Restoration and Conservation of Ancient and Historic Buildings and Structures

Las investigaciones realizadas para la elaboración del informe histórico-artístico encargado para la restauración de la torre campanario de la iglesia parroquial de Ricla (Zaragoza) han permitido trazar con bastante precisión la historia constructiva y la correspondiente crítica de autenticidad del monumento. Así, hoy estamos en condiciones de afirmar que fue levantada por Juan Lucas Botero el Joven en 1542 y recrecida durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVI. También se ha podido precisar que ese cuerpo superior terminó generando graves problemas estructurales, que fue derribado a comienzos del siglo XVIII, y reconstruido poco después, para reformarse a mediados del siglo XIX y, por última vez, un siglo más tarde, a mediados del XX. Para entonces, su característico chapitel bulboso fue sustituido por el remate edicular inspirado en el de la torre de Utebo que todavía puede contemplarse en la actualidad.

Questa ricerca mira, sugli evidenti “valori” culturali, storici e architettonici del patrimonio militare ancora presenti nell'Arcipelago di La Maddalena, ad approfondire la conoscenza di queste strutture ea proporre idee e linee guida sulla loro conservazione e valorizzazione. Tra la fine del Settecento e la Prima Guerra Mondiale la difesa del territorio di La Maddalena si esprime soprattutto attraverso misure di protezione dei confini dalle invasioni straniere, prima del Regno di Sardegna e poi dell’Italia. I primi tentativi di aggressione risalgono alla fine del 1792, quando la Francia rivoluzionaria attaccò il Regno di Sardegna. All’inizio del XIX secolo l’arcipelago era dotato di altre strutture: oltre ai forti Balbiano e Santo Stefano, costruiti tra il 1790 e il 1792, sono stati costruiti i forti Carlo Felice e San Giorgio, sull’isola di Santo Stefano. Alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo, l’arcipelago di La Maddalena veniva fortificato. Alla fine della Prima Guerra Mondiale, cambiando le aree strategicamente importanti, lo Stato maggiore dell’esercito, con la Royal Navy, identifica nuove quindici aree industriali e demografiche che necessitano di protezione dal mare. Oggi, tale patrimonio culturale di grande importanza strategica e paesaggistica, vive in condizioni estreme ed è soggetto a spoliazioni e demolizioni; una situazione che richiede un’azione urgente, supportata da una fase preliminare di conoscenza e dallo sviluppo di specifici sistemi per la protezione e la valorizzazione.
This research aims, on the evident cultural, historical and architectural ‘values’ of the military heritage still present in the Archipelago of La Maddalena, to deepen knowledge of these structures and to propose ideas and guidelines on their conservation and enhancement. Between the late eighteenth century and the First World War the defense of the territory of La Maddalena is expressed especially through measures to protect the borders from foreign invasions, before of the Kingdom of Sardinia and then of Italy. The first attempts of aggression were in the end of 1792, when revolutionary France attacks the Kingdom of Sardinia. In the early nineteenth century, the archipelago was equipped with other structures: in addition to the forts Balbiano and St. Stephen, built between 1790 to 1792, are built the forts Carlo Felice and San Giorgio, on the island of Santo Stefano. In the late nineteenth century, the Archipelago of La Maddalena had been fortified. At the end of the First World War, changing the strategically prominent areas, the General Staff of the Army, with the Royal Navy, identifies new fifteen industrial and demographic areas that need protection from the sea. Today, a cultural asset of great strategic importance and landscape, live in the extremely conditions and are subject to spoliation and demolition; a situation that demands urgent action, supported by a preliminary step of knowledge as well as by the development of specific system works for the protection and enhancement.

La tesi di Laurea in Architettura dal titolo “L’ISOLA DELLA PENA, L’ARCHITETTURA DEL RISCATTO. Castiadas, la più grande Colonia penale agricola d’Italia”, riguarda lo studio dell’ex Colonia penale agricola di Castiadas e dei suoi fabbricati.
L’intento è stato quello di ricercare ed analizzare i documenti, molti dei quali inediti, secondo un approccio di tipo scientifico, per poter ricomporre i processi storici, politici ed architettonici che hanno contraddistinto la nascita e l’evoluzione dell'ex Carcere, dall'impianto nel 1875 ai successivi ampliamenti, fino alla sua chiusura.

