Slang Language

Spoken in the nineteenth century by the posteggiatori, the wandering minstrels of Naples, parlèsia is a jargon. It shares its syntax and its phonology with the Neapolitan dialect and is characterized by a special lexicon of about 200 words, referring above all to money, women, and music. Parlèsia has been a secret code until the 1950s when Neapolitan pop artists used expressions of the jargon in their music. The results of a sociolinguistic investigation conducted among 150 musicians in Naples demonstrate that parlèsia is still being understood and spoken although today it seems more like a form of youth slang than a code of a marginalised group of speakers.

This article aims to describe a newly-discovered slang used in the diamond and jewellery trade in Paris during the 20th century, the lexical element of which being constituted with loanwords from Yiddish, Dutch, Judeo-Spanish and some semantically restricted hereditary French words. After a comparison of this oral material and its written counterparts in an already extant lexicographical work about the diamond traders’ technolect, we give a few elements of characterization of trade argots, and some advice towards the actual practice of oral investigation in the field of slangs.
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À partir d’enquêtes linguistiques récentes ayant mené à la découverte fortuite d’un argot de diamantaires parlé à Paris au XXe siècle et dont le lexique consiste essentiellement en emprunts au yidich, au néerlandais et au judéo-espagnol, cet article propose, après une description et une mise en perspective de cette variété, quelques réflexions sur les argots de métier : quels métiers donnent lieu à des argots de métiers ? Pourquoi n’en est-il pas dans tous les milieux socioprofessionnels ? À ces questions, nous répondrons par quelques cas d’espèce et, enfin, par un formulaire d’enquête proposé au (socio-)linguiste désireux d’entreprendre une collecte dans ce champ négligé.

This study explores the semantic area of ‘mistake’ in contemporary English, with a special focus on slang in general English dictionaries (e.g. OED) and dictionaries of modern slang (e.g. Green 2010/2016, Urban Dictionary 1999-2016). While the ‘mistake’ area already abounds in standard lexical items concerning misconceptions, misunderstandings, errors of judgement, gross mistakes, or even blunders, the negative connotations that it entails are even more evident in slang. Slang items designating ‘mistake’ range from regular formations, such as the compound party foul or the derived word floater, to extra-grammatical words, such as clippings (e.g. boob ← booby), acronyms (e.g. snafu ← situation normal, all fucked up), reduplicatives (e.g. boo-boo), and even to rhyming slang (e.g. penny banger for ‘clanger’) (Mattiello 2008, 2013). The origin of these items is often specialised or restricted to small speech communities – e.g. military world, theatre, students’ campus – but their use ha...

Szótárunk, amely közel 1600 címszót és számos ezekhez kapcsolódó kifejezést, illetve példamondatot tartalmaz, a maga nemében egyedülálló a magyar könyvpiacon, hiszen szlengszótár német-magyar vonatkozásban mind ez idáig nem született. Szótárunk - bár nevében szlengszótár - valójában azonban egyfajta szintézis, hiszen az argó szavak mellett megtalálható benne számos, az ifjúsági nyelvből vagy a kötetlen köznyelvből származó kifejezés, sőt akadnak benne szép számmal értékelő és minősítő szavak, obszcén szavak, valamint vulgarizmusok is. Mindezek ellenére -vagy sokkal inkább mellett - bízvást elmondható róla, hogy haszonnal forgathatja mindenki, aki szókincsét ilyen irányba kívánja bővíteni.

Slang has always been a part of the daily language. Teenagers tend to use a colourful variety of slang words with higher frequency in comparison to that of the adults'. Teachers find it difficult to deal with the widespread use of slang in high schools. Teenagers' tendency to overuse slang is regarded as part of identity formation and their way of interacting with others. This study aimed to understand how a group of high school students (n:93), studying in a Turkish vocational-technical state school, perceived the use of slang in daily life. The data were collected by means of a questionnaire and an interview protocol. The questionnaire data were analysed using Independent Samples t-Test and frequenciesdescriptive statistics. The researchers determined the repeated themes in the interview data, and these were used as the supporting source of information to answer the research questions. The findings indicated that male and female student groups differed in their perception of slang. It was found that while male students mostly used slang to show that they belonged to a group, female students thought that it was a habit. The female students' answers showed that they also tended to think about their group when they used slang. For both groups, efforts for fitting in with the social group played an important role. Female students also reported being more affected by social media. It was found that there was a relationship between the male students' slang use habit and the educational background of their fathers. The students, whose fathers were more educated, did not use slang words as frequently as the ones whose fathers had less education. Those students, whose fathers had sent longer time in the education system tended to blame their peers. However, others whose fathers had spent less time in the education system tended to blame their family environment and social media.

Analysis of Syntactic  structures in AAVE, the dangers of angauge reclamation, and the impact of conversation/shift of perspective the United  States today

-"all up in my grill" "ain't nobody got time for that" "nigga"

This descriptive research aims to know types of slang language in “Diary of a Wimply Kid” novel by Jeff Kinney, and the types of morphological process happened in those slang language. This novel tells about a boy Greg Heffley. It is chosen because of containing slang expressions. The findings from analysis show that first there are two types of slang in the novel namely common slang and in-group slang. Second, there are six morphological process in those slang words namely inflection, clipping, coinage, compounding, derivation, borrowing, and multiple processes.

