Scientists, Naturalists, Travelers and Explorers

"Science, Geopolitics and Culture in the Polar Region" is the second of five volumes in the series "The Nordic Experience" – the outcome of an interdisciplinary, multi-year research project at the Centre for Baltic and East European Studies at Stockholm’s Södertörn University.

The “Polee and Rose Allen of the Slave Ship Clotilda and Africatown, Alabama” Explorers Club Flag Expedition took place in February, March and April 2022.  This Final Flag Report contains the following sections:

• Flag Photos of the Expedition
• Location of the Expedition
• Goals of this Effort
• Why This Work is Important
• Previous Relevant Work
• Summary of Genealogical Findings
• Other Activities and Accomplishments
• Targets for Possible Archaeological, Historical & Land Ownership Investigation
• Land Ownership Map
• Any Toulmin Connection? 
• Participants in the Expedition
• Covid Precautions
• Annexes:

o A: Maps of the area
o B: Images of the expedition
o C:  New photo of Cudjo Lewis and Helen Duggar Conwell, c. 1935
o D:  Interview with Orlando Pogue
o E.  A song for the expedition
o F:  Flag #212 award email
o G. History of Flag # 212
o H: Lifetime list of Toulmin expeditions
o I:  Previous Flag Expeditions

Additionally,  a separate attachment is available on “The Polee, Rose and Lucy Allen Lines: Genealogical Descents from Africa, the Slave Ship Clotilda, and Africatown, Alabama to the Present,” and two separate supplements containing information from obituaries and funeral programs of Polee's descendants will be published in May 2022.

_The Physiology of Love and Other Writings_ is the first English annotated collection of Mantegazza’s selected works. In my extensive introductory essay, Mantegazza’s hybrid contributions from fiction, travel-writing, and ethnography to physiology, medicine, and politics are reevaluated as instances of a proto-cultural-studies approach attuned to the cross-fertilization of disciplines and the circulation of ideas in a period of European intellectual history that defied the notion of specialization.
Table of contents:
The Physiology of Love
And Selections from:
On The Hygienic and Medicinal Virtues of the Coca Plant and on Nervine Nourishment in General
One Day in Madeira
A Voyage to Lapland with my Friend Stephen Sommier
India
Epicurus: Essay in a Physiology of the Beautiful
The Neurosic Century
The Tartuffe Century
Head: Or, Sowing Ideas to Create New Deeds
Political Memoirs of a Foot Soldier in the Italian Parliament
The Year 3000: A Dream
The Psychology of Translation

Chapter 10 [in:] Treasure Hunting? The Collectors and the Collecting of Indonesian Artefacts. (Reimar Schefold and Han Vermeulen, eds.) Leiden: Research School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), University of Leiden. Mededelingen van het Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde, no. 30, pages 221-239.
This chapter offers one reading of the Smithsonian’s collections assembled by William Louis Abbott (1860-1936), focusing especially on Abbott’s motivation as a collector, and the dialectic that developed between the collector (Abbott) and the collecting institution (Smithsonian). By drawing upon correspondence between Abbott and museum scientists, and upon Abbott’s letters to his family, a portrait emerges of Abbott’s self-imposed mission, his methods and criteria for selection, and the extent to which they corresponded to the needs and desires of a collecting institution. By placing Abbott and his collections in the context of museum (especially Smithsonian) anthropology from the 1890s to today, we discover why Abbott’s collecting activity was so important to turn-of-the-century Smithsonian anthropologists. Yet we also find that his ethnological collections were later relatively neglected, due to the decline in the importance of material culture studies from which anthropology suffered until quite recently.

For more than a century, from about 1600 until the early eighteenth century, the Dutch dominated world trade. Via the Netherlands the far reaches of the world, both in the Atlantic and in the East, were connected. Dutch ships carried goods, but they also opened up opportunities for the exchange of knowledge. The commercial networks of the Dutch trading companies provided an infrastructure which was accessible to people with a scholarly interest in the exotic world. The present collection of essays brings together a number of studies about knowledge construction that depended on the Dutch trading networks.

Reviews: The Journal of Modern History (Harold Cook, Brown University, USA); Studium. Tijdschrift Voor Wetenschaps- en Universiteitsgeschiedenis / Revue D’histoire des Sciences et des Universités (Ernst van den Boogaart, University of Amsterdam); Itinerario, International Journal on the History of European Expansion and Global Interaction (Anne Good, Reinhardt University, USA); Journal of Early Modern History (Markus Vink, State University of New York).

Johann Martin Bernatz (1802-1878) was a German painter and illustrator known for his wide travels in ‘exotic’ countries. This short text presents original illustrations of scenes and landscapes from Ethiopia and her coastal neighbors by Bernatz, kept in the archives of the Frobenius Institute, Frankfurt.

