Sexism

This study explored the personal narratives of six AFAB (“assigned female at birth”) singers – three cis and three trans/non-binary performers of varying ages, ethnicities and locales – to understand how their experiences informed their musical, vocal and gender identities and shaped their musical and vocal lives. Using a semi-structured interview process, the singers recounted their memories and understanding of significant events in their development, and together, each singer and I explored those recollections through a process of collaborative self-exploration. Emerging themes from those narratives underscored the need for further investigation into the intersection of AFAB voice, singing and gender, as both existing literature and the results of this study suggest a deeper understanding of the issues around gender socialization, normative expectations and voice is necessary to appropriately and effectively prepare singers at all levels of their musical and vocal education.

Study results found that there are many sources of socially-mediated influences which shape AFAB singers’ development of self, their individual and social identities, and their perceptions of their voice – particularly in the context of normative expectations that define gender and gender identities. While all study participants clearly experienced pleasure in musical performance, the narratives revealed a complex web of expectations and influences that contributed significant amounts of anxiety, with both physiological and psychological repercussions, to the performers’ lives. The ways in which the singers both fell victim to and addressed these sources of stress suggest many topics for further exploration and discussion within the professional voice and music education community, including the role of expert influence, the development of personal agency and perceived self-efficacy, as well as the need for individualized, holistic approaches to vocal pedagogy.

It is sometimes argued that the non-therapeutic, non-consensual alteration of children’s genitals should be discussed in two separate ethical discourses: one for girls (in which such alterations should be termed ‘female genital mutilation’ or FGM), and one for boys (in which such alterations should be termed ‘male circumcision’). In this article, I call into question the moral and empirical basis for such a distinction, and argue that all children—whether female, male, or intersex—should be free from having parts of their genitals removed unless there is a pressing medical indication.

Research has shown that gender differences in Math performance are partially predicted by sociocultural aspects such as sexist ideologies and stereotypes. This study examined sexist ideologies as predictors of women´s achievement in standardized Math tests, and the mediation role of Math-gender stereotypes and Math self- efficacy, while controlling for abstract reasoning, among high-school girls (H.S.), and university women majoring Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH), and in Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM). Among H.S. girls, data showed the expected indirect effect of Math gender stereotypes on Math achievement via Math self-efficacy. Among university students, model adjustment was less optimal. An unexpected positive relationship between hostile sexism and Math performance in STEM fields emerged. Out data suggest several mechanisms by which ideologies and gender stereotypes affect women´s Math performance.

El pasado 27 de marzo de 2019 el Consejo de Europa aprobó su "Recomendación CM/Rec(2019)1 del Comité de Ministros de los Estados miembros para prevenir y combatir el sexismo". No es una cuestión menor, ya que es la primera vez que se propone una definición de sexismo y se establecen ciertas obligaciones para los Estados, toda vez que se ha constatado que, a pesar de la múltiple producción legislativa al respecto, aún persiste una brecha entre las normas y las prácticas así como entre la igualdad de iure y la de facto.

Sexual education plays an essential role in preventing unplanned pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). School-based sexual education programs, in particular, may be well positioned to address social factors that are empirically linked to negative sexual health outcomes, such as traditional social norms surrounding gender and sexuality. However, youth are seldom granted access to sexual education programs that explicitly address these issues. This study presents findings from a pretest-posttest survey of a sexual education program that did. It was designed for eighth graders (N=95) in the context of a school-community collaboration. The study assessed the links between several components of sexual empowerment, including gender ideology, sexual knowledge, and contraceptive beliefs. Findings link participation in the sexual education program to more progressive attitudes toward girls and women, less agreement with hegemonic masculinity ideology, and ...

This paper serves both as a kind of summary of Haack's arguments against the various styles of postmodernism cynicism about inquiry, evidence. truth, and reality, and as an anticipate=ion of the ideas developed in detail in her DEFENDING SCIENCE---WITHIN REASON (2003).

Feminist linguistics has striven to eradicate sexist language by arguing against male-oriented usage that usually trivialises, degrades, and ultimately excludes women. This study, which attempts to record the range and depth of potential changes in the Greek language as a result of heightened language awareness and changed social conditions, attests to the hesitant, often dubious, nature and slow pace of non-sexist modifications in terms of both linguistic and social practices.