The Transfiguration Cathedral at the same time was founded and growing with the City of Odessa.
It became the largest temple for spiritual life for citizens within the NW Black Sea region in the early
twentieth century. The Cathedral was destroyed barbarously in 1936 and the renovation began in the first
part of the twenty-first century by Odessa citizens and without dedicated funding.
The book contains detailed description of the Cathedral renovation process and more then 600
illustrations, mostly from previously, unpublished personal archives. These details could be interesting for
students studying architecture, architects, builders, artists, historians, ethnographers, tourist guides, and
just about anyone considering themselves from the Odessa region.
I prepared a course of lectures on the theme of revival the Cathedral and the preservation of the
historical environment by the example of Odessa.
Furthermore, my future work is devoted to developing the scientific, methodological, and
documentation formation processes for the sake of preserving cultural heritage and supporting the
renovation process – using the Transfigured Savior Cathedral as a prime example.

The use of earthen and adobe as an affordable material, low-cost and easy-to-use facility in warm and dry areas has long been used to build a building. Considering Iran is earthquake prone and the importance of considering the potential vulnerability of all local buildings, attempts to identify the potential weakness points of rural adobe buildings against this event are important in order to preserve the lives of humans. On the other hand, the traditions of the buildings as well as the related patterns of rural adobe buildings have become an important part of the history of Iranian architecture in the use of local materials that require protection. One of the complexes of adobe buildings damaged during the earthquake of 1357 SH and suffered various destruction is the village of Isfahak located in Tabas, which is also listed on the national monuments list of Iran. Interesting points in this village after the earthquake occurred is a different rate of seismic damage in this buildings. So that some have suffered serious damage, but others are less damaged or completely healthy. The probable differences in architectural pattern and construction practices as a possible effective factor in the difference in damages rates and better performance of some buildings during an earthquake can be considered that this research has been studied. This research is descriptive-analytic and the required information is obtained through library and field studies. The results of the research indicate that the passage of the subterranean canal from below of some houses has exacerbated their damage, as well as the pattern of different construction of the village buildings (troglictic, chineh and adobe brick), have a direct impact on their seismic performance. The low quality of the execution and the lack of proper constructional arrangements with the aim of increasing the seismic resistance of these buildings by the builders are other reasons for the occurrence of seismic damage in these buildings.
Key words: Historical rural fabric, Village of Isfahak, Adobe building, Earthquake, Elemental pathology.

Fase cruciale nella storia del restauro italiana è quella coincidente con i decenni compresi tra la fine dell'Ottocento e gli inizi del Novecento, segnati dall'evoluzione, non priva di equivoci, da una prassi diffusamente improntata alla ricerca dello 'stile' verso un rapporto più consapevole con il significato storico dell'architettura. Il territorio cui si rivolge l'attenzione è quello delle 'provincie meridionali' che, disposte tra il Molise e l'estremo sud della Calabria, sono accomunate dalla gestione delle Belle Arti e del restauro negli anni fin de siècle. La messa a fuoco di piccoli e grandi cantieri, talvolta più noti alla critica e più spesso misconosciuti, conferisce risalto a figure-chiave di architetti e ingegneri restauratori e tra queste, primariamente, a quella di Adolfo Avena. Sebbene più noto come progettista di numerose nuove architetture, questi ha in larga parte diretto le scelte per la conservazione del patrimonio architettonico del Meridione d'Italia in modo pregnante a partire dall'ultimo decennio dell'Ottocento, attraverso studi, pubblicazioni e progetti. Guardando alle relazioni tra storiografia coeva e restauro, tra interpretazione di momenti della Storia e giudizi di valore, tra acquisizioni tecniche e scelte operative, emergono stimolanti interrogativi connessi al significato 'identitario' dei monumenti con lo sfondo di una prospettiva nazionale della questione.

