Software Product Lines

We consider a set of programs a family when it pays to look at their common aspects before looking at their differences. For commercial software developers the implications are twofold: First, making rational decisions about product-line processes and products requires the ability to answer the question: "Does it pay?" Second, whether or not something pays is ultimately a business (rather than software engineering) question. In short, making sound software engineering decisions requires understanding the business implications of those decisions, and vice versa. This paper describes work in progress to develop a product-line process model and common value metric that adequately link product value drivers (what it pays) with the software engineering decisions that affect those drivers. In it, we describe a systematic approach to quantifying the return on investment for both product and process improvements based on common software engineering principles and a common value me...

The Software Product Line (SPL) paradigm has proven to be an effective way to achieve large scale reuse in different domains.. The architecture plays an important role in SPL engineering, by providing means to better understand and maintain the product-derivation environment. However, it is difficult to evolve such architecture because it is not always clear where and how to reface it.in this paper I have tried to overview some of the latest systems through the analysis and categorization of evidences.

Software product line engineering pursues the efficient development of families of similar products. COPLIMO is an economic model that relies on COCOMO II to estimate the benefits of adopting a product line approach compared to developing the products one by one. Although COPLIMO is an ideal economic model to support decision making on the incremental development of a product line, it makes some simplifying assumptions that may produce high distortions in the estimates (e.g., COPLIMO takes for granted that all the products have the same size). This paper proposes a COPLIMO reformulation that avoids such assumptions and, consequently, improves the accuracy of the estimates. To support our proposal, we present an algorithm that infers the additional information that our COPLIMO reformulation requires from feature diagrams, which is a widespread notation to model the domain of a product line.

[Background]: Software Product Lines (SPLs) have been widely discussed in literature as part of solution to build systems solutions in a collaborative way. Providing interoperability support is an essential requirement to achieve effective results in collaborative systems field. Despite the importance of interoperability in SPLs, research related to this field is scarce and scattered in literature. Fulfilling this requirement is not a trivial task and a mapping study about which interoperability solutions have been tackled in SPLs has not been done yet. [Goal]: This paper aims at identifying and classifying research related to interoperability in SPLs. [Method]: Conduct a systematic mapping to identify and classify SPL interoperability solutions. [Results]: The classifications showed that syntactic was the main addressed interoperability level and that architecture and variability issues were the focus of the SPL researches. [Conclusions]: The results have suggested that an expressive number of solutions related to the syntactic interoperability level were proposed. However, some challenges remain opened, such as providing higher interoperability level support, for example, regarding pragmatic, dynamic and conceptual interoperability solutions.

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There is a wide range of available biological databases developed by bioinformatics experts, employing different methods to extract biological data. In this paper, we investigate and evaluate the performance of some of these methods in terms of their ability to efficiently access bioinformatics databases using web-based interfaces. These methods retrieve bioinformatics information using structured and semi-structured data tools, which are able to retrieve data from remote database servers. This study distinguishes each of these approaches and contrasts these tools. We used Sequence Retrieval System (SRS) and Entrez search tools for structured data, while Perl and BioPerl search programs were used for semi-structured data to retrieve complex queries including a combination of text and numeric information. The study concludes that the use of semi-structured data tools for accessing bioinformatics databases is a viable alternative to the structured tools, though each method is shown to...

It’s a great resource for someone with a modest amount of professional programming experience and a basic knowledge of data structures and algorithms. Bentley covers a wide range of topics relevant to the working programmer, including multiple chapters with case studies of algorithmic development from Bentley’s life as a professional developer, a chapter on the importance of choosing the right data structure(s) for your program, program performance/tuning, and finally a number of chapters that discuss specific algorithms and data structures.

Software product line engineering is a paradigm for developing a family of software products from a repository of reusable assets rather than developing each individual product from scratch. In featureoriented software product line engineering, the common and the variable characteristics of the products are expressed in terms of features. Using software product line engineering approach, software products are produced en masse by means of two engineering phases: (i) Domain Engineering and, (ii) Application Engineering. At the domain engineering phase, reusable assets are developed with variation points where variant features may be bound for each of the diverse products. At the application engineering phase, individual and customized products are developed from the reusable assets. Ideally, the reusable assets should be adaptable with less effort to support additional variations (features) that were not planned beforehand in order to increase the usage context of SPL as a result of expanding markets or when a new usage context of software product line emerges. This paper presents an exploration research to investigate the properties of features, in the code-asset implemented using Object-Oriented Programming Style. In the exploration, we observed that program elements of disparate features formed unions as well as intersections that may affect modifiability of the code-assets. The implication of this research to practice is that an unstable product line and with the tendency of emerging variations should aim for techniques that limit the number of intersections between program elements of different features. Similarly, the implication of the observation to research is that there should be subsequent investigations using multiple case studies in different software domains and programming styles to improve the understanding of the findings.