El explorador francés Eugène Robuchon desapareció en
circunstancias oscuras en el río Caquetá en 1906, en el curso de sus trabajos de exploración para J. C. Arana y Hermanos. Las fotografías y notas geográficas y antropológicas dejadas por
Robuchon fueron editadas y publicadas en Lima en 1907 por
Carlos Rey de Castro, cónsul peruano en Manaos y asociado
cercano de Julio César Arana. Esta reedición contiene el texto íntegro y todas las fotografías de la “edición oficial” de 1907, que contiene la traducción del diario de la primera expedición de Robuchon al río Igaraparaná en los años 1903-1904. A este material hemos adicionado una introducción, titulada “La suerte de Robuchon”, tres fotografías de Robuchon tomadas del archivo de la Société de géographie de Paris, y la trascripción de un manuscrito de Robuchon encontrado en el Archivo diplomático y consular del Archivo general de la nación de Colombia. Este último documento contiene los diarios y anotaciones geográficas de Robuchon de la última expedición que realizó, entre octubre de 1905 y principios de 1906, luego de la cual desapareció en el río Caquetá.

This chapter discusses a boomerang incised with a scene depicting the arrival of the first European, the Scottish explorer John McDouall Stuart, to Central Australia. The boomerang was made by an enigmatic Aboriginal artist named Jim Kite 'Alyelkelhayeka' Penangke.

[French translation of "Ancestral Plaited Mats of Madagascar" as published in: "Arts & Cultures" 2018: pp. 210-223, French edition.] (Genève: Musée Barbier-Mueller). Purchase full journal at:
http://www.barbier-mueller.ch/store/index.php?dispatch=products.view&product_id=191
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L’objet de cet article est de faire part aux lecteurs d’Arts & Cultures des résultats des recherches récentes menées sur les collections de Madagascar rassemblées dans les années 1890 par le collectionneur américain d’histoire naturelle William Louis Abbott (1860-1936), pour le compte de la Smithsonian Institution à Washington. L’objet de cette étude est une collection en grande partie non publiée, saisissante d’un point de vue esthétique, de nattes tressées datant du XIXe siècle, assemblée en 1895. La collection d’Abbott avait pour fin l’étude dans un cadre scientifique contemporain – bien qu’obsolète aujourd’hui – de l’évolution sociétale telle que mesurée par la comparaison d’artefacts matériels de différentes cultures. Soigneusement conservés dans les espaces de stockage de la collection, ces objets sont, dans l’ensemble, restés inutilisés. Il en va de même pour d’autres collections du XIXe siècle assemblées pour l’étude de théories oubliées depuis longtemps et  qui sont aujourd’hui disponibles pour être réinterprétées et envisagées à la lumière des objectifs du XXIe siècle. Dans cette collection, les étiquettes manuscrites détaillées d’Abbott qui accompagnent les objets dont il a fait donation ont été bien conservées, complétant les informations contenues dans sa correspondance et ses notes de terrain conservées dans divers archives et dépôts de la Smithsonian.

KELLER-LËUZINGER, Franz. Os rios Amazonas e Madeira: esboços e relatos de um explorador. Tradução, Apresentação e Notas de Adriano Gonçalves Feitosa. Belo Horizonte: Editora Dialética, 2021. 304 p. ISBN 9786559568314.

Franz Keller-Lëuzinger (1835-1890) foi um engenheiro alemão, botânico, explorador, desenhista e pioneiro da fotografia no Brasil que, em expedição liderada por seu pai, Joseph Keller, também engenheiro, percorreu a Amazônia entre 1867 e 1868, comissionado pelo Governo Imperial para realizar levantamentos estatísticos e medições dos leitos e margens dos rios Amazonas e Madeira, de forma a averiguar a viabilidade da construção de ferrovias na região. Embora os mapas e ilustrações da expedição sejam amplamente conhecidos e referenciados pela comunidade acadêmica, até o momento os relatos da comissão jamais haviam sido traduzidos para a língua portuguesa. A presente tradução nasceu da paixão do tradutor pela leitura de relatos de cronistas, viajantes, exploradores, naturalistas e aventureiros, objetivando, sobretudo, divulgar a um público maior essa riquíssima nova fonte de potenciais pesquisas interdisciplinares, bem como contribuir para a superação de quaisquer barreiras linguísticas que pudessem vir a afastar novos leitores do precioso conteúdo da obra original. Para compreender a Amazônia de ontem e de hoje, entretanto, não se deve apenas procurá-la nas páginas amareladas do passado: deve-se vivê-la.