The scope of CEN TC 346 is to establish standards in the field of the processes, practices, methodologies and documentation of conservation of tangible cultural heritage to support its preservation, protection and maintenance and to enhance its significance. This includes standardisation on the characterisation of deterioration processes and environmental conditions for cultural heritage and the products and technologies used for the planning and execution of conservation, restoration, repair and maintenance. Up to now sixteen EN standards were published according to a matrix-based method in which three main topics have been developed. First is dealing with general guidelines and methodology. Second topic is regarding Evaluation of methods and products for conservation works. The work was focused on a general draft "Surface protection for porous inorganic materials-laboratory test methods for the evaluation of the performance of water repellent products". The evaluation is based on the measurements of different parameters appropriate to assess the performance of the product using standardized and reproducible methods. Third topic is regarding Indoor/outdoor climate-Specifications and measurement. The purpose of the work was to develop standards and recommendations relating specifically to the climate and its influence on the preservation of heritage. Standards developed will assist professionals involved in environmental diagnostics and in the investigation and control of the climate for preventive conservation and maintenance. ___________________________________________________________________________________

CARA UNTUK MENJAGA BADAK SUMATRA DARI KEPUNAHAN DEKA SUTRIAN 1730701103 PENDAHULUAN Bangsa Indonesia merupakan bangsa yang sepatutnya harus bersyukur, mengapa ?? Jawabannya ialah karena bangsa Indonesia merupakan suatu bangsa yang telah dikaruniai wilayah yang memiliki keindahan alam yang luar biasa dan kekayaan kehidupan fauna (satwa) dan flora (tumbuhan) yang beraneka ragam dan khas. Bahkan dapat dikatakan sangat beruntung, karena telah dipilih dan dikaruniai Tuhan Semesta Alam dengan beberapa jenis satwa dan tumbuhan yang langka dan hanya dapat dijumpai di Indonesia. Dalam kehidupan satwa misalnya, Indonesia adalah negara dan bangsa yang satu-satunya yang memiliki jenis Badak terlengkap dimana dari 5 (lima) jenis yang tersisa di dunia, Indonesia memiliki dua jenis badak yaitu badak bercula satu (badak jawa) dan badak bercula dua (badak sumatera). Sedangkan Benua Afrika yang luaspun, walau memiliki dua jenis badak (badak hitam dan badak putih) keduanya bercula dua dan India hanya memiliki badak bercula satu (badak india). Setelah pada terbitan yang lalu kita mengenal tentang badak jawa. Nah maka dari itu pada kesempatan kali ini saya akan membahas suatu artikel tentang cara untuk menjaga badak sumatra dari kepunahan. PEMBAHASAN ➢ MENGENAL BADAK SUMATRA Badak sumatera merupakan satwa liar yang senang berjalan. Dalam satu harinya, badak ini dapat menempuh perjalanan sejauh 12 (dua belas) kilometer dalam waktu 20 (dua puluh) jam. Separuh jarak tersebut dilakukan pada malam hari untuk mencari makan, sedangkan aktifitas di siang hari lebih ditujukan untuk mencari atau menuju ketempat berkubang atau berendam di sungai-sungai kecil atau rawa-rawa dangkal. Berdasarkan penampilan bentuk tubuh dan rupa (morfologi)nya, badak Sumatera adalah sebagai berikut :

Detecting organic additives in ancient mortars is significant to be carried out as far as mineralogical, chemical, and physical investigations. That characterisation allows understanding the technology of those mortars and is important to make appropriate decisions in conservation works. Previous characterisations of organic additives in mortars, including jointing and flooring ones used in the Red Monastery located next to Anba Shenoute monastery, have shown the presence of proteins in flooring mortars specifically. This study aims to confirm the addition of protein-based materials in flooring mortars in Anba Shenoute Monastery which almost dated back to the same period (4th-6th century AD). Samples were taken from different flooring mortars and underwent wet chemical analysis, using Comassie Brilliant blue test. Results confirm the addition of proteinaceous additives, raising the probability of intended use for enhancing properties of flooring mortars.

The geographic information system (GIS) has become a very popular and useful tool to aggregate and process spatial data. In this paper, the implementation of data obtained during survey seasons at the El Fuerte de Samaipata (Bolivia) archaeological site and results of data analysis on the GIS platform are presented. In addition to the thematic layers, a description of the sectors and archaeological relics was added to the whole system. The implemented layers are related to orthoimages created from terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and from close range photogrammetry (in visual, spectral, and infrared light), raw photos of petroglyphs, a highly detailed vector plan of the site, conservation risk maps, new spatial divisions, description layers, and a digital terrain model (DTM) based on the results of TLS. Such a system, with an implemented DTM, allows rainwater runoff and its impact on the archaeological site to be analysed. Thus, the paper presents a study on some hydrological condit...