Polish and Russian Slang Vocabulary


The book’s subject matter are the means employed for communication in unofficial situations when the information to be conveyed is by nature more or less confidential and expressive and emphasises the existence of a common world, of a group designating itself as (US) and opposing another (THEM) most frequently as a result of age (youth) and the profession practiced, chiefly the way of spending time though here not merely free time.  These means of communication are not separate languages competing with national languages; they are unable and have no desire to fully replace these, for they are a part of them: a part which though not recognised as model or standard cannot be denied liveliness as a tool. With regard to their practical nature and brevity they may even appear at times to be more effective in situations where time is money, where a patient’s health is at stake, when it is necessary to quickly find the perpetrator of a crime or to pass on other forms of information in secret. Some words and phrases may even experience elevation and become accepted by the users of the national language as being generally understood, while for others no such fate awaits, for they are deemed to be unnecessary, dated or disturbing.

El proyecto se ocupa de las palabras de las jergas peruanas conectadas con la comida y se enfoca en su significado y uso. Como la hipótesis se toman 13 palabras con sus definiciones encontradas en el internet. Esta hipótesis es luego comparada con la siguiente investigación. Es decir, se buscan estas palabras en distintos diccionarios. El paso siguiente es una elaboración del cuestionario que es rellenado por los peruanos y así se recogen datos para averiguar el significado actual de las palabras y el contexto en el que se usan y la frecuencia del uso. Al final se recapitula el proceso y se comparan los resultados de cada etapa. De estas se crea una conclusión y una recomendación del uso de las palabras.
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Projekt se zabývá výrazy peruánského slangu spojenými s jídlem a zaměřuje na jejich význam a použití. Jako předpoklad jsou použity definice 13 slovíček z internetu. Tento předpoklad se později porovnává s dalším výzkumem, kterým je hledání definic daných slovíček v různých slovnících. Dalším krokem je vypracování dotazníku, který předložen k vyplnění Peruáncům, a tím se zjišťuje význam slovíček, kontext ve kterém jsou používána a častost výskytu. Na konci se zrekapituluje proces a porovnají se výsledky každé etapy. Z těchto se vytvoří závěr, který by měl vést ke správnému užívání těchto pojmů.

This paper is a collection of slang and medical phrases encountered in the first 2 seasons of Grey's Anatomy. The research was conducted so as to understand how much of the vocabulary used in the series might impact the viewers and be replicated in real life.

The present paper has two main goals: to present information about ‘German slang’ and to provide an overview of the history of research on this topic. Since the German language seems to have quite a few terms what could be translated by slang, such as Rotwelsch ‘cant’, Studentensprache ‘student slang’, Pennälersprache ‘school slang’, Jugendsprache ‘youth slang’, Soldatensprache ‘military slang’, Kanakisch ‘kind of a prepidgin spoken by young Turks in Germany’, Berlinerisch, Kölsch, Wienerisch ‘Berlin, Cologne, Vienna slang varieties’ etc. it is rather difficult to define accurately what could be meant by the term ‘German slang’. The first collection of German slang (the language of tramps, thieves and traders) can be found in the book called Liber vagatorum which was published first in Pforzheim in 1510. Since then many lexicographers, students and slang researchers have compiled word lists or extensive dictionaries and analyzed both youth slang and some special slang varieties (cf. Salmasius, Wallis, Meier, Ostwald, Eilenberger, Götze, Ehmann, Neuland, Pauli). It can be stated that German slang has borrowed a considerable number of terms from foreign languages such as Gipsy, Yiddish and of course English. In
recent decades youth slang in Germany has changed in many ways. The Gipsy and Yiddish influence has declined, the English influence has increased significantly. The vocabulary of the various special slang varieties called Szenesprachen has been influenced by (American) English even more than general slang. First of all this paper concentrates on German cant, German youth slang and on the slang of bigger German-speaking towns such as Berlin and Vienna while other special German slang varieties eg. military slang, prison slang and the slang of drug addicts are only mentioned, however, the lexicographical data of
dictionaries describing these language varieties can be found in the bibliography.

The British Army has a long history of soldiers' slang, some of which has entered into everyday civilian speech. This slang often reflects the history of regiments and the army in general, consisting of loanwords from different regions in which the army has served.

The article may be of use to linguists, ELT teachers working with military students and translators.

This article originally appeared in The Teacher Magazine (Poland). Issue 01 (105) 2013

Slang words and phrases are unconventional linguistic expressions. Slang includes not just words but words used in a particular social context. Using slang terms is regarded as a response to a
kind of need and is of an informal style. The use of slang varies from region to region. Mostly slang words are considered to be taboo and are not to be used in the public sphere.
This paper investigates the research areas: definitions of English swear words, its history; cultural and sociolinguistic context; psychological function in people; evolution, growth, and
attitudinal change towards slang language in a technologically advanced globalized world. The two major hypotheses that sprang from my research areas are: globalization of communication
technology and influx of western media influences the Bangladeshi youngsters (18-25 years) to use more English swearwords than the vernacular ones and Bangladeshi youngsters are more
open to adopting the English swears in their daily speech than their elders. Thus the aim of this research paper is to study, analyze, and understand the prevalence of English swear words among
the urban younger population of Dhaka.
The research paper makes use of both quantitative and qualitative data collection methods to gather and analyze data to test the hypotheses. The analysis of both primary and secondary data
validates the hypotheses proposed in the paper. The primary data is collected through a survey questionnaire. The secondary data is acquired from previous research works and books on the
topic.