Особистий імідж керівника організації можна вважати чи не найважливішим компонентом загального корпоративного іміджу, суттєвим механізмом формування якого  часто виступає персоніфікація, себто приписування організації характеристик персони, що її очолює. Імідж лідера ніколи  не є самоціллю, зазвичай він покликаний виконувати конкретну функцію у сфері управління, впливу на аудиторію та досягнення економічних чи маркетингових цілей. Коли організацію сприймають через призму символічного образу керівника, що уособлює орієнтири та цінності всього колективу та діяльності компанії, сутність іміджу очільника набуває стратегічного значення, адже може прямо впливати на успіх та соціальне визнання установи – сприятливо, або ж, навпаки, негативно. Вагомість фактору іміджу керівництва є актуальною для будь-якої сфери діяльності, зокрема й роботи освітніх закладів. У тексті розглядається потенційний варіант корегування актуального іміджу Михайла Поплавського як ректора, науковця, публічного діяча.

Efforts to increase men and boys' engagement in preventing violence against women are expanding worldwide. Systematic understandings of the strategies organizations use to recruit men and boys as well to deepen and sustain engagement are missing from the literature. This study presents descriptive findings from in-depth interviews with 29 representatives of organizations in Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and North and South America that engage men and boys in preventing violence against women and girls.

Long before the 2016 campaign, wild speculations about Hillary Clinton’s supposedly dire ailments abounded. These dubious rumors suddenly gained new traction when Hillary collapsed during the 9/11 commemorative ceremonies in New York. Her campaign later disclosed that she had pneumonia—a fact hidden from the public. She then took three days off to recuperate. During her convalescence, Donald Trump pressed his advantage by re-energizing a narrative of his own health—despite refusing to release his own complete medical records—and immediately raised doubts about Hillary’s “stamina.” This narrative crystallized when Donald, accompanied by his daughter Ivanka, was the sole guest for an entire episode of The Dr. Oz Show that aired on September 15th.
By moving the discussion of candidate health from the arcane archives of medical files to the medical info-tainment forum of The Dr. Oz Show, Donald capitalized on his opportunity to shape a narrative that positioned silent, ailing Hillary at the nexus of three longstanding, interwoven cultural narratives: women as physically fragile; women as incompetent, incapable, or malicious; and women’s value as defined by a heterosexist male aesthetic. 
This chapter interweaves the narrative analysis with original poetry. As bodies of evidence, the poems embody the voices of the protagonists’ somatic narratives that solidified during the program: Donald’s ongoing proof of virility through reinforcing female fragility; Ivanka’s embodiment of voluptuousness that springs from Donald’s loins; Hillary’s attempt to establish a non-androcentric (but not emasculating) aura of competence and vigor. Melania Trump’s body augmented the narrative of the female body as (sexually) desirable because desired, yet unproductive (as a vessel for delivering plagiarized words). Each poem speaks as the body of each protagonist, articulating how their bodies play a central role in constituting candidates.
Collectively, the poems and the narrative analysis track the evolution of a larger cultural narrative of women that links malfunctioning bodies with professional malfeasance and moral misbehavior. The cultural force of this narrative helps explain why Donald’s physical attributes augmented his stature as a locker room legend, relegating Hillary to the sick bed.

Mini-mémoire réalisé en deuxième année de Master, dans le cadre d'un séminaire sur Poullain de La Barre et la recherche de l'égalité des sexes. Je me suis intéressée ici aux enjeux d'un texte latin parodique du XVIe siècle, traduit en français au XVIIIe siècle, qui veut démontrer en imitant une secte chrétienne hérétique que les femmes ne sont pas des êtres humains, en prenant comme socle de son raisonnement le texte biblique et un événement historique bien réel, à savoir le concile de Mâcon (en 585 de notre ère environ), qui débattit sur la question de l'humanité des femmes...