Disponível em: https://loja.editoradialetica.com/humanidades/os-rios-amazonas-e-madeira-esbocos-e-relatos-de-um-explorador

The establishment of a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope in the seventeenth century and an expansion of the sphere of colonial influence in the eighteenth century made South Africa the only part of sub-Saharan Africa where Europeans could travel with relative ease deep into the interior. As a result individuals with scientific interests in Africa came to the Cape. This book examines writings and drawings of scientifically educated travellers, particularly in the field of ethnography, against the background of commercial and administrative discourses on the Cape. It is argued that the scientific travellers benefited more from their relationship with the colonial order than the other way around.

Reviews: British Journal for the History of Science (Saul Dubow, History Dept., University of Sussex), Internationale Neerlandistiek (Samira Sassi, Dutch Dept., University of Oldenburg), Isis (Alette Fleischer, Department of History of Science & Technology, University of Twente), Centaurus: Journal for the European Society for the History of Science (James E. McClellan III, Stevens Institute of Technology, New Jersey), Werkwinkel (Ryszard Bartnik, Dept. of English, University of Poznan), South African Historical Journal (Wayne Dooling, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London), Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Missiongeschichte (Ulrich van der Heyden), Humboldt Universität, Berichte für Wissenschaftsgeschichte (S. Müller-Wille, University of Exeter); Etudes littéraires africaines (Nicholas Brucker, Université de Lorraine), Journal of the Social and Economic History of the Orient (Nigel Penn, University of Cape Town).

Wilfred Thesiger (1910–2003) was one of the most famous explorers of the Arabian Peninsula. In the latter half of the 1940s, he twice crossed the great Arabian desert, the Rub al-Khali (“Empty Quarter”), and explored inner Oman. These camel-borne expeditions were undertaken in conditions of great hardship and even danger. He was also renowned for his aversion to oil companies, which he feared would undermine the bedouin way of life. His views were outlined in his own writings, primarily his book, Arabian Sands, in which he predicted that the bedouin would abandon their traditional lifestyle to earn their living working in the oil camps. Thesiger’s travels encroached on a volatile tribal situation in central Oman and conflicted with the aims of the Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC) to open up the region to oil exploration. This article considers the interaction between explorers of the desert and explorers for oil. At its heart lies a dilemma facing all explorers of uncharted lands: how to record and preserve the traditional ways of indigenous people without contributing to the forces of change that threaten their existence. In the end, Thesiger was forced to decide between abandoning his travels or compromising his ideals by seeking financial help from IPC. Subsequently, rapid oil development came to south-eastern Arabia with discoveries in Abu Dhabi and Oman, transforming traditional lifestyles and leaving Thesiger in later life to reflect on the changes that the new wealth had brought.

Published in E. Charles Nelson and David J. Elliott eds, 'The Curious Mister Catesby, a "truly ingenious" naturalist explores new worlds', University of Georgia Press, Athens & London 2015 (winner of 2016 Annual Literature Award for a significant work in botanical or horticultural literature).

The text of the chapter is based on a lecture given at the Catesby Commemorative Trust's tercentenary conference on Mark Catesby held at the Smithsonian Institution , Washington, D.C., in November 2012.  The chapter discusses the materials and techniques used by Mark Catesby in his watercolours, and his borrowings from the work of other natural history artists.

Some of Australia's earliest or more 'fine grained' European exploration was conducted by runaways, whalers and other persons. Rather than being part of official or funded expeditions, these folk explored as part of their survival or work. Their largely forgotten achievements are increasingly being reconstructed, indicating that Australia experienced a greater deluge of European 'wanderings' than is usually imagined. This paper considers the Sunshine Coast/ Wide Bay area of Queensland as an example of this phenomenon. It identifies several unknown or under-rated early explorers of this district; reconstructs their routes; and considers the significance of their interaction with local Indigenous groups.

Capítulo XVI del libro de Thomas J. Hutchinson (1873). Two years in Peru, with explorations of its antiquities [Dos años en el Perú, con indagaciones sobre sus antigüedades] (Vol. 1, pp. 331-343). Londres, Reino Unido: Sampson Low, Marston, Low, & Searle. Traducción: Daniel Vifian López y Rennzo Rojas Rupay. Notas a pie de página y «Nota introductoria» de la «Sección fuentes para el estudio del arte latinoamericano» por Daniel Vifian López.

