have maximal impact. An international 10-member Knowledge Translation Working Group collaborated over a six-month period via videoconferences and a two-day face-to-face meeting. The process was informed from surveys received from 112 consumers/family members and 502 health care providers in over 28 countries, as well as from an international advisory of 20 representatives from 13 countries. From this consensus process, five of the nine identified priorities relate to service delivery (interdisciplinary care, screening and assessment, clinical practice guidelines, intensity, family support) and are generally feasible to implement or improve upon today. Readily available website resources are identif...

Intensive physical therapy (PT) facilitates motor recovery when provided during a subacute stage after stroke. The efficiency of very early intensive PT has been less investigated. We aimed to investigate whether intensive PT conducted within the first 2 weeks could aid recovery of motor control. This multicentre randomized controlled trial compared soft PT (20-min/d apart from respiratory needs) and intensive PT (idem+45 minutes of intensive exercises/day) initiated within the first 72 hours after a first hemispheric stroke. The primary outcome was change in motor control between day (D) 90 and D0 assessed by the Fugl-Meyer score. Main secondary outcomes were number of days to walking 10 m unassisted, balance, autonomy, quality of life, and unexpected medical events. All analyses were by intent to treat. We could analyze data for 103 of the 104 included patients (51 control and 52 experimental group; 64 males; median age overall 67 [interquartile range 59-77], 67 right hemispheric ...

Motivational interviewing and stages of change are approaches to increasing knowledge and effecting behavioural change. This study examined the application of this approach on stroke knowledge acquisition and changing individual lifestyle risk factors in an outpatient clinic. RCT in which 200 participants were allocated to an education-counselling interview (ECI) or a control group. ECI group participants mapped their individual risk factors on a stage of change model and received an appointment to the next group lifestyle class. Participants completed a stroke knowledge questionnaire at baseline (T1), post-appointment, and three months (T3) post-appointment. Passive to active changes in lifestyle behaviour were self-reported at three months. There was a statistically significant difference between groups from T1 toT3 in stroke knowledge (p < 0.001). While there was a significant shift from a passive to active stage of change for the overall study sample (p < 0.000), there was...

Background Not all stroke survivors respond to the same form of physical therapy in the same way early after stroke. The response is variable and a detailed understanding of the interaction between specific physical therapies and neural structure and function is needed. Objectives To determine if upper limb recovery is enhanced more by functional strength training (FST) than by movement performance therapy (MPT), to identify the differences in the neural correlates of response to (1) FST and (2) MPT and to determine whether or not pretreatment neural characteristics can predict recovery in response to (1) FST and (2) MPT. Design Randomised, controlled, observer-blind, multicentre trial with embedded explanatory investigations. An independent facility used computer-generated randomisation for participants’ group allocation. Setting In-patient rehabilitation, participants’ homes, university movement analysis facilities and NHS or university neuroimaging departments in the UK. Particip...

Two stroke petrol engine emits more and consume large amount of fuel in comparison of its counterpart diesel engine. To investigate the reason of poor performance of the engine the cold flow studies were carried out on steady flow test rig of two-stroke petrol engine. The scavenging characteristics were studied and stratified scavenging system was developed. The results show that the time edge of the piston during partial opening of transfer ports disturbs the ideal flow profiles and results in very high losses of fresh charge. A conventional engine has been modified to incorporate this finding and the engine was tested for emissions and fuel consumption. The results reveal that specific fuel consumption of the engine gets reduced by 11% and HC emissions by 26%, if 50% of total flow of charge is replaced by secondary flow of air through the secondary circuit. A comparison of results of cold flow studies with those of actual engine tests for different amount of air flow through secondary circuit show that emissions and fuel consumptions can be further reduced, if ports are redesigned, transfer passage volume is enhanced and direct opening of transfer passages into the crankcase is avoided. 118 A.K. Berwal and Mukesh Saxena

Background: The complex nature of stroke sequelae, the heterogeneity in rehabilitation pathways, and the lack of validated prediction models of rehabilitation outcomes challenge stroke rehabilitation quality assessment and clinical research. An integrated care pathway (ICP), defining a reproducible rehabilitation assessment and process, may provide a structured frame within investigated outcomes and individual predictors of response to treatment, including neurophysiological and neurogenetic biomarkers. Predictors may differ for different interventions, suggesting clues to personalize and optimize rehabilitation. To date, a large representative Italian cohort study focusing on individual variability of response to an evidence-based ICP is lacking, and predictors of individual response to rehabilitation are largely unexplored. This paper describes a multicenter study protocol to prospectively investigate outcomes and predictors of response to an evidence-based ICP in a large Italian ...