Ceramic material is certainly a key element in the cultural heritage, particularly in historical buildings. This material involves specific problems when addressing preservation, as well as conservation and restoration interventions.
This course is coordinated by International Association YOUTH IN CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE-YOCOCU Spain, co-organized by Geosciences Institute IGEO (CSIC, UCM), Spanish Society of Ceramics and Glass (SECV) and the Ceramic and Glass Institute (ICV-CSIC) and sponsored by ECerS, the JECS Trust and SECV.
The main goal of the course is to offer a training program of short duration focused on the ceramic material used in architectural heritage, including structural and decorative elements. Raw materials and technologies used for manufacturing, alteration and decay processes, characterization techniques for study and analysis, as well as new trends in conservation treatments will be addressed.

Il contributo si articola nei seguenti argomenti e paragrafi:
a) Il confronto tra ieri e oggi per la conoscenza dello stato di conservazione del costruito storico. Il complesso monumentale di Colle Ameno fra incuria e discutibilità degli interventi.
b) La riconfigurazione dell’architettura attraverso la realizzazione di fotopiani conoscitivi. Il rilievo critico del rudere architettonico.
c) Dalla ricerca d’archivio all'indagine sul territorio: il confronto critico attraverso l’interpretazione fotografica. I luoghi della conservazione del cibo: lo studio della conserva da neve di Colle Ameno.

This publication, a slight revision of my MA thesis from 1967, is the first published report showing the modern Maya use of palygorskite (then called attapulgite), a clay mineral used by the ancient Maya to make Maya Blue, an unusual pigment that is resistant to weathering and retains it rich blue color over time. Most of the report is devoted to demonstrating that the potters of Ticul used palygorskite in their temper, and that they  recognized its unusual properties. The report suggests that nearby Sacalum and perhaps Ticul were sources of the pigment used to obtain palygorskite for Maya Blue since those communities are so close to Mayapan where the pigment was widely used. (In this report, II thought that Maya Blue was made locally and traded widely, but I no longer believe that this is the case.)

The aim of the study is the problem of protecting cultural and historic properties in the cities, that have been affected and damaged as a result of war. It is shown that the properties of cultural and historical heritage are significantly damaged, threatening their preservation, which can lead to their complete loss. In each case, the primary concern has been the impact of the reconstruction on the values for which the property was inscribed as a World Heritage site. The urgency of the problem is determined by the fact that cultural heritage sites that are not on the UNESCO list remain outside the attention of the authorities, the professional community and the public, which, as a result of reconstruction process, can lead to their loss, loss of urban identity, and not only negative humanitarian consequences, but also reduce significant economic potential. Materials and methods. The studies are based on a retrospective analysis of the territory, which can be used to identify the boundaries of the city, which have historical and cultural significance. The systematic approach and cartography method are used to determine the location of the historic center of Homs city and historical heritage objects within, which is necessary to assess their value and to face all the challenges and prevent further damages loss of cultural significance that was caused by the military conflict. Special approaches were proposed for protecting the objects which have historical and cultural significance. Also, a several points of weakness were presented in the reconstruction process of cities affected by the war. Results. Applying cartography method based on retrospective analysis of the city affected by military conflicts in our case Homs city. Both methods can help detecting the boundaries of the territory, which has signs of historical and cultural significance. Also, a recommendation mechanism was proposed for reconstruction process in the historical cities affected by military actions based on the preservation of their historical potential and urban identity, aimed at implementing the concept of sustainable development. Conclusions. The study of post-conflict reconstruction of historic cities, shown the necessity of using special urban planning techniques for the restoration process in the territories with historical and cultural significance.