Attraverso i resoconti di viaggio e i saggi che Wallace scrisse nel corso della sua vita saranno trattati temi differenti come quello della schiavitù, delle missioni cristiane e dell’imperialismo. Questi saranno paragonati ad altri resoconti scritti intorno al XIX secolo e non più tardi, per comprendere come la visione dell’indigeno fosse standardizzata e sempre negativa. L’incontro con le popolazioni autoctone extraeuropee mostrerà il sollevamento da parte di Wallace di temi a carattere antropologico delicati, anticipatori dei dibattiti sulle scienze sociali del XX secolo.

El relato de viajes fue uno de los tipos discursivos más usados durante el siglo diecinueve, en consonancia con el interés exploratorio y la fascinación geopolítica con que las ciencias naturales impregnaban el imaginario de la época. Entre los relatos de viajes de reconocimiento, codificación y legitimación del territorio rioplatense, en este artículo analizo en el Viaje a Misiones, publicado por Eduardo L. Holmberg en 1887, el diseño de estrategias retóricas y lingüísticas que se distancian de los modelos vigentes en la época e intentan la construcción de una genealogía literaria alternativa.
Entre el modelo de Goethe y el de Humboldt, pero también entre el utilitarismo de Azara o del capitán Page, entre la parodia de Cervantes o el fisiologismo espiritualista de Mantegazza, el relato de Holmberg excede los preceptos de la literatura de viajes y configura, en cambio, como la mayoría de sus textos, un desvío irónico y sagaz respecto de la tradición instituida.

Monitoimimies Sakari Pälsi on erityisen tunnettu maailmanmatkoistaan. Ensimmäiselle tutkimusmatkalleen ulkomaille hän pääsi kuitenkin vasta 26-vuotiaana, nykynäkökulmasta ajatellen varsin myöhään. Pälsi oli edellisenä vuonna saattanut arkeologian yliopisto-opintonsa kunniakkaaseen päätökseen ja kaipasi mahdollisuuksia hyödyntää vastavalmistunutta tutkintoaan. Gustaf John Ramstedt (1873–1950), joka oli jo tuolloin tunnettu kielitieteilijä ja tutkimusmatkailija, oli lähdössä kuudennelle Itä-Aasian tutkimusmatkalleen. Ramstedt oli jo aiemmin tutkinut Mongolian kieltä ja kulttuuria, mutta halusi laajentaa tutkimustensa aikaperspektiiviä myös esihistorialliseen aikaan ja etsi sopivaa matkakumppania. Pälsi tarttui hanakasti mahdollisuuteen päästä Ramstedtin matkaan, ja kahden hengen tutkimusretkikunta suunnisti puoli vuotta kestäneelle tutkimusretkelle Mongolian aroille keväällä 1909. Tässä matkassa oli
monia piirteitä, joista tuli leimaa-antavia Pälsin myöhemmille reissuille. Mongolian matkalla olikin ilmeisen huomattava vaikutus Pälsin myöhemmän uran muotoutumisen kannalta.

Jack-of-all-trades Sakari Pälsi was especially renowned for his journeys abroad. However, he was able to depart on his first expedition only in the age of 26, comparatively late from a contemporary
perspective. Pälsi had, the year before, successfully completed his archaeological studies at the university and was looking for opportunities to put his newly acquired qualification to use. Gustaf
John Ramstedt (1873–1950), who was already then a renowned linguist and explorer, was leaving for his sixth expedition to East Asia.
Ramstedt had already earlier studied Mongolian language and culture, but was keen to broaden the timescale of his research to include prehistory and was in search of a suitable traveling companion. Pälsi jumped at the chance to travel with Ramstedt, and the expedition-of-two headed for a six-month exploratory journey to the Mongolian steppes in the spring of 1909. Many aspects of this journey were
to become a model for Pälsi’s later trips. This journey to Mongolia had a remarkable impact on the formation of Pälsi’s later career.

Este artículo se concentra en la representación de los paisajes y de los tipos neogranadinos en las acuarelas elaboradas en el marco de la Comisión Corográfica. A partir de la comprensión de estas acuarelas como formas de representación modernas se establecen las categorías de paisaje historizado y paisaje desierto, y de tipos salvajes, tipos populares y tipos notables, las cuales se caracterizan. Finalmente se plantea que estas acuarelas deben ser pensadas más como ilustraciones científicas y modalidades de publicidad nacionalista que como obras de arte.

