Resistance Training

The primary aim of the proposed study is to examine the efficacy of an 8-month supervised, high-intensity progressive resistance training and impact loading programme in comparison with a supervised machine-based isometric exercise training programme using the bioDensity system in older men with low bone mass. We will also determine the safety and acceptability of each exercise training mode. Intervention group responses will be compared with those of a self-selected, non-randomised control sample of sex-matched and age-matched men who will follow their usual lifestyle activities for 8 months. Apparently healthy men over 50 years with low bone mass, screened for medical conditions and medications known to adversely affect bone health, will be recruited. Eligible participants will be randomly allocated to 8 months of either exercise programme with block randomisation based on presence or absence of osteoporosis medications. A twice-weekly, 30-minute, supervised exercise programme wil...

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to explore expert coaches’ perceptions of resistance-based training for sprinting. This research posed three broad questions: i) What resistance exercises are being performed by competitive sprinters? ii) Why coaches have selected these exercises over others? iii) How athletics coaches control and implement their use in training? Participants for the study comprised of seven expert track and field sprint coaches. Findings indicated that the coaches used a variety of resistance-based training including variations of the squat, Olympic weightlifting movements and deadlift, along with resisted running in the form of weighted jackets, hill running and weighted sleds. They also used plyometric variations of bounding and specific drills. Particular emphasis was drawn towards variations of the squat and how exercises transferred from the weights room to the track. All coaches changed exercises to complement the focus from off-season to in-season. The main finding of this study relates to the current dearth of research to support evidence based resistance exercise prescription for sprinters.
Key Words: Coaches, Perceptions, Weight Training, Resistance-based Training, Sprinting, Track and Field Athletics.

O objetivo do estudo foi examinar a influência de dois diferentes protocolos de treinamento de força sobre parâmetros antropométricos (peso, IMC, massa gorda), funcionais (teste de 1-RM e teste de repetições máximas) e relacionados ao sistema endócrino (concentração de testosterona e de cortisol) e ao sistema imunológico (concentração de glutamina e de IgG). Participaram do estudo 12 homens treinados (27,4 ± 4,8 anos). Esses indivíduos foram aleatoriamente divididos em dois grupos, que posteriormente foram submetidos a dois protocolos de treinamento distintos: Múltiplas séries (MS) e Tri-set (TS). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes e depois de uma sessão de exercício de força, no início e no final do período de oito semanas de treinamento. Não foram observadas alterações nos parâmetros morfo-funcionais (com exceção do teste de repetições máximas para o agachamento). Com relação aos parâmetros endócrinos, foi observado que o TS provocou aumento significativo do cortisol, imedia...

To analyse the influence of a physical exercise programme of strength/stamina on cardiovascular risk factors in low-risk post-menopausal women. Six-month randomised clinical trial with post-menopausal women. Three health centres in the autonomous community of Murcia, Spain. Sixty-three post-menopausal women aged 45 to 59 at low cardiovascular risk. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN MEASUREMENTS: They were split into 2 groups: a) control: 23 people with no specific intervention, and b) 40 people with an intervention of strength/stamina exercise with protocol for in water and on land. At their initial and final visits, everyone in the 2 groups had anamnesis, physical examination, and general analyses, including Apo A, Apo B, insulin, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, creatinine in urine, albuminuria, ultrasensitive PCR, and HOMA index. The insulin levels increased in the control group by 2.02 mU/L and dropped in the experimental group by 0.13 mU/L (P=.021). At the start of the study, creat...

This article presents a critical review of the literature concerning the use of the lower limb strength training in improving the mobility of children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). We also focus on the effectiveness and safety of the training. Medical databases were searched using keywords sequence: cerebral palsy, strength training, progressive strength training or resistance training. The 41 identified publications had been selected for the analysis; 19 of the studies met our inclusion criteria. Accepted studies were divided on randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. Level of evidence was rated. The results were presented according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health at three levels: structure, activity and participation. The strength training in children and adolescents with CP results in an increased muscle strength in the the lower limbs and improves patient’s activity and participation without adverse effects such as t...

The purpose of this study was to examine whether speed endurance training (SET, repeated 30-s sprints) and heavy resistance training (HRT, 80-90% of 1 repetition maximum) performed in succession are compatible and lead to performance improvements in moderately trained endurance runners. For an 8-wk intervention period (INT) 23 male runners [maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O(2max)) 59 ± 1 ml·min(-1)·kg(-1); values are means ± SE] either maintained their training (CON, n = 11) or performed high-intensity concurrent training (HICT, n = 12) consisting of two weekly sessions of SET followed by HRT and two weekly sessions of aerobic training with an average reduction in running distance of 42%. After 4 wk of HICT, performance was improved (P < 0.05) in a 10-km run (42:30 ± 1:07 vs. 44:11 ± 1:08 min:s) with no further improvement during the last 4 wk. Performance in a 1,500-m run (5:10 ± 0:05 vs. 5:27 ± 0:08 min:s) and in the Yo-Yo IR2 test (706 ± 97 vs. 491 ± 65 m) improved (P < 0.001) onl...

Background. High-intensity resistance training plays an essential role in the prevention and rehabilitation of musculoskeletal injuries and disorders. Although resistance exercises with heavy weights yield high levels of muscle activation, the efficacy of more user-friendly forms of exercise needs to be examined. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate muscle activation and per-ceived loading during upper-extremity resistance exercises with dumbbells com-pared with elastic tubing. Design. A single-group, repeated-measures study design was used. Setting. Exercise evaluation was conducted in a laboratory setting. Participants. Sixteen female workers (aged 26–55 years) without serious mus-culoskeletal diseases and with a mean neck and shoulder pain intensity of 7.8 on a 100-mm visual analog scale participated in the study. Measurements. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was measured in 5 selected muscles during the exercises of lateral raise, wrist extension, and shoulder ex...

The studies exploring the influence of resistance training on endurance in men have produced inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of an Olympic weight lifting training programme on parameters of aerobic and anaerobic endurance in moderately physically active men. Eleven physical education students (age: 24.1 +/- 1.8 yr, height: 1.77 +/- 0.04 m, body mass: 76.1 +/- 6.4 kg; X +/- SD) underwent a 12-week, 3 times/wk training programme of Olympic weight lifting. Specific exercises to master the lifting technique, and basic exercises for maximal strength and power development were applied, with load intensity and volume defined in relation to individual maximal load (repetitio maximalis, RM). Parameters of both, aerobic and anaerobic endurance were estimated from gas exchange data measured during a single incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, which was performed before, and after completion of the 12-wk programme. After training, there was a small,...

Resistance exercise can result in localized damage to muscle tissue. This damage may be observed in sarcolemma, basal lamina, as well as, in the contractile elements and the cytoskeleton. Usually the damage is accompanied by release of enzymes such as creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin and other proteins into the blood. Serum CK has been proposed as one of the best indirect indicators of muscle damage due to its ease of identification and the relatively low cost of assays to quantify it. Thus, CK has been used as an indicator of the training intensity and a diagnostic marker of overtraining. However, some issues complicate CK's use in this manner. There is great interindividual variability in serum CK, which complicates the assignment of reliable reference values for athletes. Furthermore, factors such as training level, muscle groups involved, and gender can influence CK levels to a greater extent than differences in exercise volume completed. This review...

Background. Training cessation among older adults is associated with the loss of functional ability. However, exercise programs undertaken prior to activity cessation may offer functional protection. In the present study, the residual effects of muscle power or muscle strength training were investigated following extended detraining and subsequent retraining. Methods. Thirty-eight healthy independent older adults (65-84 years) entered a 24-week detraining