L'elemento principale per l'alterazione delle pietre è l'acqua The main element in stone alteration is water Dal secolo scorso gli inquinanti sono diventati un fattore fondamentale nel degrado dei lapidei.
Over thè past century pollutants have become a fundamental cause of stone decay-L'alterazione da inquinante può continuare anche quando la fonte è stata eliminata Alteration from pollutants can continue even when thè source has been eliminated

Considerazioni generali Lo scopo di questo intervento è quello di presentare le problematiche conservative dei dipinti murali del Palaz zo dei Trecento che hanno subito varie vicissitudini e che per un certo periodo di tempo, dopo il crollo di parte dell'edificio e del tetto, si sono trovati esposti agli agenti atmosferici. Queste condizioni avverse hanno lasciato sulle superfici dei segni abbastanza riconoscibili, a cui se ne sono ag giunti altri attribuibili ad abbondanti infiltrazioni dal tet to. Questi fattori sono probabilmente responsabili di una serie di fenomeni che finora non sono stati puntualmen te studiati e che meriterebbero di essere ulteriormente indagati. La presenza di un sistema di riscaldamento a ventil-convettori, anche se non così invasivo come quello ad aria calda, sicuramente ha introdotto ulteriori fattori di degrado legati alle forti escursioni termo-igrometriche che si verificano all'accensione e spegnimento dell'im pianto. Pur non avendo potuto eseguire finora alcuna misura microclimatica, abbiamo cercato di strutturare l'articolo in modo da presentare la pericolosità di agenti che as sumono maggiore importanza in determinate condizioni ambientali. Dapprima sono illustrate le problematiche generali relative ai processi di alterazione di un dipinto murale, seguite dalle considerazioni delle variazioni am bientali che si innescano con l'inserimento di moderni sistemi di riscaldamento in un edificio storico. La terza parte del contributo si sofferma sulla presenza dei sali solubili e dei relativi meccanismi di alterazione, spie gando come la formazione di efflorescenze saline possa essere responsabile del degrado della pellicola pittorica. Interessante, infine, la correlazione che nell'ultima parte del contributo viene fatta fra le differenti specie saline e la loro trasformazione dalla fase deliquescente a quel la solida, a seguito delle repentine e cicliche diminuzio ni d'umidità relativa ambientale causate dall'accensione del riscaldamento. Questo punto mette in evidenza il ca rattere igroscopico dei sali, cioè la loro attitudine a cam biare stato di aggregazione in funzione dell'umidità re lativa. Tale aspetto è solitamente trascurato, ma è molto importante per valutare l'impatto dei fenomeni che av vengono all'interfaccia aria-superficie pittorica. Facciamo un esempio strettamente connesso al Palazzo dei Tre cento. L'abbondante apporto d'acqua dovuto allo stato di abbandono in cui si è trovato il monumento dopo il crollo del tetto e le evidenti infiltrazioni d'acqua che si sono verificate successivamente hanno messo in moto i sali delle murature (fig. 136). A questo punto, in pre senza di un'abbondante produzione di sali è interessan te valutare le interazioni degli stessi con le condizioni ambientali, specialmente nel momento in cui l'edificio viene riscaldato con sistemi di tipo discontinuo che ge nerano ampie oscillazioni termo-igrometriche che si ri petono ciclicamente. Introduzione E noto che i processi di alterazione dei manufatti inte ressano in maniera particolare le superfici a contatto con l'atmosfera. Nei dipinti murali, oltre ai fenomeni di su perficie derivanti dall'esposizione ambientale, si aggiun gono quelli legati all'eterogeneità degli strati costitutivi

Industrial archaeology and the preservation of industrial heritage is a topic of increasing interest. This field includes numerous remains of the industrial past, such as manufacturing and mining sites, as well as power and transportation infrastructure, or historical places related to industry, including worker housing and warehouses, among others. The present paper presents the structural system of the loading ladder in Megalo Livadi of Serifos and a proposal of its restoration. The loading ladder has a great value as a landmark situated at the listed mining monumental site of Mega Livadi. The structure consists of a bridge-like steel truss structure overhanging one support; one support is on the coast, while the other is a strong stone pillar founded at the bottom of the sea. Due to the complex nature of the problem, static, seismic, hydraulic and geotechnical studies were combined for the final assessment. With the purpose of rehabilitating the conveyor as an accessible monument, further analyses were executed, based on the least possible interventions, respecting its architectural and historical value.