Esta tese analisa a viagem do naturalista britânico Henry Walter Bates ao Brasil, entre 1848 e 1859, enfocando suas relações com os habitantes locais e observando de que forma estes colaboraram para o êxito da expedição. Durante os seus 11 anos de estadia no país, Bates coletou espécimes de aproximadamente 14 mil espécies brasileiras, sendo cerca de oito mil até então desconhecidas na Europa e, a partir de suas observações, propôs a teoria hoje conhecida como mimetismo batesiano. Ademais, relatou sua vivência na Amazônia em um dos livros de viagem mais aclamados e bem-sucedidos de seu tempo, sendo reeditado até os dias de hoje. A viagem ao Brasil foi essencial para a inserção de Bates nos círculos científicos ingleses e para sua ascensão social e profissional. Por este motivo, é fundamental olhar para a sua passagem pelo Brasil para compreender o papel transformador de sua viagem e as estratégias empregadas por Bates para garantir o sucesso de sua empreitada. Sem apoio governamental, institucional ou financeiro, reunir uma ampla e diversificada rede de colaboradores locais foi essencial ao naturalista. Ao longo de seu relato de viagem, Bates faz referência a um total de 221 indivíduos, frequentemente nomeando e descrevendo aqueles que o auxiliaram. Desta forma, o livro de viagem, assim como os cadernos de campo mantidos pelo naturalista e algumas de suas correspondências pessoais, são fontes importantes para a compreensão da infraestrutura humana que tornou possível a sua expedição científica. Ao longo desta tese, a análise destas fontes é utilizada como base para a identificação de alguns dos principais indivíduos que compunham a rede de colaboradores de Bates no Brasil e para a observação das formas e dos momentos em que o naturalista buscava suporte na população local. Após a análise textual, uma visualização da rede de colaboradores de Bates foi criada com o software Gephi para complementar a leitura das interações dentro da rede. Observar como se davam estas interações é uma forma de compreender melhor a sociabilidade inerente ao trabalho naturalista de campo e de chamar atenção para uma complexa rede de indivíduos geralmente tornados invisíveis nas narrativas sobre as grandes viagens científicas do século XIX, mas frequentemente mencionados pelos próprios naturalistas em seus relatos de viagem por suas constantes colaborações.

As a field naturalist, my doctoral research in plant ecology has focused on the biodiversity of open Mediterranean environments, conducted in parallel with a professional activity in a design office. This knowledge of botany, extended to the entire western Mediterranean, has subsequently allowed me to write chapters of books (monographs, identification keys, synonymic indexes, catalogs) on the flora of France and North Africa, then of the Middle East.
In collaboration with various European teams and Maghreb researchers, I started work on new lines of research (integrative systematics, biogeography and phylogeny). I diversified biological models (molluscs) and assimilated new methods (biochemistry, molecular genetics). Various endemic species have served as integrative models that we are studying at all levels, from in situ inventory and conservation, to the phylogenetic and paleo-ecological origins of endemism, works done in the context of several Ph.D. I participated and/or co-directed.
Within the research unit AMAP, I collaborated with Tela Botanica on the Pl@ntNet project (https://plantnet.org/) which continues through the Floris'Tic project (http://floristic.org/), with activities dedicated to the flora of North Africa and the Middle East. I refocused my research on descriptive botany and biodiversity cataloguing, through collaborative networking and the use of computerised information storage and taxonomic identification tools on the Mediterranean flora. I now focus on describing the unknown biodiversity in the Mediterranean hotspot, combining classical (morphological) and modern (molecular) approaches.
My research project is to continue the momentum that I initiated over the last dozen years. This project deals with biogeography, taxonomy and conservation in the service of knowledge, protection and promotion of biodiversity in the Mediterranean, particularly in the countries of the southern and eastern shores. It aims in the medium and long term to participate in the filling of the taxonomic deficit in areas of biodiversity hotspots but coldspots of knowledge, such as the Maghreb and the Mediterranean Middle East. The objective is the reappropriation, by the Maghrebian and Middle Eastern scientific corps, of a long and rich history of the biodiversity knowledge, partially interrupted for half a century, and whose historical collections of Montpellier (MPU), Paris (P), Geneva (G) or Barcelona (B) herbaria are its precious memory. The project draws its regional coherence through a natural biogeographic convergence and integrates all the disciplines from the biodiversity inventory to the decision support tools.
The project is structured around three objectives: 1) Improvement and capitalization of fundamental knowledge on Mediterranean botany in the Maghreb and the Middle East; 2) Training and assistance, in southern countries, of field teams, mixing professionals and amateurs; 3) Production of practical identification tools, classical or modern, adapted to the needs of botanists and ecologists.