The article considers the socio-psychological criteria for the formation of gender stereotypes of appearance. The priority of the study is implementing a system of criteria for gender stereotypes of appearance, taking into account the system of socio-psychological factors and gender-oriented forms of prevention of overcoming sexism and discrimination on the grounds of personality attractiveness. It is substantiated that social evaluation through physical criteria creates several psychological problems because the "physical self" is an essential component of the "selfconcept" and one of the criteria of self-esteem. It is proved that the properties of gender stereotypes coincide with the social ones. They are the bearer of emotional and evaluative characteristics, taking into account the group of values associated with the ambivalence of ideas about another. A methodical approach to the assessment of gender stereotypes of appearance and personality is proposed, which allows determining the criteria of human well-being, taking into account discrimination factors, intrapersonal parameters of affective-negative perception of one's appearance and self-concept, as well as the aesthetic perception of identity. An assessment of socio-psychological factors of gender stereotypes of appearance, which is based on the methodological provisions of psychoanalysis and humanism, cognitive paradigm, dispositional theory, cross-cultural approach, and some sociological studies, is carried out. As an experiment on empirical verification of the stereotypes of appearance, their gender differences, and socio-psychological factors, a set of methods of psychological diagnosis is used, which allow determining indicators of stereotypes of appearance, selfesteem, and attitude to beauty; socio-psychological criteria for the formation of gender stereotypes of appearance. A methodology for assessing the criteria for improving the attitude of respondents to their own appearance by determining the level of self-esteem, satisfaction with appearance, awareness of gender differences in appearance, and the desire to improve their own appearance in case of discrimination has been developed and implemented.

What can we do—and what should we do—to fight against bias? This final chapter introduces empirically-tested interventions for combating implicit (and explicit) bias and promoting a fairer world, from small daily-life debiasing tricks to larger structural interventions. Along the way, this chapter raises a range of moral, political, and strategic questions about these interventions. This chapter further stresses the importance of admitting that we don’t have all the answers. We should be humble about how much we still don’t know and dedicate efforts to gathering as much knowledge as possible. Even so, we know enough now to start making a difference, and this chapter ultimately aims to chip away at the gap between our abstract commitments to treat people fairly and our lived habits and experiences, which continue to be shaped by implicit and explicit prejudices and stereotypes about race, gender, and other social categories.

Decades before the #MeToo movement, flight attendants navigated a workplace in which their employers required them to stay thin, remain unmarried, and squeeze into revealing clothing every day. In the early 1970s, flight attendants organized one of the first campaigns against workplace sexual harassment, assault, and sexual discrimination.

In recent years there has been a lot of attention focused on the specific issue of the battered women, and the battered women who eventually fight violence with violence. This is with good reason, since it is a widespread and serious problem for modern society. The authors whose works are discussed here struggle with notions of male dominance, experiment with legal tests, and manipulate the instruments of law enforcement in an attempt to figure out exactly what to do with, and for, these people in abusive relationships. However, as the authors themselves indicate, the problem is much deeper in modern culture and these issues just scratch at the surface.

The problem concerning this type of violence is a combination of societal attitudes about women and attitudes about violence. However, feminists believe the issue is completely shaped by gender-related discrimination, and so distrust the political (male-dominated) solution.

Instead, the focus should be on the vulnerability of the victims of violence, and that this vulnerability is not exclusively linked to sexism in the system: legal or social. The views and treatment of women needs to be changed. Part of that change will in fact be accomplished through the revision of legal rules, consciousness-raising, and education. But the sea of change will have to come about through deeper, tougher, and more fundamental revision of our thoughts about violence. Sexism in the family, in the social system, and in the legal system must go, but so must violence.

An examination of hybridism in the portrayal of male sexual sadism and the polyvalent female "no" in David Foster Wallace's "Brief Interviews with Hideous Men" - AWP Portland panel presentation for "Hybrid Sex  Writing: What's Your Position?" -  March 28, 2019

The article is devoted to the analysis of the results of approbation of a new
psychodiagnostic tool for diagnosing the level and structure of sexism as
a social setting of the personality – “Sexism Structure Inventory (SSI)”.
The questionnaire is constructed from aphoristic negative statements about
women on the basis of peer review and contains, in addition to the generalized
indicator of sexism, three scales: “Insecurity of a woman in interpersonal
relationships”, “The lack of a woman’s abilities for activity”,
“Women’s objectification”. The primary examination of the questionnaire
on a sample of students (n=231) showed its psychometric reliability and
validity and revealed directions for its further refinement.
Keywords: sexism, stereotype, psycho-diagnostics, questionnaire, validity,
reliability.

Shchukina M.A., Zizevskaia E.S. The method of psychological diagnosis of the Sexism structure. Materials of All-Russian Scientific Jubilee Conference “Fundamental and applied researches of contemporary psychology: results and prospects of development”/ Edited by A.L. Guravlev, V.A., Koltsova. - M.: Publishing house of Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Science, 2017, 888-896.