Background and purpose: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been extensively studied over the past 20 years to promote functional motor recovery after stroke. However, tDCS clinical relevance still needs to be determined. The present systematic review aims to determine whether tDCS applied to the primary motor cortex (M1) in stroke patients can have a positive effect on functional motor outcomes.Materials and methods: Two databases (Medline & Scopus) were searched for randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled trials pertaining to the use of M1 tDCS on cerebral stroke patients, and its effects on validated functional motor outcomes. When data were provided, effect sizes were calculated. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42018108157Results: 46 studies (n = 1291 patients) met inclusion criteria. Overall study quality was good (7.69/10 on the PEDro scale). Over half (56.5%) the studies were on chronic stroke patients. There seemed to be a certain pattern of recurring parameters, but tDCS protocols still remain heterogeneous. Overall results were positive (71.7% of studies found that tDCS has positive results on functional motor outcomes). Effect-sizes ranged from 0 to 1.33. No severe adverse events were reported.Conclusion: Despite heterogeneous stimulation parameters, outcomes and patient demographics, tDCS seems to be complementary to classical and novel rehabilitation approaches. With minimal adverse effects (if screening parameters are respected), none of which were serious, and a high potential to improve recovery when using optimal parameters (i.e.: 20 min of stimulation, at 2 mA with 25 or 35cm2 electrodes that are regularly humidified), tDCS could potentially be ready for clinical applications.Implications for RehabilitationtDCS could potentially be ready for clinical application.Evidence of very low to very high quality is available on the effectiveness of tDCS to improve motor control following stroke.This should with caution be focused on the primary motor cortex.

Background The uptake of proven stroke treatments varies widely. We aimed to determine the association of evidence‐based processes of care for acute ischemic stroke ( AIS ) and clinical outcome of patients who participated in the HEADPOST (Head Positioning in Acute Stroke Trial), a multicenter cluster crossover trial of lying flat versus sitting up, head positioning in acute stroke. Methods and Results Use of 8 AIS processes of care were considered: reperfusion therapy in eligible patients; acute stroke unit care; antihypertensive, antiplatelet, statin, and anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation; dysphagia assessment; and physiotherapist review. Hierarchical, mixed, logistic regression models were performed to determine associations with good outcome (modified Rankin Scale scores 0–2) at 90 days, adjusted for patient and hospital variables. Among 9485 patients with AIS, implementation of all processes of care in eligible patients, or “defect‐free” care, was associated with improved...

Background: Hematoma expansion (HE) is an important therapeutic target in intracerebral hemorrhage. Recently proposed HE definitions have not been validated, and no previous definition has accounted for withdrawal of care (WOC). Objective: To compare conventional and revised definitions of hematoma expansion (HE), while accounting for WOC. Methods: We analyzed data from the ATACH-2 trial, comparing revised definitions of HE incorporating intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) expansion to the conventional definition of “≥6 mL or ≥33%”. The primary outcome was modified Rankin Scale of 4-6 at 90-days. We calculated the incidence, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and c- statistic for all definitions of HE. Definitions were compared using non-parametric methods. Secondary analyses were performed after removing patients who experienced WOC. Results: Primary analysis included 948 patients. Using the conventional definition, the sensitivity was 37.1% and specif...

In Chapter 16, The impact of music interventions on motor rehabilitation following stroke in elderly, Altenmu¨ller and James present music-supported therapy methods to improve poststroke recovery, with a focus on upper limb and gait rehabilitation, as well as on studies targeting cognitive and psychological outcomes. In line with the previous chapters of this section, they conclude that music listening and active musical training can be a strong stimulant for neuroplastic adaptations and behavioral improvements in neurological rehabilitation, mediated by sensory, motor, cognitive, emotional, and neurophysiological processes. Nonetheless, all these authors emphasize methodological limitations to current music-based intervention studies. They provide very important recommendations to consider when designing and assessing the next studies so that music-based interventions in neurorehabilitation can be grounded within a neurobiological understanding of how and why particular brain systems are affected. These considerations should help to improve the relevance of clinical interventions and the scientific demonstration of their efficacy, ultimately increasing patients’ functioning, autonomy, and well-being.