Phase three of the project for the restoration and rehabilitation of the Peristyle took in the northern part of the western colonnade with the first, second and third floors of the Cipci Palace, and the arch of the ancient portico alongside the Decumanus in the Grisogono Palace. The works in this part of the Peristyle went on from the end of 2007 to the middle of 2008.

As part of the fourth phase of the project, the scaffolding went back to the eastern colonnade. Because of the complexity and short period of time for the completion of the operations, phase four works were divided into two parts. The first sub-phase included the colonnade along the length of the third, fourth and fifth columns looking from St Roch Church. The second sub-phase includes the remaining part of the colonnade to the Prothyron, that is, the sixth column, the anta and the low wall on which the sphinx is placed.

Bu sunumda, 1993 yılından beri Safranbolu'da restorasyonunu gerçekleştirdiğim 4 konağı tanıtacağım ve Safranbolu özelinden hareketle Osmanlı konaklarının yapısal sorunlarını tartışacağım. (Abdülmecid’in) Macunağası İzzet Efendi Konağı konut, Hacı Memişler Konağı, Betenler Konağı ve Gökçüler Konağı bir kültür turizmi külliyesi olan GüleviSafranbolu'nun bileşenleri olarak restore edilmiştir. Dört konağın da bulunduğu Çeşme Mahallesi'nin 18. yüzyılda oluştuğu, 19. yüzyılın ortalarında ise önemli bir yangın geçirdiğini biliyoruz. Restorasyon sırasında devşirilmiş yanık ahşap parçaları ve ısıya maruz kalmış taş parçalarına rastlanmıştır. Bu nedenle konakların yaklaşık 160 yıl önce, bir mahalle yangını sonrasında, yeniden ayağa kaldırıldığı kanısındayım. Macunağası İzzet Efendi Konağı'ndaki rozete ve diğer konaklarda yapılan dendrokronoloji çalışmalarına dayanarak bunu kanıtlayabiliyoruz. Konakların dördünün de geçen 160 yıl içinde, zamanın tahribatına uğramış olmakla birlikte, bundan daha önemlisi son yirmi - otuz yıl  içinde gördükleri insan tahribattır. Konakların tamamı 40 - 60 yıllık dönemlerle çeşitli tadilat ve onarım gömüş bulunmaktadır. Yaklaşık 2-3 nesle karşı gelen bu dönemlerde, konaklar döneme ve sahiplerinin sosyoekonomik özelliklerine bağlı olarak yenilenmişlerdir. Bunları korunması gereken önceki dönemler olarak belirtmek gerekir . Safranbolu konakları bilindiği gibi, moloz taşla örülmüş zemin kat üzerinde, içi çeşitli malzeme ile doldurulmuş genellik le sarıçamdan (daha az olarak karaçam ve köknar) ahşap iskelet taşıyıcılı üst kat(lar)dan oluşmaktadır.

Jörg Breitenfeldt, Alexandra Skedzuhn.
Conservation and restoration of wall surfaces in the Niobidensaal (Conservación y restauratión de las superficies del muro en la Niobidensaal) in: Restauratción & Rehabilitación – Revista  Internacional del Partimonio Histórico Septiembre ‐ Diciembre 2010. Valencia 2010

Il restauro della facciata della basilica di San Pietro in Roma nel progetto del prof. Sandro Benedetti, dirigente tecnico della Fabbrica di San Pietro, è illustrato in un'intervista a Giovanni Carbonara nella quale s'evidenziano la profonda conoscenza del monumento e la precisa intenzionalità storico-critica alla base del progetto di restauro.

The paper aims at enlightening the positive effect that a shift from restoration as an event to conservation as a planned process.could have on regional economy and local development processes; the empowerment of actors is identified as the main factor. An analysis of the skills required by planned conservation provides an explanation of the way intellectual capital comes into play. The author argues therefore that the concept of preventive and planned conservation should be implemented in the design of regional development projects, which encompass investments on cultural heritage properties and sites.

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, in Washington, DC, is an institute of Harvard University dedicated to supporting scholarship internationally in Byzantine, Pre-Columbian, and Garden and Landscape Studies through fellowships, meetings, exhibitions, and publications. Located in Georgetown and bequeathed by Robert Woods Bliss and Mildred Barnes Bliss, Dumbarton Oaks welcomes scholars to consult its books, images, and objects, and the public to visit its garden, museum, and historic house for lectures and concerts.