Entre os anos de 1817 e 1820 os naturalistas bávaros Karl Friedrich Phillip von Martius e Johann Batist von Spix realizaram uma expedição em terras brasileiras, percorrendo grande parte do território. Aqui, tiveram contato com diversos povos indígenas e, a partir da visita, produziram diversas obras sobre o Brasil e os seus habitantes. A fonte principal desta pesquisa é uma obra produzida por Martius cujo título é "Natureza, doenças, medicina e remédios dos índios brasileiros", publicada na Alemanha, no ano de 1844. Nela, o autor dedica-se ao estudo e descrição da forma como os índios entendiam e lidavam com a doença, como curavam e quais os remédios e práticas curativas eram por eles utilizados. Nosso objetivo é entender como Martius “fez ver” o indígena e suas práticas de cura, isto é, como olhou para o outro, como construiu alteridades e identidades a partir de seus escritos, como traduziu o visto e vivido em terras brasileiras e como avaliou e justificou as semelhanças e diferenças entre a medicina europeia e as artes de curar dos nativos do Brasil.

Between the years of 1817 and 1820 the Bavarian naturalists Karl Friedrich Phillip von Martius and Johann Batist von Spix realized an expedition in Brazilian lands, covering a great part of the territory. Here, they had contact with several indigenous peoples and, from the visit, produced several works on Brazil and its inhabitants. The main source of this research is a book produced by Martius whose title is "Nature, diseases, medicine and drugs of the brazilian indians", published in Germany, in the year 1844. In it, the author devotes himself to the study and description of the way in which the indians understood and dealt with the disease, how they healed, and what drugs and practices they used. Our purpose here is to understand how Martius “made his readers see” the indigenous and their healing practices, or, how he looked at the other, how he constructed alterities and identities from his writings, how he translated what he saw and lived among in the Brazilian lands. Ultimately, how he evaluated and justified the similarities and differences between European medicine and the healing arts of Brazilian natives.

The present article develops a new approach to intellectual history and sociology of knowledge. Its point of departure is to investigate the conditions under which social thinkers assume the iconic reputation. What does it take to become ‘a founding father’ of a humanistic discipline? How do social thinkers achieve the status of a trans-disciplinary star? Why some intellectuals attract tremendous attention and ‘go down in history’ despite personal and professional failures, while others enjoy only limited recognition or simply sink into oblivion, even if they have met all the standards of their day? Quite a few sociologists have tackled this elusive issue. Pierre Bourdieu, Michele Lamont and Randall Collins are among those who fleshed out strong explanatory frameworks. This project adds to this body of knowledge by emphasizing cultural factors that these authors downplayed in their seminal accounts, despite being aware of their significance. By showing why these underdeveloped aspects of their works need to be incorporated into the debate and how this can be achieved, this article introduces a new theorization of the iconic, lasting intellectual reputation substantiated by evidence from the lifeworks of Bronislaw Malinowski and Michel Foucault. As such, it aims, minimally, to make sociology of knowledge decisively ‘cultural’. Maximally, it seeks to demonstrate that the iconic success of intellectual intervention in social theory depends on carefully performed and contingently mediated engagement with the binary systems of symbolic classification.

Visit: http://www.saharanresearch.org/www.douglaspostpark.org/SARA_Initiative/SARA_Initiative.html

This research explores human response to climate change and asks how this interaction may have helped to form the large-scale prehistoric urbanism in the Timbuktu region. New understandings on the nature of prehistoric urbanism on the Niger Bend have been laid out by employing various theories and working models that deal with the social relationship with the changing climate and seasonal environment. The archaeological data used to address these theories and models were obtained over three seasons of research between 2008 and 2010. Field research involved intensive excavation and survey at the Iron Age tell complex of Tombouze (9 kilometers southeast of modern Timbuktu). Additionally, a wide ranging reconnaissance of the larger Timbuktu region and various forms of paleo-climate studies were also undertaken.

My findings suggest that the roles of changing climate regimes, a highly variable seasonal environment, and the unique ways local populations interacted with a difficult and marginal landscape, were all important in the formation of a dense and expansive prehistoric urban landscape. Incipient and small-scale semi-sedentary groups which came to the Timbuktu region at approximately 500 BC gave rise to a fully permanent yet highly flexible form of urbanism circa AD 650. Abandonment of the large urban centers and their hinterlands occurred at approximately AD 1000, soon before the foundation of historic Timbuktu by the Tuareg.

Investigation and analysis into the unique character of the prehistoric settlements of the Timbuktu region has produced a new hypothetical model of urbanism which may have application to the rest of the Niger Bend region. Known as the "Tombouze Model", this hypothetical construct suggests that urbanism fluctuates on a seasonal basis in accordance with the high and low flood seasons. During the high flood season, when dry land is limited, the prehistoric urban populations coalesced onto numerous large focus tells reaching probable dimensions of up to 100 hectares. During the low flood season, when land is plentiful but water scarce, the prehistoric populations radiated out into the hinterlands of the focus tells establishing temporary yet specialized seasonal camps in the floodplains while a much reduced permanently inhabited settlement core remained at the focus tells.