The paper looks into the characteristics of teenage discourse based on the main characters of two authors, British and American, who work in the field of bibliotherapy (the fictional text provides healing by means of reading; that is, inspiring young people to overcome difficulties). We examine the genre and stylistic features of a teenage discourse, such as lexical, semantic, phonetic and graphic characteristics of the rural British English, the Northern English dialect depicted in the language of a male teenager in THE TRUE TALE OF THE MONSTER BILLY DEAN by David Almond. In this novel the thematic component is represented by the following recurrent concepts or frames: EDUCATION, NATURE OF THE "SELF", COMING OF AGE, ADAPTATION TO CHANGE, RELATIONS BETWEEN OPPOSITES (LIFE AND DEATH, PAST AND FUTURE, REALITY AND FICTION). The expressive lexis, for example, metaphors, teenage slang and collo-quialisms, illustrate youth in crisis and the challenges of growing up. The other novel we analyze is CHASING REDBIRD by Sharon Creech; here we examine the discourse features of a female teenager, including the thematic components of Themes such as FAMILY, OVERCOMING DEPRESSION, and TEENAGE ROMANCE. The analysis of the conversations of fictional characters created by British and American authors is used to build generalizations about the characteristics of language and style of teenagers. The stylistic and genre components highlight the colloquial style used to depict the personal life of a male and female teenagers , who confront the evils of society, including corruption, unkindness, and family issues.

As the world gradually progresses towards the promotion of creativity, the invention of lexical items and expressions is paving way for the indigenization and appropriation of such expressions to meet the intended communicative purposes. Hence, we begin to experience the birth of new trends in the communication of ideas. The paper examines selected slangy expressions that are used among university students as communicative tool in social discourses between interlocutors. It works with the framework of Speech act theory by J.L. Austin (1962). In the bid to obtain information on the slang expressions among undergraduates of universities in Nigeria, the University of Ibadan was used as the subject area. The 200 respondents who were 100 level students in their 2nd semester cut across different faculties, that is, Arts, Education, Sciences and Social Sciences; and the investigation was carried out during the period they were under the researcher's tutelage in the teaching of GES 101 (Use of English). The research opines that the entertainment industry plays a vital role in the hybridization of lexical items and expressions. The paper discovers that in making use of slangy expressions, interlocutors perform specific speech acts, such as informing, warning etc. On the final note, it was observed that students use slangy expressions in order to be unique, 'belong to a particular class', and equally be able to appropriate certain indigenous/nativised words such as 'Ajepaki', 'Ashi' into their communication. Introduction Few studies have been carried out on slangy expressions especially in this part of the world where it is not really given the desired recognition especially among adults. Some of such studies include Ademola-Adeoye (2004), Adeyanju (2007) among others. Out of the existing literature accessible to the writer, it seems it is only Adeyaanju (2007) that has applied the Speech Act theory which was espoused by Austin (1962) and developed upon by Searle (1969) and others, to the analysis of slangy expressions. However, Adeyanju " s work seems a bit broader than ours since it considers the use of slangy expressions in educated Nigerian English. In this study, we are limited to the undergraduate students. In other words, we intend to examine the use of slangy expressions among the university undergraduates with emphasis on the meaning, form and function assigned to such slangy expressions. It is therefore believed that this work will contribute to the existing literature on slang usage in Nigerian English particularly with respect to the function of such slangy expressions among undergraduate students.

Around the year 1000, in addition to local currency, dirhams from al-Andalus circulated in Barcelona, which were called caceminos in documents. This name imitated the Arabic designation darāhim qāsimiyya, reminiscent of Córdoba's famous mint master, Qāsim ibn Ḫālid. Furthermore, three local documents testify to the use of silver coins called exarachellos. Based on philological considerations, this word can be deciphered as a nickname of the dirham, formed from the Arabic word for shine (al-šaraq) and the Romanic diminutive ending-ello. In allusion to their silvery shine, the dirhams in al-Andalus could have been referred to as *al-šaraq-ellos ("little shiners"), a nickname later transmitted to Barcelona in the course of close bilateral contacts.

This article discusses the meaning and types of English slangs found in the Ant Man Movie directed by Peyton Reed, produced by Wald Disney Studios Motion Pictures, 2015. The main object of the research was to find out the meaning of English slangs found in the Ant Man Movie and classify them depending on its characteristics of English Slangs types. This research used a qualitative method. In Classifying the English Slangs, researchers used theory from Coleman that classifying English slangs into seven; English Slang changes in meaning, English Slang changes in function, English Slang change in form, English Slang created by abbreviation, English Slang changes in spelling, Slangs loans and Slangs from imitating sound. Through this research, researchers found forty English Slangs in the Ant Man Movie; fourteen English Slangs created by changes in meaning, two English Slangs created by changes in, twelve English Slangs created by changes, five English Slangs created by abbreviation, seven English Slangs created by changes in spelling, four English Slangs loans, and two English Slangs are from sound. English slangs are non-register language. It is more acceptable in daily life because it is fresher and simple in use. .