Статья посвящена анализу результатов апробации нового психодиа-гностического инструмента для диагностики уровня и структуры сексизма как социальной установки личности – «Опросника струк-туры сексизма». Опросник сконструирован из афористических нега-тивных высказываний в отношении женщин на основании эксперт-ной оценки и содержит помимо обобщенного показателя сексизма три шкальные оценки: «Ненадежность женщины в межличностных отношениях», «Отсутствие у женщины способностей для деятель-ности», «Объективация женщины». Первичная проверка опросни-ка на выборке студентов (n=231) показала его психометрическую надежность и валидность и выявила направления для дальнейшей его доработки.

Щукина М.А., Зизевская Е.С. Разработка методики психологической диагностики структуры сексизма.  Фундаментальные и прикладные исследования современной психологии: результаты и перспективы развития / Отв. ред. Журавлёв А. Л., Кольцова В. А.. – М.: Изд-во “Институт психологии РАН”, 2017. – С. 888 - 896.

Violence among peers is a problem that is arousing a growing interest in the media as well as in the community based intervention. Our argument is that homophobia and sexism are imbedded in own definition of this type of violence that we know as harassment among peers or bullying. Discrimination appears when gender norms are broken. Articulated into mechanisms such as name calling and using pejorative terms on masculinity and femininity; by using these terms what is an acceptable behaviour is defined in our schools. This article also shows some voices of students, teachers and professionals. All of them discuss non normative sexualities, providing us privileged hints on how to intervene preventing bullying.

Roughly two decades ago, the expression « cougar » surfaced in popular language as a term used to describe women engaging in intimate relationships with younger men. Drawing on 55 semi-structured interviews with women aged 30-60 who date younger men, the author explores the way these women imagine the « cougar » and the reasons why they chose to identify as such or reject that label. Results show that very few women like being associated with that expression, and that their position is largely influenced by gendered normative expectations found in the traditional cultural script for heterosexual sex. Furthermore, she shows that ageism complicates the renegotiation of gendered norms regarding sexuality that women who date younger men must do in order to present themselves as emancipated sexual subjects while also avoiding potential stigma.

Das Papier fasst die ‚moralische Panik‘ (Cohen), die um sexuellen Übergriffe in der Kölner Sylvesternacht 2015/15 entstanden ist, als ‚Ereignis‘ im Sinne von Deleuze, nämlich als die Gleichzeitigkeit nicht zusammenpassender Elemente, wobei im vorliegenden Fall die Geichzeitigkeit von Sexismus und Rassismus gemeint sind. Die oft nicht gesehene Intersektionalität beider Diskriminierungspraktiken wird in vier Perspektiven behandelt: 1. Ethnisierung von Sexismus, 2. Ethnosexistische Bilderpolitiken, 3. Vergeschlechtlichung migrationsfeindlicher Sicherheitsdispositive und 4. Neufassung eines spätmodernen Sexualitätsdispositivs. Es geht in dem Artikel darum, der spaltenden Logik von Opferkonkurrenzen entgegenzuwirken.

This article will study the world of American professional wrestling in connection to the reception of masculine tropes by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) fans. Wrestling fans, who are in majority male and traditionally come from the American working class, are in the unique position to voice, or scream, their opinions of positive or negative masculine behaviours that they see live in the ring. Since it is a scripted show (or in wrestling jargon, a ‘work’), it offers us a fascinating insight into how men view masculine behaviour as they view the action from a fictional distance. As unlikely at it may seem, I will argue that based upon their live reception of positive and negative masculine traits, modern WWE fans are surprisingly liberal in their condemnation of masculinist beliefs such as misogyny, having a hatred of oppressive patriarchal systems and, mostly recently, opposing the sleazy objectification of women. I will additionally challenge accusations that wrestling is a fundamentally misogynistic industry, with particular reference to the modern reception of female wrestlers as serious athletes, rather than erotic valets leading males to the ring, or as sex objects in general, with reference to the successful 2015 ‘Divas revolution’ and the company’s decision to rename them ‘superstars’ in all broadcasts ‐ giving them equal status to their male counterparts.