Fire protection of historic buildings has been a subject of many investigations over the last 2 decades. In this article, the perspective of historic buildings, fire situations, and fire protective documents in recent years are introduced briefly; important literatures on fire performance of historic materials and assemblies, and fire propagation risk are reviewed; fire risk analysis approaches and fire protection measures are discussed. It is suggested that emphasis should be laid on (1) establishing specific fire databases for historic buildings, (2) improving related legislation and guidance, (3) exploring more suitable methods for fire risk assessment, and (4) formulating appropriate fire protective strategies.

From the four lion heads of the Parthenon only these of the north side are in situ, while from those of the south side only fragments have been preserved. In the south-western corner the lion head had fallen before the mid 18th c., but three large fragments of it have been found and identified and are now kept in the storeroom of the Acropolis Museum (Akr.7741). The preservation percentage is about 50% and allows the full documentation, with great accuracy, of the lion’s mane, forehead and eyes. However, the mandible is missing.
The recent research has shown that the four lion heads are artistic expressions of a common form, with clear, however, differentiations in their sculptural treatment. The difference in the rendering of the form is more observable in the mane. The lion heads of the northern side are in higher relief, while those of the southern side are in lower relief. Moreover, the southern lion head differs regarding its size, since it is larger for about 10%.
Seizing the opportunity provided by the sima dismantling of the south-western corner in 2011, in the framework of the restoration programme of the south-western Parthenon corner (YSMA), a new approach to the issue of the destroyed lion head has been adopted. We have proceeded to the experimental reconstruction of its complete form. Doubtless, this methodology has largely contributed to our effort to acquire knowledge of the original form, while it has also provided tangible evidence for the technical solutions that should be applied to a possible attempt to restore the lion head on the monument. On the other hand, the experimental supplementation made clear the limitations in the particular case.
The lion heads are not only disciplined forms following a sculptural type, but also products of free artistic creation. Any supplementation is subject to the subjectivity of the new creator and, thus, can be considered arbitrary.
The accuracy of the supplementation of the form may be questioned by the valid texts of principles. The Chart of Venice states that the restoration takes place only when the form of the missing original is absolutely known. However, how such a rule may regulate details of centimetres or millimetres, especially in the case of architectural works?  In such a case can the critical decision overcome the strict teaching and the rule?
The lion head reconstruction is supported by the importance of the south-western corner in the architectural unity of the monument. A possible restoration of the lion head in its original position is a small supplementation in a large and very prominent area. Since a large percentage of original material is preserved, it is rather the concealment of the material and not its enhancement that requires justification. The sculptural decoration of the Parthenon is of special significance and imposes wider respect and avoidance of any further action of deprivation.
Feature of the restoration interventions is their dilemmatic character. Usually, through restoration some pieces of evidence are erased while some others are preserved and enhanced.  Monuments are maps of evidence and restoration, as a means of handling this evidence, leads us to evaluations.
The method of experimental supplementation is a rather good approach to the reconstruction of the original form and deters, or at least controls, subjective “artistic” solutions. In any case, most of the arguments regarding the success or not of a restoration have, according to my view, a common denominator: deepening into the documentation of the original form, explicit registration of the followed conventions and the quality of execution.

L’indagine svolta intendeva verificare e definire il contributo di Antonio Mollari, nella progettazione e realizzazione di Palazzo De Sanctis a Matelica, opera allo stesso già attribuita, in forza di poche evidenze documentarie. Di fatto il fi ne è stato solo parzialmente raggiunto, dato che è stato possibile confermare il coinvolgimento del nostro, nella progettazione della“riforma” dell’edificio senza però poter reperire né gli elaborati di progetto, né chiarire l’eventuale ruolo svolto dallo stesso durante i lavori. Si può dire, quindi, che molte delle considerazioni esposte sono il frutto di elementi indiziari coerenti che contribuiscono ad avallare ipotesi, scaturite durante l’indagine, prive, però, di quelle “prove” inoppugnabili che ne definirebbero l’oggettività. Questa situazione, dettata dalla carenza di documentazione d’archivio e soprattutto dallo smembramento dell’archivio della famiglia De Sanctis, che risulta in parte disperso ed in parte faticosamente ricostruito a cura di uno degli eredi del Conte Filippo, risulta peraltro comune ad altre opere del Mollari, se non altro per la perdita completa, delle «carte e documenti dell’ing. Luigi e dell’arch. Antonio senior», che avrebbero potuto far luce su numerosi aspetti dell’attività di architetto svolta dal nostro, tra le Marche e l’Umbria.