The annual incidence of stroke in Norway is 15,000. The disease has tremendous health-related and economic consequences. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the cost implications of stroke. The article is based on literature identified through searching the Medline and Cochrane databases, and analysis of our own stroke data at St. Olavs Hospital. Costs are presented in Norwegian kroner (NOK). The average cost during the first year after a stroke is 150,000-170,000 NOK, according to economic analyses of stroke trials in Trondheim and Swedish studies. The average lifetime cost is estimated to be NOK 600,000. Stroke-related total annual public costs are approximately 7 - 8 billion NOK. Acute stroke unit care, extended stroke unit service with early supported discharge and cooperation with the primary health care system seem to be the most effective methods of reducing costs and improving functional outcome after a stroke. The cost of stroke is significant. Economic analys...

Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengujian untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh modifikasi lubang inlet outlet dan cylinder head terhadap kenaikan putaran dan daya yang dihasilkan mesin bensin dua langkah satu silinder untuk sepeda motor. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin sepeda motor merk Yamaha F1ZR sebagai mesin uji dan menggunakan tacho meter digital dan dynamometer sebagai alat uji. Modifikasi yang dilakukan adalah dengan memperbesar durasi outlet port dari 126° menjadi 185°, durasi lubang inlet dari 71° menjadi 97°, dan lubang transfer dari 78° menjadi 87°. Modifikasi juga dilakukan pada silinder head dengan mengurangi ketebalan nat sebesar 1 mm dan memperlebar squish dari 7 mm menjadi 8 mm. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan dua kali pengujian, yaitu pengujian performa mesin standar, dan pengujian performa mesin setelah dimodifikasi. Hasil pengujian tersebut kemudian dibandingkan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar pengaruh modifikasi pada ruang bakar yang telah dilakukan. Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan, dapat diketahui bahwa mesin menghasilkan peningkatan putaran mesin sebesar 2000 rpm, daya sebesar 0,038% dan efisiensi pembilasan sebesar 0,00024%.

This research studies about the influence of modifications inlet outlet hole and cylinder head to the increase in rotation and power of spark ignition engine two stroke single-cylinders of motorcycles. As research material used brand Yamaha F1ZR of motorcycle engine and research tools used digital tachometer to measure engine speed and dynamometer to measure torque. This research done by modifying the outlet port duration of 126° to 185°, the duration of the inlet holes of 71° to 97°, and hole transfer of 78° to 87°. This modifications done by reducing the thickness of the grout on the cylinder head of 1 mm and widened squish from 7 mm to 8 mm. This research was carried out with two testing, the testing of performance of engine standards and the testing of performance of engine after modified. The test results are compared to know how big the influence of modification. From these results, it can be seen that there is an increased rotation of 2000 rpm and a power of 0.038% and scavenging efficiency of 0.00024%.

An Air Driven Engine makes use of compressed air technology for its operation. If we compress normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. When this compressed air expands, the energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to displace a piston. For this work several modifications have to be done on the engine to suit our purpose. The modifications comprised of following: Closing the transfer port, closing the inlet port, removing the spark plug from the cylinder head and providing an inlet at the place of the spark plug. Air powered engines are available with filled compressed air storage tank which will be filled by compressor unit. Pressure inside the compressed air tank decreases because of continues injection of compressed air into the cylinder. Reciprocating compressor was employed to maintain constant pressure in the compressed air storage tank. The pneumatic engine of small dimensions, however with high power fulfill the regulations of the environmental protection with zero emission which will reduce the global environmental problems.

An Air Driven Engine makes use of compressed air technology for its operation. If we compress normal air into a cylinder the air would hold some energy within it. When this compressed air expands, the energy is released to do work. So this energy in compressed air can also be utilized to displace a piston. For this work several modifications have to be done on the engine to suit our purpose. The modifications comprised of following: Closing the transfer port, closing the inlet port, removing the spark plug from the cylinder head and providing an inlet at the place of the spark plug. Air powered engines are available with filled compressed air storage tank which will be filled by compressor unit. Pressure inside the compressed air tank decreases because of continues injection of compressed air into the cylinder. Reciprocating compressor was employed to maintain constant pressure in the compressed air storage tank. The pneumatic engine of small dimensions, however with high power fulfill the regulations of the environmental protection with zero emission which will reduce the global environmental problems.