Les cyberviolences envers les femmes sont une préoccupation mondiale, mais la plupart des travaux portent sur des cas spectaculaires de cyberharcèlement et incluent rarement des populations non anglophones. Cet article analyse les expériences et les perceptions de femmes francophones (n = 31) recueillies au Québec lors d’entretiens semi-dirigés et de groupes de discussion. Les concepts d’espace relationnel médiatisé et de cyberincivilités genrées étayent la multiplicité des incidents sexo-spécifiques rapportés. Ceux-ci s’inscrivent dans un continuum de violences et illustrent des dynamiques genrées dans les interactions en ligne : intrusions masculines dans l’espace personnel des femmes, souvent sous forme de harcèlement sexuel, incivilités sexistes, déni d’accès à des espaces sous le monopole du privilège masculin. Si la plupart des participantes ne perçoivent pas le web social comme hostile envers les femmes, il en va autrement pour les féministes qui ont été exposées à davantage d’incidents et d’hostilité. Il est proposé de mener d’autres travaux pour mieux comprendre ces expériences subjectives contrastées et ce qu’elles révèlent des rapports de genre dans le web social.

RESUMEN

Los libros de texto son transmisores importantes de la cultura hispana. Sin embargo, cuando representan contenidos sexistas y discriminatorios, que ponen a una persona en posición de subordinación por su sexo, eso puede llevar a que alumnas y alumnos desarrollen unos estereotipos de género en el proceso de aprendizaje.
En esta memoria he intendado mostrar cuál es la imagen de mujer y hombre que los manuales de ELE ofrecen y si se respetan en ellos los principios de coeducación y de igualdad de género. El corpus de la investigación ha sido compuesto por tres libros de texto de ELE de nivel elemental: Prisma Comienza, Vuela 1 y Español en marcha 1. Usando el ánalisis cuantitativo he determinado el número total de personajes masculinos y femeninos en fotografías y ilustraciones, su edad y profesiones en los que aparecen. Luego, usando el ánalisis cualitativo, he analizado críticamente varias imágenes elegidas que contribuyen a la perpetuación o a la deconstrucción de estereotipos de género.
El ánalisis mostró que los hombres son en mayor o menor medida más visibles que las mujeres en los manuales tratados. El abanico de profesiones que ejercen los hombres es más amplio que el de las mujeres. Las mujeres rara vez asumen posiciones de alto rango académico. Los dos sexos aparecen en roles i profesiones estereotipados.
Los resultados indican la necesidad de desarrollar la conciencia crítica tanto de los autores i editores de los libros de texto, como de las y los profesores de lengua que utilizan esos materiales en la clase.

Palabras clave: sexismo, estereotipos de género, roles de género, igualdad de género, libros de texto de ELE

Through Jean-Paul Sartre’s existential ontology and social psychology’s Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) it is possible to claim that prejudice is predicated on our incorrect ordering of character dispositions
(or personality) with action. In other words, we make the mistake of thinking that people’s character is the cause of action and behaviour. I argue, with the help of Sartre and proponents of the FAE, that this is ontologically incorrect and is the primary cause of prejudice.

The publication of John Hattie’s Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement in 2009 has led to the widespread adoption of the Visible Learning program around the world. Critique of this program has been less widespread, especially in English, and has tended to centre on the mechanisms of meta-analysis. We consider what Visible Learning puts to work in relation to cultural politics and find it closely aligned with agendas of neoliberalism, sexism and ableism that operate to perform exclusion in schools and to de-professionalise teachers in feminised work. We argue that the metaphor of Visible Learning itself requires much more careful attention.

Background: Although outdoor education provides many positive learning outcomes for students, it is a field in which women continue to be underrepresented in leadership roles. Centering the voices of women and other underrepresented populations is critical to creating a more inclusive outdoor education field. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore women’s experiences as outdoor leaders, and how women’s perspectives may broaden how outdoor leadership is defined and conceptualized. Methodology/Approach: The study was grounded in narrative inquiry and a critical feminist framework and included interviews and photo reflections of six participants identifying as women outdoor leaders in higher education. Findings/Conclusions: Participants experienced sexism, gender bias, and lack of confidence in technical skills as outdoor leaders. Participants discussed how they conceptualize
outdoor leadership through a lens of facilitation and discovery, challenging masculine norms and ideologies. In addition, participants’ intersections of identities influence how they experience outdoor leadership. Implications: Implications from this study indicate the continued need to center the voices of women and diverse populations,
using critical frameworks nascent in outdoor education studies. In addition, critical examinations of policies and practices that may reify the White male privileged narrative of outdoor education are needed.