The research carried out was intended to verify and defi ne the contribution of Antonio Mollari in the design and realization of Palazzo De Sanctis in Matelica, work already assigned to the same on the basis of a few documents. The result was only partially achieved, given that it was possible to confirm the involvement of Mollari in the design of the “reform” of the building, without being able to find neither design drawings, neither clarify the possible role played by the same, during the construction. It can be said, that many of the considerations set are the result of coherent circumstantial elements that contribute to endorse hypothesis emerged during the research, devoid, however, of those incontrovertible “evidence” which would have allowed defi nitive acquisitions. This situation, dictated by the lack of archival records and especially by the dismemberment of De Sanctis family’s archive, which is partly dispersed and partly laboriously reconstructed by one of the heirs of Count Filippo, is also common to other works of Mollari, due to the complete loss, of the «papers and documents of the Ing. Luigi and Arch. Antonio senior» that could have explained the activities of architect carried out by the same, between Marche and Umbria.

An onsite experimental procedure was used to identify and quantify acid rain damage to carbonate stone, based on the change in rain runoff chemical composition. Observed changes in runoff from stone are attributed to the interaction of acidic species present in the rain with the stone surface. Onsite data obtained during the summer and fall of 1984 at three locations in the northeastern United States indicate that carbonate stone surface recession is related to acid deposition. Although the study is continuing, current data are not adequate to distinguish differences in the acid-stone reaction between limestone and marble nor among the three study sites. A single linear relation between carbonate stone surface recession (the dependent variable) and hydrogen ion loading to the stone surface (the independent variable) appears to describe the data set.

Uno dei principali obiettivi che la commissione Normal si era prefissata con la ratifica dell'accordo con l'Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione (UNI) era quello di estendere a livello europeo una normativa che fosse specifica ed unitaria per la Conservazione dei Beni Culturali. La principale obiezione che poteva nascere da questa proposta da parte dell'ufficio di Bruxelles del CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation/European Committee for Standardization) era che esistevano altri comitati tecnici a livello europeo che trattavano i singoli materiali. Nel 2001 a seguito della richiesta presentata dall'UNl per la creazione di un nuovo TC (Technical Committee) avente per oggetto "Standardizzazione sui Beni Culturali", venne costituito un gruppo di lavoro denominato WG 134 incaricato di preparare un Business Pian in cui fossero presentati in modo chiaro gli scopi di questo nuovo TC e un programma dettagliato dei lavori. Tale fase istruttoria venne condotta dai coordinatori dei gruppi italiani della Commissione UNI Beni Culturali-Normal, che presentarono il documento Business Plan BT/WG 134 (Technical Board/Working Group) in due riunioni che hanno avuto luogo a Milano nel primo semestre del 2002. Il documento CEN BT/WG 134, discusso ed emendato dai paesi membri (Belgio, con astensione di Islanda e Svizzera e voto contrario del Regno Unito. A seguito della votazione degli allora 20 paesi membri è stata successivamente emanata la risoluzione BT C98/2002 del 19/12/2002 [1] che sanciva la creazione del nuovo comitato tecnico europeo: CEN/TC 346 "Conservation of Cultural Property'". Quali sono state le motivazioni che hanno spinto la Commissione UNI Beni Culturali-Normal a presentare a livello europeo quest'idea di standardizzazione? La scienza della conservazione del patrimonio culturale impone, oggi, un approccio scientifico quale presupposto per procedere alla pianificazione più corretta possibile di un intervento conservativo e per garantire la massima efficacia e durabilità dell'intervento stesso. Tale obiettivo può essere raggiunto solo dopo che si sono acquisite informazioni esaustive sulla composizione dei materiali costituenti il manufatto, sul suo stato di conservazione e sulle condizioni ambientali in cui esso si trova