The intent of this paper is to define a common case study for the domain-specific modeling research community. The domain of the case study is oil and gas pipeline design management systems, i.e., systems that help in identifying, handling, and controlling a pipeline design task by coordinating the communication between all component models and dimensions involved in handling the design, by allocating and managing resources, and by providing access to relevant design-related information to domain experts. This document contains general informal requirements for a pipeline design management systems (PDMSs), a feature model for the PDMS product line, and a domain model for the PDMS, as well as an informal physical pipeline model of the PDMS. Domain specific modeling researchers who want to demonstrate the power of their technique can hence apply the approach in other related areas at the most appropriate level of abstraction in the domain of pipeline engineering.

Requirements for implemented system can be extracted and reused for a production of a new similar system. Extraction of common and variable features from requirements leverages the benefits of the software product lines engineering (SPLE). Although various approaches have been proposed in feature extractions from natural language (NL) requirements, no related literature review has been published to date for this topic. This paper provides a systematic literature review (SLR) of the state-of-the-art approaches in feature extractions from NL requirements for reuse in SPLE. We have included 13 studies in our synthesis of evidence and the results showed that hybrid natural language processing approaches were found to be in common for overall feature extraction process. A mixture of automated and semi-automated feature clustering approaches from data mining and information retrieval were also used to group common features, with only some approaches coming with support tools. However, most of the support tools proposed in the selected studies were not made available publicly and thus making it hard for practitioners’ adoption. As for the evaluation, this SLR reveals that not all studies employed software metrics as ways to validate experiments and case studies. Finally, the quality assessment conducted confirms that practitioners’ guidelines were absent in the selected studies.

Software development paradigms help a software developer to select appropriate strategies to develop software projects. They include various methods, procedures, and tools to describe and define the software development life cycle (SDLC). The waterfall and iterative models are two useful development paradigms, which have been used by various software developers in the last decades. This paper proposes a new software development methodology, called waterative model, which applies an integration of the waterfall and iterative development paradigms. In this model, the iterative model is embedded into the waterfall model to use the advantages of both models as an integrated one. It, in the most cases, is appropriate for large software products that need a long-term period of time for the development process. Experimental results demonstrate that the customer satisfaction score could be high by using the proposed model in various software projects.

Software systems have become essential to many human activities and have proliferated thanks to various hardware innovations such as mobile computing (laptops, personal digital assistants, mobile phones) and networks (DSL, WIFI, GSM, etc.) enabling interactions between users and computer systems in virtually any place. This situation has created both a great complexity for such distributed systems to be designed and great expectations (mainly concerned with quality, time and induced costs of the software) from the users of these systems, requiring improvements in software engineering methods in order to meet these challenges.
On the one hand, Model Driven Engineering (MDE), by allowing the description of software systems through abstractions and deriving useful system artifacts, harnesses inherent complex- ity of software systems and reduces time-to-market via model transformations. On the other hand, software product lines foster software reuse by proposing to develop applications based on a set of common assets belonging to a particular domain. Thus, when product line assets are carefully designed, both quality and time-to-market requirements can be achieved. Development methods that have resulted from the product line paradigm generally focus on defining common and variable assets to be reused by product line members. However, they hardly address the development of applications from the product line assets in a systematic way. Furthermore, those considering it propose automated but rather inflexible approaches that unnecessarily ex- clude products which, although addressable by product line assets, have not been explicitly envisioned during product line definition. If in some domains — in particular, those including hardware constraints and/or critical features — it is possible to fully determine the products that are part of the software product line, in the other cases, an initial set of products can only be considered assuming that the customers’ requests will be met by this set. We believe that this assumption is false in general and this thesis examines the research question which consists in proposing a set of models and a product line development method to offer more flexibility while deriving products in order to seamlessly address customers’ requests. The domain we consider is that of web e-bartering systems.
This thesis strives to propose a trade-off between automated and unsupported product deriva- tion by providing a model-driven product line development method that allows developers to define product line members by transforming a coherent and layered set of product line models. Moreover, constraints on the possible transformations have to be specified in order to determine which products cannot be derived both for functional and technical reasons.
The first part of this thesis introduces the foundational concepts of our FIDJI method. In par- ticular, it describes the notion of architectural framework as a set of models defining product line assets at analysis and design levels and which is instantiated in order to obtain product line members thanks to model transformations. This part then describes key methodological principles driving the choice of architectural framework models and how flexibility in product
derivation can be achieved and controlled by constraints defined over the set of architectural framework models.
The second part of this thesis is devoted to requirements elicitation, analysis and design phases of the method. For requirements elicitation, a specific product line template is defined to allow for the description of a software product line in an informal manner via use case variants and data dictionaries. The analysis phase refines requirements elicitation by allowing the precise description of domain concepts in terms of UML models as well as functionalities in terms of use cases completed by OCL expressions. Variability is ensured through the use of state variables in OCL expressions which enable a wide variety of scenarios to be implemented in the product. Constraints indirectly define product line boundaries by preventing certain instantiations from being made. The design phase focuses on the architectural design of the architectural frame- work and describes it in terms of interacting components structured via architectural styles. Analysis and design models are supported by UML profiles defining the constructs offered by the FIDJI method, their usage conditions as well as traceability and consistency rules ensuring model correctness. The methodological process for both analysis and design consists in writing a transformation program, validated over the aforementioned constraints, that will instantiate the architectural framework to obtain a viable product line member.
The last part of the thesis deals with the practical application of the method. A case study belonging to the e-commerce domain illustrates the FIDJI method in detail and a simple archi- tectural framework is defined for this purpose. In particular, we show how the transformation program is created from predefined transformation operations dedicated to FIDJI models and the rationale and usage of constraints controlling the instantiation of the architectural framework.