Livro que objetiva a divulgação e popularização do conhecimento científico sobre a região da Reserva da Biosfera  da Serra do Espinhaço, Minas Gerais, Brasil, pelo olhar destes naturalistas e a sua relação com o cotidiano. Com base nos mapas, descrições e ilustrações contidas em suas publicações do Século XIX buscamos introduzir  a visão das ciências naturais (vegetação, relevo, geologia)  no que concerne à paisagem e sua interpretação.

Chios, one of the largest islands in the Eastern Mediterranean, became internationally known during the 13th century due to the production of the Chios mastic in twenty one villages on the south, the resin of the mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia (Desf. ex Poiret) DC.), to which many beneficial properties and uses had already been attributed in the antiquity. The international demand for mastic led the various conquerors of Chios to prohibit free trade and lay down a system for monopoly distribution. After the island was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1566, following a period of almost two centuries of Genoan rule (1346 to 1566), the valuable product of Chios Mastic constitutes one of the monopolies of the Ottoman State. The present article aims firstly to present the botanical aspect of Chios Mastic, the mastic tree (P. lentiscus var chia), as well as the cultivation and harvesting methods of the produce. Secondly, by investigating the historical sources it aims to present the geography of the mastic trade in the East and West from the 17th through to the 19th century, while at the same time analyzing the monopoly trade system established by the Ottoman State. Thirdly, it analyzes the international demand for the Chios mastic during this same period in the international markets, focussing on the beneficial qualities attributed to it. Finally, it examines the validity of the information published in geographical and traveller’s journals during the period in question, evaluating the conclusions of the relevant modern scientific research. This article is based mainly on studying sources such as geographical and traveller’s manuscripts dated back from the 17th until the 19th century, which are kept in the “Korais” Central Public Historical Library, as well as other historical sources examining the period in question.

Le nom d'André Michaux est familier aux lecteurs d'Hommes & Plantes, qui lui a déjà consacré deux articles, il est encore largement inconnu des amateurs de jardins alors qu'on lui doit quelques introductions de grande qualité. Son descendant nous entraîne à la découverte de ce personnage en énumérant quelques-uns des arbres que l'on peut trouver notamment au Jardin des plantes du Mans.

The early modern radical savant did not travel so much as he read travel narratives. From Montaigne’s cannibals to Locke’s talking parrot, from Leibniz’s plans to create a race of “warrior slaves” to Diderot’s utopian Voyage de Bougainville, a kind of ‘science fiction’ or ‘deterritorialization’ of the narrative of the familiar, Eurocentric, Plato-to-Hegel narrative of Western philosophy can be discerned. A key feature of these artificial travel narratives is that they serve as a basis for proclaiming atheism (and China plays a well-known role here). The radical savant described here is neither the solitary meditator, nor the participant in communal knowledge-gathering projects for national glory (Bacon, Linnaeus). He (for it is always a he in this case) is less a producer of a stable, cumulative body of knowledge than a destabilizer of forms of existing knowledge.

On the Jubjub bird and on Charles Darwin and evolution being possibly addressed in Lewis Carroll's and Henry Holiday's "The Hunting of the Snark". --- 1st: 2015-01-01, update (minor changes): 2015-01-02 19:07 UTC. --- Errata (corrected on 2015-01-08): I used the Name "Dodgson" without having explained, that "Lewis Carroll" was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. --- 2015-10-19: More info on the source of Darwin's portrait. --- 2015-12-13: Raymond Schumann told me (related to Page 5, line 155): "The Victorians made morning calls in the afternoon."
https://www.google.de/search?q=The+Victorians+made+morning+calls+in+the+afternoon --- 2016-02-08: Additional image at bottom of page 1. --- 2016-02-20: Carroll's/Dodgson's obsession with time. --- 2016-03-12: Removal of empty page. Illustration by Grandeville added.

This study examines how an R&D project leader's gender and other demographic characteristics factor in determining R&D project expenditures and R&D project size. Using a set of three separate Surveys of Research and Development (R&D) Expenditures and Human Resources, it reports that men-headed projects' expenditures are larger than women-headed R&D projects and that men-headed R&D projects in 2009 employ fewer numbers of project personnel than their women-headed counterparts. These findings suggest that despite the seemingly high gender equality in R&D human resources in the Philippines, women researchers are still faced with more difficulties in resources allocation in the fragmented R&D budget allocation system.