This paper examines the mechanisms of semantic change in the creation of ten Cantonese slang words. It demonstrates with synchronic evidence that metaphorisation, metonymisation and (inter)subjectification are three principal driving forces behind the shift in meaning. It is argued that Traugott and Dasher's (2002) Invited Inferencing Theory of Semantic Change (IITSC), initially proposed for and widely used in the context of grammati-calisation, is equally useful for the study of neologisms-in this case, the relatively recent slang expressions in Cantonese. These monosyllabic lexemes are shown to have followed the same unidirectional pathway of semantic change-that is, the shift from non-subjective meaning to encoded (inter)subjective meaning-outlined in their model of semantic change.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berjudul " Abreviasi dalam Percakapan Sehari-hari di Media Sosial: Suatu Kajian Morfologi ". Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Data yang digunakan diambil dari percakapan sehari-hari di media sosial, seperti line, whatsapp, facebook, twitter dan instagram. Teori yang digunakan adalah proses abreviasi dan bahasa slang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan fitur-fitur umum dari proses abreviasi yang digunakan oleh kalangan muda dan tua orang Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa masyarakat menggunakan tiga proses abreviasi, yaitu akronim, singkatan, dan penggalan dalam percakapan sehari-hari di media sosial. Akronim dan singkatan ditemukan paling banyak diantara ketiga proses tersebut. Adapun alasan fenomena bahasa ini terjadi adalah masyarakat berniat untuk menghemat waktu, mengisi kesenjangan komunikasi atau penghalang di antara pengguna, dan menunjukkan kelompok sosial. ABSTRACT This research i...

Anthroponomies are frozen words which aren’t felt contact with their basic meanings. These words would be name for human or another alives via their central and concrete meanings. The basic meaning of anthroponomies that constitutes the name of a person, does not revive in our minds. However, it is an unchanging fact that the names of the people are composed of words which have meanings on social, cultural values and individual ideals. Slangization is the use of a word in a new meaning in a group by deducting the meaning it from the general language. Especially, slangization consist of euphemism and taboo words. Some anthroponomies are given new meanings and could have been slang by social groups. Sometimes, some anhroponomies don’t indicate an euphemism meaning. They can provision a common meaning in general language. This kind of uses should not be accepted as slangization of anthroponomies. We need to accept person names expressing general concepts as conceptualizing instead of slangization. For example; While the word Mehmet is used as a person name, it is also seen as meaning of “Turkish soldier, a member of the Turkish Army”. It has conceptualized as Mehmetçik in general langauge. It has been done a different analysis for conceptualized anthroponomies and the examples for conceptualized anthroponomies are presented in this study. Also, In this study some classifications were made on various issues like concept areas, origins, gender distinctions, symbols of the person names located in slang dictionaries. Actual contributions are made to the Turkish slang dictionary.

Slang is a language variety which can be used in informal registers or specific contexts as an alternative to standard language. 1 In both linguistics and lexicography, it is generally defined as an innovative vocabulary, as it introduces into the lexicon new words ( ...

Özet Sözden yazıya dönüşen, özel bir dil olan ve yaşayan dilin bir parçası olarak gelişen, değişen ve ülkemizde İstanbul merkezli olarak yer edinmiş argo kavramı çeşitli yapılarda ve kullanım özellikleri ile edebiyatımızda çeşitli şair ve yazarlar tarafından bir üslûp özelliği olarak denenmiş veya çoğu kere anlatıma çekicilik katmak, etkili kılmak için kullanılmıştır. Geniş bir şahıs kadrosuna sahip hikâye ve tiyatro türündeki eserlerinde İstanbul'u merkez edinen Haldun Taner de argoya azımsanmayacak bir ölçüde başvurmuştur. Dilimizin inceliklerini iyi bilen, yaş, zümre, cins ve muhit kavramlarına da vakıf olan yazar, özellikle konuşma diline ve şiveye yer verdiği hikâyelerinde alt tabaka insanlarını gerçeğe uygun bir şekilde okuyucuya yansıtabilmek için zaman zaman özel bir dil olan argoya başvurmuş, bu alandaki kültürel birikimini hikâyelerine yansıtmış, mekân ve şahsa bağlı olarak argo sözcüklere yer vermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Haldun Taner, argo, hikâye, konuşma dili. Giriş Haldun Taner'in mekan olarak İstanbul, Ankara ve üniversite öğrencilik yıllarının geçtiği Alman şehirlerini tercih ettiği ve çoğu kere gözlemleri ile anılarının birleşiminden oluşmuş hikâyelerinin temelinde başarılı bir gözlemcilik ön plana çıkar (Bayrak 2015: 67). Yazar, toplumsal olayları ön plana aldığı ve gülmece unsurlarına da yer verdiği hikâyelerinde toplumu en ince ayrıntısına kadar gözlemler ve yaşamın bir gereği olarak zaman zaman argoya yer verir. Hatta zaman zaman argo sözlerin kullanımında aşırıya kaçtığı da söylenebilir (Bayrak 2015: 68). " Türkçede daha çok konuşma dilinde kullanılan argo, yazarların oluşturdukları eserin şahısların durumuna göre kullanmaktan çekinmedikleri bir alan olmuştur. " (Aktunç 2002: 377) Cumhuriyet dönemi şair ve yazarlarından Ahmet Rasim, Mehmed Akif Ersoy, Ömer Seyfettin, Neyzen Tevfik, Hüseyin Rahmi Gürpınar gibi Haldun Taner de karşılıklı konuşmalara yer verdiği hikâyelerinde anlatıma çekicilik katmak, bazen mizah ve bazen de eleştiri amaçlı olarak bu yola başvurmuştur. Mavyan adlı hikâyelerinden tespit edebildiğimiz kaba, küfürlü söz ya da ana dile geçerek yaygınlık kazanmış, argo denilebilecek ifadelerden oluşan kelime, deyim veya söz kalıbı yapısındaki kullanımların sayısı bizim tespitlerimize göre toplam 141'dir. Bunları şöyle sıralayabiliriz:

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini berjudul " Abreviasi dalam Percakapan Sehari-hari di Media Sosial: Suatu Kajian Morfologi ". Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif. Data yang digunakan diambil dari percakapan sehari-hari di media sosial, seperti line, whatsapp, facebook, twitter dan instagram. Teori yang digunakan adalah proses abreviasi dan bahasa slang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan fitur-fitur umum dari proses abreviasi yang digunakan oleh kalangan muda dan tua orang Indonesia. Dari hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa masyarakat menggunakan tiga proses abreviasi, yaitu akronim, singkatan, dan penggalan dalam percakapan sehari-hari di media sosial. Akronim dan singkatan ditemukan paling banyak diantara ketiga proses tersebut. Adapun alasan fenomena bahasa ini terjadi adalah masyarakat berniat untuk menghemat waktu, mengisi kesenjangan komunikasi atau penghalang di antara pengguna, dan menunjukkan kelompok sosial. ABSTRACT This research is entitled " Abbreviation in Everyday Converstion on Social Media: A Morphological Study ". The method used in this study is a qualitative method. The data are taken from everyday conversation on social media such as line, whatsapp, facebook, twitter, and instagram. The theory are used abbreviation process and slang language. The aims of this study are to describe the common features of abbreviation process used by young and adult Indonesian people. Based on the research, it is indicated that the participants used three most common abbreviation processes are acronym, blending, and clipping in everyday conversation on social media. Acronym and blending found as the most common abbreviation process among the three features. As for the reasons of this language phenomenon occurrence identified are the participants intend to save time, fill the communication gap or barrier among the users, and indicate the social group. I PENDAHULUAN Pada dasaranya manusia adalah makhluk sosial yang harus berinteraksi dengan orang lain untuk bermasyarakat. Dalam berinteraksi dengan sesama, manusia memerlukan suatu alat, yaitu bahasa yang digunakan untuk menjalin komunikasi dengan baik dan benar. Secara sederhana, bahasa dapat diartikan sebagai media untuk menyampaikan sesuatu yang terlintas di dalam pikiran atau perasaan. Dalam pemakaiannya, bahasa menjadi sangat beragam. Keragaman bahasa dapat berupa lisan atau tulis bergantung pada kebutuhan dan tujuan komunikasi. Dalam penggunaan bahasa tulis khususnya di media sosial, gejala bahasa abreviasi merupakan terobosan baru untuk berkomunikasi. Berkomunikasi yang diwujudkan melalui abreviasi dalam media sosial telah menuntun pada perubahan pemakaian bahasa dalam suatu masyarakat. Seiring dengan

Основне поставке теорије оптималности тeoриjски су oквир за ово истраживање. Циљ је биo утврдити како се мењала хијерархија ограничења од старословенског, као најраније записаног словенског језика, преко стандардног српског језика, до шатровачког, као жаргонске језичке игре. У старословенском и шатровачком, језицима са имплицитном нормом, хијерархија ограничења је снажна и стабилна и одступања од ње су веома ретка. У стандардном српском, језику са експлицитном нормом, одступања су много чешћа. Порекло таквих одступања је у самој норми, која мења природни поредак ограничења приликом примања лексике из других језика, попут енглеског, француског, немачког. На крају, показало се да српски језик има тенденцију да модификује своје слогове тако да се у њиховим језгрима налазе искључиво вокали, са изузетком сонанта /r/, који у свим трима језицима може бити слоготворан.