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of acupuncture treatment for dysphagia as a complication of stroke. Methods and Design. This is a multicenter, pragmatic, nonrandomized, self-controlled clinical trial. A total of 39 patients were recruited from several Chinese medicine outpatient clinics and hospital-affiliated speech therapy outpatient clinics in Hong Kong. 26 patients completed all the 24 sessions of acupuncture treatment within two months, and only 12 of them were used as self-control. For the self-control group, the retrospective clinical data was taken from the electronic patient records with patient consent. The descriptive swallowing function data were converted into the quantitative Royal Brisbane Hospital Outcome Measure for Swallowing (RBHOMS) scores by two registered speech therapists through a validation process. And the data were validated by reaching consensus between the two speech therapists. All subjects underwent a baseline assessment before comm...

Background: Stroke as the most common cause of disability and the second common cause of death, has deleterious socio-economic impacts on the healthcare systems and societies worldwide. So we aimed to investigate stroke outcomes of Iranian patients in terms of human and hospital costs. Methods: In this study, patients admitted to Rasoul-e-Akram hospital, diagnosed with ischemic stroke were included. One month to 2 years telephone follow-up were applied. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier analysis were assigned for mortality and survival analyses, respectively. Economic predictors and cost-effectiveness of hospital cares were analyzed by T-test and Leven’s test. Results: Among 134 patients, in-hospital and long-term mortality rates were 7.46% and 4.03%, respectively and 985.5% of the patients survived for one month and 96.3% survived for 2 years. Mortality increased with age and initial pulse rate. The average of health-care system costs was estimated at 61...

Methods—Version 2.0 of the SIS is a self-report measure that includes 64 items and assesses 8 domains (strength, hand function, ADL/IADL, mobility, communication, emotion, memory and thinking, and participation). Subjects with mild and moderate strokes completed the SIS at ...

The standard outcome measure in stroke research is modified Rankin scale (mRS) evaluated by local blinded investigators. We aimed to assess feasibility and reliability of 2 central adjudication methods of mRS in the setting of a randomized endovascular stroke trial. This is a secondary analysis derived from the Randomized Trial of Revascularization With Solitaire FR Device Versus Best Medical Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Stroke Due to Anterior Circulation Large Vessel Occlusion Presenting Within Eight Hours of Symptom Onset (REVASCAT) trial cohort. Primary outcome was distribution of mRS at 90 days. Local evaluation was done by certified investigators masked to treatment assignment using structured face-to-face interviews. In addition, central assessment was performed by 2 independent raters via structured phone interview (n=120) and via video recordings of the face-to-face interviews with local investigators (n=106). Interrater agreement was evaluated using kappa and discordan...

As a part of the ongoing effort to improve the emissions performance of natural-gas-fueled two-stroke engines, a single-cylinder, cross-scavenged SI engine has been simulated using three different modeling platforms. These include a 3-D CFD model developed using Converge CFD, a 1-D gas dynamic model developed using GT-Power and a 0-D model developed using MatLab. These models cater to different investigatory needs and vary in the level of details they provide. Any increase in resolution comes with an associated increase in computational expense. These models are generic in their architecture and can model gas exchange for most two-stroke engines after being updated for differences in engine design, scavenging techniques, and fuel metering methods.

In internal combustion engines, the water injection, also known as an anti-detonant injection, is spraying water into the cylinder or incoming air-fuel mixture to cool the combustion chamber of the engine, allowing for greater compression ratios and eliminating the problem of engine knocking. This effectively reduces the air intake temperature in the combustion chamber. The reduction of the air intake temperature allows for higher ignition timing to be employed, which ultimately increases the power output of the engine. Depending on the engine, improvement in power and fuel efficiency can also be obtained by injecting water. Water injection may also reduce carbon monoxide emissions. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of water injection on the engine performance, exhaust gas temperature, and exhaust emission of the S.I. engine, water is injected in specific quantities with compressed air. Single cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled, 100 cc petrol engines were used in this experiment. Obtained data will compare to calculate the performance of specific fuel consumption, which will get without a water supply to a petrol engine based on performance. The performance test is conducted to find out the fuel efficiency and is compared with conventional engine present also emission is to be carried out to find CO (carbon monoxide) emissions.