http://www.iuj.ac.jp/library/theses/thesis_details.cfm?ID=1B2069

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We studied the important events in the life and work of Puerto Rican scientist and politician Narciso Rabell Cabrero (1873-1928). He lived in the turmoil of the change of sovereignty from the Spain regime to the United States of America regime during the American-Hispanic War of 1898. Despite this turmoil, he made contributions in the natural history of Puerto Rico, especially in paleontology, archaeology, pharmacy, botany and politics. Rabell Cabrero was a man without boundaries. A genealogical summary is also provided. (IN SPANISH)

John Lloyd Stephens of New York arrived in Egypt in 1836 right on the heels of Richard and Sarah Rogers Haight. With Stephens, America found her Egyptian voice. Stephens received all the accolades that previous American travelers were denied. Of the 400+ pages of his book, Incidents of Travel in Egypt, Arabia Petraea, and the Holy Land, 136 are devoted to Egypt. Edgar Allen Poe found it “a freshness of manner . . . a manliness of feeling. . . highly agreeable,” with “a freedom, a frankness, and an utter absence of pretension.” Stephens’ writing was clear, clever, and intimate. He was the romantic traveler, the man one wanted to meet and engage in conversation. The very first sentence of the book heralds the pleasures to come and the intimacy to which the reader would be privy. “I was perched up in the rigging of an English schooner, spyglass in hand, and earnestly looking for the ‘land of Egypt.’”
This essay was prepared as part of a chapter for a book on Americans in Egypt. Research began in the 1980s. It was first written in the 1990s and included in the essays presented to various publishers. Eventually the book Americans in Egypt 1770-1913 was published by McFarland in 2010. Very little of this essay was included as the focus of the book had changed.

A presente pesquisa investiga o processo de musealização de quatro coleções etnográficas do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), denominadas Lauro Sodré (1897), Henri Coudreau (1898), Frei Gil Vilanova (1902) e Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1905).  Não apenas centrada no protagonismo do coletor/colecionador e compreendendo o colecionamento como uma prática polissêmica, a pesquisa considera o contexto social e político, os interesses dos museus, a agenda científica da época, a trajetória e as concepções das comunidades produtoras e dos colecionadores, as redes de colaboração e circulação de objetos na região amazônica. As quatro coleções possuem relevância para a Reserva Técnica Curt Nimuendajú do MPEG em razão de terem sido adquiridas durante um período de reestruturação e reorganização da instituição, e também, de certa forma, por representarem três contextos diferentes de coleta de artefatos indígenas na Amazônia do final do século XIX e início do XX, protagonizados por um explorador francês, um missionário dominicano e um etnólogo alemão. O estudo dessas coleções certamente permite analisar como diferentes contextos políticos, sociais e culturais, incluindo princípios religiosos, filosóficos, científicos e as relações entre povos indígenas e coletores, atuaram na seleção (e rejeição) dos objetos que compõem as aludidas coleções.

This study aims to investigate the process of musealization of ethnographic collection placed in the Museum Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), named Lauro Sodré (1897), Henri Coudreau (1898), Frei Gil Vilanova (1902) and Koch-Grünberg (1905). Not only centered in the collector’s protagonism but comprehending the collection processes as a polysemic practice, this research intent to comprehend its role in social and political context, interests of the museums, their scientific agenda, trajectory and conceptions of the producing communities and collectors, the collaboration and circulation networks on Amazon region.. The four collections are relevant to Curt Nimuendaju Technical Reserve Ethnographic Collection at the Goeldi Museum due to their acquisitions during a restructuring and reorganization period, and also, in a way, represent three distinct contexts of collecting indigenous artefacts in Amazon at the end of 19th century and 20th century beginning, led by a French explorer, a Dominican missionary, and a German ethnologist. Their study certainly allows us to analyse how different political and social contexts, religious, philosophical, cultural, scientific thoughts and the relationships between indigenous peoples and collectors acted in objects selection and rejection that make up the aforementioned collections.

The article is dedicated to Vladimir Krimov, Russian writer and businessman (1878 - 1968), and to his journeys to Latin-American countries at the beginning of XXth century, visiting Cuba, Costa Rica, Brazil, Guatemala, among others. V. Krimov kept travel writings in which he described his perception of a different reality, compared “us” and “them”, coming to the conclusions about the sense of a travelling. Looking for a new “atmosphere”, as he called it, he came to finding himself as a Russian traveler.

Статья посвящена путешествиям Владимира Пименовича Крымова, русского писателя и предпринимателя, по странам Латинской Америки в начале XX века. Вдали от дома В.П. Крымов искал новую «атмосферу», но неизбежно находил в ней русские мотивы. В путевых заметках писатель тщательно фиксировал свою реакцию на экзотическую действительность, сравнивал «наше» и «чужое»; и размышлял о смысле и цели путешествий.