Les hypothèses bases de la théorie de l'optimalité sont le cadre théorique de cette recherche. L'objectif était de déterminer comment la hiérarchie des contraintes s'est changée, en partant de la langue vieux-slave, comme la première langue écrit des Slaves, à travers de la langue serbe standard, à šatrovački, un type d’un jeu de langue (similaire à verlan en français). Le vieux-slave et le šatrovački, les langues avec la norme implicite, ont la hiérarchie des contraintes forte et stable, et les déviances de celui-ci sont très rares. Dans le serbe standard, avec la norme explicite, les déviances sont beaucoup plus fréquentes. L'origine de ces variations est dans la norme, qui est en train de changer l'ordre naturel des contraintes pour recevoir le lexique des autres langues, telles que l'anglais, le français, l'allemand. Il sera démontré qu’il y a un principe pour l'adoption des lexèmes turcs et grecs, et l'autre pour le lexique plus nouveau. Enfin, il s'est avéré que la langue serbe tend à modifier ses syllabes ainsi qu'à leur noyau sont uniquement les voyelles, sauf la voix vibrant /r/, qui peut être syllabique dans les trois langues.

A romani eredetű szavak használata terén a magyar nyelvben több tendenciát is látunk, egyes szavak eltűnnek, míg mások divatossá válnak – akár természetes és folyamatos nyelvi folyamatok révén, akár a média hatásának következtében. Azt is látjuk, hogy különbség figyelhető meg aközött, hogy egy szót valaki aktívan használ, vagy csak passzívan ismer, mindez pedig nem független annak jelentésétől. Egyes szavak elterjedése kifejezetten helyhez és életkorhoz köthető, míg mások általánosan ismertek életkortól és területtől függetlenül. Nemcsak a szavak ismertsége és használata múlhat ezeken a tényezőkön, de jelentéseik terén is komoly különbségeket fedezhetünk fel. A határon túli és a magyarországi magyar anyanyelvűek beszéde között eltérés figyelhető meg a romani jövevényszavak terén is, ugyanakkor belső területi különbségek is megfigyelhetők. Ezen kívül bizonyítást nyert, hogy ezek a szavak vagy nem tekinthetők ún. luxusjövevényszónak, vagy a luxusjövevényszavak kategóriájának definícióját szükséges pontosítani. Számos szó használati gyakorisága pedig azt támasztja alá, hogy sem a szleng ismerete, sem annak használata nem kizárólagosan a fiatalok beszédére jellemző, ugyanis ez szavanként és jelentésenként is változó.

Among the most characteristic features of young people's speech is that of word play, called punning or paronomasia in the English linguistic literature. The effect of this phenomenon is achieved on the basis of different types of associations – internal or “in-group” associations (understandable only to the closed social group, a kind of youth argot) and external or “out-group”, which can be guessed by almost every speaker. The intended result of the punning in youth slang is to achieve a humorous effect. A thing is considered funny when something else, already well known, is (re)presented in a somewhat absurd aspect, a basic rule in comedy – reduction ad absurdum. The studied puns are also a result of the combination of two opposite “scenarios” or models. In the Balkan cultural context, such scenarios are very colorful and popular in slang word formation and are based on the imitation of foreign languages, the imitation of а foreign accent and mistakes, as well as the imitation of Turkish vocabulary (the last one is registered in both Greek and Bulgarian, and is part of a bigger process which I refer to as balkanization of the slang). Punning also is based on funny abbreviations, phonetic and morphologic changes via minimal deformation which aims at the effect of surprise. An example of the balkanization of the youth slang by punning is the so-called imitation of Turkish vocabulary – exactly the same process that we observe in the Bulgarian and Greek youth slang, as in the invented, imaginary words, which are similar to actual Turkish words

"Bir toplumda geçerli olan ortak dilden ayrı, yalnızca belirli bir kesim tarafından kullanılan, kendine özgü kelime, deyim ve deyişlerden oluşan özel dil" şeklinde tanımlanabilecek argo; mensubu olduğu dilin önemli bir alanıdır. Önceleri "hırsızlara özgü bir söz varlığı" olarak kendini gösterse de zamanla alanını genişletmiş, dilin önemli ve işlenmeye değer bir gerçeği olmuştur. Dilin tabakalaşmasındaki rolüne bakıldığında dile olan katkısından bile söz etmek mümkündür. Türkçenin argo söz varlığının oluşmasında farklı kaynaklardan beslenilmiş; çeşitli anlatım yollarına ve söz sanatlarına başvurulmuş, yabancı dillerden alıntılar yapılmış, yansıma kelimelerden yararlanılmıştır. Dilimizin en işlek eklerinden olan +CI eki ise argo sözlerde de oldukça sık başvurulan bir ek olmuştur. İncelememizde söz konusu ekin işlev alanlarından yola çıkarak argo söz varlığındaki yerinin anlam ve yapı bakımından öne çıkan özelliklerinin tespitine çalışılmıştır. Ferit Devellioğlu'nun Türk Argosu, Osman Cemal Kaygılı'nın Argo Lugatı, Hulki Aktunç'un Büyük Argo Sözlüğü (Tanıklarıyla) ve Ali Püsküllüoğlu'nun Türkçenin Argo Sözlüğü adlı eserleri taranmış ve +CI eki ile kurulmuş 269 kelime belirlenmiştir.