Gaslighting is defined as a dysfunctional communication dynamic in which one interlocutor attempts to destabilize another's sense of reality. In this article, we advance a model of gaslighting based in an epistemic rhetoric perspective. Our model directs attention to the rhetorics used to justify competing knowledge claims, as opposed to philosophical models that tend to rely on objective truth-value. We probe the discursive manifestations of gaslighting in logocentric, ethotic, or pathemic terms. We then apply our model to explain sexist and racist gaslighting that derives power from normatively instantiated discourses of rape culture and White supremacy. Specifically, our analysis identifies the appeal structures used to legitimate such gaslighting in response to disclosures of sexual violence and testimony about racial injustice.

Представлены результаты апробации полной и сокращенной версий нового инструментария для диагностики уровня и структуры сексизма – «Опросника структуры сексизма». Опросник состоит из отобранных экспертами афористических высказываний, сексистских по отношению к женщинам. Методика позволяет выявлять присущие респондентам стереотипные социальные представления о приписываемых женщинам негативных чертах. Апробация опросника на выборке студентов высших учебных заведений (n = 231, в том числе 147 женщин, 84 мужчин; средний возраст 23,5 года, SD = 7,45) показала его психометрическую надежность и валидность. Сокращенная версия опросника включает 18 пунктов, распределенных по трем шкалам, выделенным при факторном анализе: «Глупость (женщина за рулем)», «Лживость и непостоянство», «Эгоизм». Результаты применения опросника позволяют не только оценивать выраженность социальных стереотипов по отношению к женщинам, но и уточняют стереотипный портрет женщины в социальных представлениях. Это дает возможность анализировать влияние сексизма на самосознание женщин, характер социальных ожиданий по отношению к женщинам, причины трудностей межгендерного взаимодействия, что может быть использовано в психологическом консультировании, психотерапии, психологическом просвещении. Опыт применения первоначальной версии опросника показал, что наблюдается взаимосвязь ориентации на вертикальную карьеру и сексистской установки о неспособности женщин к деятельности.
The article presents the testing results of the full and short versions of the new test for diagnosing the level and the structure of sexism – “Sexism Structure Inventory”. The test consists of experts selected aphoristic expressions which are sexist in relation to women. The inventory allows to identify in respondents social stereotypes about negative traits attributed to women. Testing of inventory on the group with N = 231, middle age = 23,5 years (SD = 7,45) confirmed its psychometric validity and reliability. The short version of SSI includes 18 items distributed on three scales: “Stupidity (woman driving)”, “Mendacity and inconstancy”, “Egoism”.

Gender discrimination in the workplace is the result of constant adherence to the social stereotypes in an organization's structures, processes, and practices. This phenomenon also includes leadership, structure, strategy, culture, organizational climate, as well as organizational decision-makers' levels of sexism. Women as a group have been considered as the members of socially stigmatized groups along with the African-American, LGBTQ, and Dalit. Women have been suppressed, have to fight to get their rights, treated as a lower part of society, moreover, they are considered non-productive and non-intellectual beings. Hence their roles were restricted to household chores and birthing alone. The term misogyny is derived from the Greek word "misogyny" which means hatred towards women. Misogyny is an extreme form of sexism and hence it is a product of structural and cultural norms. Misogyny in other forms is male privilege, patriarchy, gender discrimination, sexual harassment, belittling of women, violence against women, and sexual objectification. Women suffer from discrimination in their workplace because of historical structural conditions. According to US National Judicial Education Programme, the most prominent forms of gender discrimination are (a) stereotyped thinking about the nature and roles of women and men, (b) Devaluing what is perceived as women's work, and (c) lack of knowledge of social and economic realities of women's and men's lives. Advertisement (audio, video, or print) plays a nasty role in establishing misogyny, for example in a study by Gaucher and others 2011, they found wordings of advertisement very masculine, filled with the male stereotype (words like a leader, strong, competitive, dominant), while ads for women only jobs include words like: support, understand, interpersonal, convenient, etc.. Hence it allows the "institutional level mechanism of inequality maintenance". As per the HT-C fore survey of working men and women of 8 Indian Metro cities, 61% of men believe that the growing rate of divorce or breakdown of marriage among urban couples is because women have become too independent and 57% of men have more faith in a male boss. The urban working middle class is the backbone of the emerging Indian economy, and so does the urban middle-class women population, but they have had to live with sexism for so long at home and at