Models are simply outcomes from levels of abstractions, so developing a modelling language is an effort in creating a
platform where the domain concepts can be mapped to the abstraction levels. Once this mapping is achieved, it will create a
stakeholder or domain expert user friendly notations from the concepts description. This will then enable the stakeholders the
freedom to express and achieve design intents and as well cope with the complexity of conventional design software. In this paper, the vocabulary of components created from the domain concepts served a useful purpose of mapping the domain concepts to the model abstractions in the form of attributes of CAD (computer aided design) objects representing the pipeline physical components.

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Feature modeling is a common approach for configuring and capturing commonalities and variations among different Software Product Lines (SPL) products. This process is carried out by a set of SPL design teams, each working on a different configuration of the desired product. The integration of these configurations leads to inconsistencies in the final product design. The typical solution involves extensive deliberation and unnecessary resource usage, which makes SPL inconsistency resolution an expensive and unoptimized process. We present the first comprehensive evaluation of swarm intelligence (using Particle Swarm Optimization) to the problem of resolving inconsistencies in a configured integrated SPL product. We call it o-SPLIT (optimization-based Software Product LIne Tool) and validate o-SPLIT with standard ERP, SPLOT (Software Product Lines Online Tools), and BeTTy (BEnchmarking and TesTing on the analYsis) product configurations along with diverse feature set sizes. The results show that Particle Swarm Optimization can successfully optimize SPL product configurations. Finally, we implement o-SPLIT as a decision-support tool in a real, local SPL setting and acquire subjective feedback from SPL designers which shows that the teams are convinced of the usability and high-level decision support provided by o-SPLIT. INDEX TERMS Software product line, inconsistencies, optimization, feature models, particle swarm optimization.

The International Journal of Software Engineering & Applications (IJSEA) is a bi-monthly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Software Engineering & Applications. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on understanding Modern software engineering concepts & establishing new collaborations in these areas.

Product Line Engineering (PLE) is a methodology for creating a collection of similar software systems from a shared set of software assets. A key concept in PLE is feature modelling, which is used during entire product line (PL) development process to represent all PL products in terms of features, as well as to manage software feature variability and complexity, and to document the PL. Feature models are represented graphically by means of Feature Diagrams (FD). This paper analyzes FD notations and feature modelling tools, and proposes a new feature modelling environment FD2, which supports wide FD editing capabilities, configuration of FD models, as well as integration with UML and generation of UML class diagrams.

Software product line engineering is an approach that develops and maintains families of products while taking advantage of their common aspects and predicted variabilities. Indeed, software product lines (SPL) are an important means for implementing software variability which is the ability of a system to be efficiently extended, changed, customized or configured for use in a particular context. Variability needs in software are constantly increasing because variability moves from mechanics and hardware to software and design decisions are delayed as long as economically feasible. Numerous SPL construction approaches are proposed. Different in nature, these approaches have nevertheless some common disadvantages. We have proceeded to an in-depth analysis of existing approaches for the construction of Software Product Line within a comparison framework in order to identify their drawbacks. We suggest overcoming these drawbacks by an improvement of the tool support for these approaches and for their interactivity with their users. We propose to study a particular software product line which is ERP as experimentation.

Bu bildiride, yazılım ürün hatlarında değişkenlik modelini dikkate alarak nasıl alana özgü bileşenlerin belirleneceğine yönelik bir yaklaşım anlatılmaktadır. Yazılım ürün hatlarında yazılım ürünleri önceden geliştirilmiş alana özgü bileşenlerin bir araya getirilmesi ile oluşturulmaktadır. Geliştirilecek her bir yazılım ürününde alana özgü bileşenleri yeniden kullanabilmek için bu bileşenleri çalışılan alandaki ortaklıkları ve değişkenlikleri göz önüne alarak belirleyip geliştirmek gerekmektedir. Önerilen yaklaşımla alan analizi aşamasında tanımlanan alandaki ortaklıklar ve değişkenlikler doğrudan tasarım aşamasına taşınmaktadır. Tasarım aşamasında yaklaşımda anlatılan adımlar izlenerek alana özgü bileşenler belirlenmektedir. Bu yaklaşımın uygulanması sonucunda alana özgü yeniden kullanıma uygun bir bileşen kümesinin ortaya çıkarılması planlanmaktadır. Bu sayede ortaya çıkan bileşenler yeniden kullanılarak hızlı ve etkin bir şekilde, kaliteli yazılımların geliştirilmesi hedeflenmektedir.