İletişim karşılıklı bir mesaj alışverişidir. Bu mesaj alışverişinde argo, iletişimin sınırlı bir topluluğa bağlı kalması ihtiyacından doğmuştur. Bu topluluğun üyeleri sadece kendilerinin anladığı sözcük ve deyimleri kullanarak özel bir dil oluşturmuşlardır. Bu özel dilin kullanıcıları arasında şunları sıralayabiliriz: öğrenciler, şoförler, hırsızlar, askerler, yankesiciler… Bu kullanıcılar aynı zamanda genel argonun alt yapısı olan alan argosunu da meydana getirmişlerdir: kumar argosu, asker argosu, şoför argosu gibi. Bu çalışmada bugüne kadar yayımlanmış argo sözlükleri taranarak kadın için kullanılan argo sözcükler tespit edilmiş ve argoda kadına bakış açısı değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Kadın için söylenmiş argo sözcüklerin bir sözlüğü çalışmanın sonunda yer almaktadır.

Resumen
El lenguaje soez es cada vez más frecuente en los medios audiovisuales debido a la desaparición gradual de la censura. Sin embargo, aún no existe una norma sólida acerca de su traducción, y menos aún en un medio tan nuevo como los videojuegos. Por ello, el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo el estudio de las dificultades pragmáticas que nacen de su traducción en los videojuegos y de las técnicas utilizadas con mayor frecuencia para solventarlas. Para ello, nos centraremos en el caso particular de Cyberpunk 2077. Además, a lo largo del trabajo veremos cómo el lenguaje soez resulta útil a la hora de crear una sensación de inmersión y realismo en las relaciones con los personajes y nos serviremos de la teoría de los actos de habla para analizar la función de dicho lenguaje en los diálogos seleccionados. Finalmente, comprobaremos si la traducción ha logrado mantener dicha función y qué técnicas resultan más útiles.

Abstract
The use of slang is becoming increasingly common in audiovisual media due to the progressive disappearance of censorship. However, there is still no established theory for its translation, particularly in new media such as videogames. For this reason, the aim of this paper is to study the pragmatic difficulties arising from such translation in video games and the most frequently used techniques to solve them. To this end, we will focus on the specific case of Cyberpunk 2077. Throughout this paper we will see how the use of slang is useful to create a feeling of immersion and realism while interacting with the characters. We will use the theory of speech acts to analyse the functionality of this type of language in the selected dialogues. Lastly, we will consider whether the translation has succeeded in maintaining the functionality or not and which strategies have been most useful.

ÖZET " Çiçek dili " Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kullanılan bir şifreli iletişim biçimidir. Birtakım küçük ve taşınabilir nesnelerin, çeşitli gösterilenleri karşıladığı bu iletişim biçiminde, gösterenler alışılagelmiş sembolik anlamları dışında kullanılmışlardır. Makalede, " çiçek dili " hakkında bazı tespitlere yer verilmiş, bu arada kafiyeli Cockney jargonu ile Osmanlı " çiçek dili " arasında bir mukayese yapılmıştır. Yazının sonuna, eski İstanbul çapkınlarına ait olduğu düşünülen bir de metin örneği eklenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: çiçek dili, Osmanlı, kafiyeli Cockney jargonu, zenpare THE LANGUAGE OF FLOWERS and OTTOMAN DON JUANS (ZENPÂRES) ABSTRACT The "Language of Flowers" is a type of coded communication used in the Ottoman Empire. In this type of communication a number of small portable items correspond to signifieds, but the signifiers are not used in their familiar symbolic sense. In the article, some particulars of the "language of flowers" are defined, and at the same time, a comparison between the Cockney rhyming slang and the Ottoman "language of flowers" is made. At the end of the article there is a sample text thought to belong to the Istanbul zenpâres of former times.

Özet Haberde yalın/anlaşılır bir dil kullanılması gerektiği olgusundan yola çıkılarak belirlenen araştırma konusu, haberciliğin yeni versiyonu haline dönüşen internet haberciliği ve bu habercilik alanında kullanılan argo kelimelerin habercilik dili üzerinden incelenmesini içermektedir. Hıza dayalı yeni habercilik anlayışı olan internet haberciliğinde bu durumu incelemek çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca habercilikte dilin doğru kullanımı çoğu eserde vurgulanmasına rağmen haberde (özellikle de internet haberciliğinde) bir dil sorunu olarak değerlendirilen argo kullanımına ilişkin çalışmaların yeterli olmaması bu konu üzerine bir çalışma yapılmasını gerekli kılmıştır. Konu dahilinde 1 aylık dönemde incelenecek olan www.ensonhaber.com haber sitesi, manşet haberler üzerinden değerlendirilmeye alınacak ve bulgular içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak ortaya konulacaktır. Abstract The topic of paper, which is determined by the fact that a simple / understandable language should be used in the news, includes internet news reporting which becomes a new version of journalism and examination of the slang words used in

This paper refers to the semalects of Epirus.
The author uses the term "Semalect" to designate all those declining language forms based mainly (but not exclusively) on the alteration of the meaning of the existing lexical inventory. This covers the so far terminological variety which exists in the linguistic research in several national traditions, cf. slang (En.), argot and jargon (Fr.), furbesco (It.) and gergo (It.), rotwelsch and geheimsprache (Germ.), germanos (Span.), calão (Port.), cărăitorilor or limbă secretă (Rom.), гопники (Russ.), шатровачки or тајни језик (Serb.), тайния език (Bulg.), özel dil (Turk.).

“Sexual Vocabulary in Aristophanes’ Comedies” [«Οι βωμολοχίες στις κωμωδίες του Αριστοφάνη»]. Undergraduate Essay, University of Athens, 1993 (in Modern Greek), with later additions. Supervisor: Vasileios Mandilaras. All categories of obscene vocabulary in Aristophanes and statistics.

Slang is a language variety which can be used in informal registers or specific contexts as an alternative to standard language. In both linguistics and lexicography, it is generally defined as an innovative vocabulary, as it introduces into the lexicon new words (neologisms and neoformations) and novel senses (neo-semanticisms) or, at least, new shades of meaning. It is therefore supposed to represent a complicated phenomenon of the lexicon, contributing to increase the complexity of its items and to complexify their conceptual representation (Merlini Barbaresi 2003; Bertuccelli Papi & Lenci 2007). The present study is an attempt to show the complexity of English slang and its ensuing complexification of the lexical system, with special emphasis on the lexicon of vision. We can first of all predict complexity because slang expressions usually exhibit an intricate signans-signatum relationship, and hence require the interpreter’s activation of more complicated cognitive processes to identify their meaning. We can also predict complexity because some slang expressions cannot be exactly assigned to one specific major dimension – classified as ‘perception’, ‘cognition’, and ‘affect’ (Bertuccelli Papi 2003: 101) – as these dimensions may sometimes interweave or some may be foregrounded and others backgrounded (e.g. in Cockney rhyming slang). We can finally predict complexity in relation to interpretation and translation, because English slang expressions tend to assemble multiple connotative aspects which are difficult to reproduce cross-linguistically (Mattiello 2007, 2009).

Resumo A combinação de uma demanda crescente com uma preferência por abordagens mais comunicativas em aulas de Português, tanto como segunda língua quanto como língua estrangeira, requer novas nuances e práticas em seu ensino. Barcelar da Silva (2008, p. 133) conclui em seu estudo sobre rituais linguísticos e transferência que há uma " indicação de que o ensino de pragmática da segunda ou terceira língua não só é facilitador como necessário ". Às vezes, o compromisso com uma comunicação imediata imprime um caráter frenético ao ensino de língua e de cultura estrangeiras nas universidades, e pode comprometer a compreensão ou o desempenho do aluno. Desse modo, a esfera pragmática deve sempre estar presente. Neste artigo, exemplos de dois estudos são relatados: um caso de Português como Segunda Língua (PL2) em contexto brasileiro, e outro caso de Português como Língua Estrangeira (PLE) em contexto internacional. A conclusão de que a transferência de carga cultural pode ser única em sua incorporação, de acordo com o aluno, demonstra a necessidade de profissionalização e treinamento contínuo do professor de Português para estrangeiros. Palavras-chave: esfera pragmática, transferência de carga cultural Introdução O presente artigo é fruto de parte da dissertação de mestrado Identidade Brasileira tipo Exportação, defendida em 2011 na Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie – São Paulo, em que se estudou a presença de estereótipos culturais sobre o Brasil e sobre o brasileiro tanto no professor nativo quanto no aluno estrangeiro de língua portuguesa e cultura do Brasil como segunda língua dentro do país (PL2) ou no aluno estrangeiro de língua portuguesa e cultura do Brasil no exterior (PLE). Pressupõe-se que certas dinâmicas de aula evidenciam estereótipos culturais. Para tal fim, a dissertação foi desenvolvida por meio de pesquisa qualitativa de cunho interpretativo que se iniciou com a observação de aulas em dois cenários: observador participante no papel de professor de PL2 para 8 alunos estrangeiros na Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie – São Paulo, e observador de aulas de PLE na Universidade do

We analyze phonological conditions for sonants to gain  possibility of forming a syllable, that is, to become the nucleus of a syllable in Serbian and Šatrovački, a specific slang language game that bases on reversal of syllables in Serbian words.
By comparing the Šatrovački part to the research of syllable structure in Serbian by Draga Zec (2007), we learned that IO-Dep and Margins Sonority constraints are highly ranked in both systems. This gives space for syllabic sonants. In Serbian these sonants are /r/, /l/, /n/, mostly in final position. In Šatrovački these sonants are /r/, /l/, /lj/, /m/, /n/, with the addition of /j/ and /v/, which is quite odd if we notice that /j/ and /v/ are showing to be closer to consonants whether to sonants.
The theoretical frame for this research is Optimality Theory, so the final goal of the paper is to form constraint hierarchy for both systems and compare them, because we find that language game as this one may tell us something about the source language (Serbian, in this case).

En 2018, accompagnant le devenir zombie de Khiasma, j'ai commencé à publier, une histoire fragmentaire et possible de ce lieu installé depuis l'an 2001 peut-être aux Lilas, Seine-Saint-Denis, au coeur vibrant de la République Française des Jeux. Sa disparition marque la transformation d'un territoire autant que d'une manière de raconter la banlieue populaire parisienne au moment de sa gentrification radicale.