Repair

سوئیچ در طول استفاده روزانه ممکن است با برخی از خرابی ها روبرو شود. خرابی های سوئیچ عمدتا به دو دسته تقسیم می شود. نوع اول خرابی های سخت افزاری است که در سخت افزار مشکل ایجاد می کند. نوع دوم خرابی نرم افزاری است که در داخل سوئیچ مشکل ایجاد می کند. حالا بیایید تا مشکلات سخت افزار را عیب یابی کنیم:

در این پست از توضیح خواهیم داد که چگونه مشکلات و خرابی لپتاپ خاموش که روشن نمی شود را پیدا کرده و عیب یابی کنیم. نمونه های عیب یابی زیر را دنبال کنید این نمونه ها به برند یا مدل خاصی اختصاص ندارد.

بیایید نگاهی به سناریوهای مختلف خرابی بیندازیم:

Reinforced cement concrete (RCC) as a construction material has come into use for the last one century. In India, RCC has been used extensively in the last 50-60years.During this period, we have created large number of infrastructural assets in terms of buildings, bridges, sports stadium etc., which are lifeline for the civilized society. These have been created with huge investment of resources. We cannot even dream of recreating such assets out of limited national resources. It is there more essential to maintain them in functional condition. Since, deterioration of RCC is a natural phenomenon and has started exhibiting in large number of structures, a systematic approach is needed in dealing with such problems. Identification of the causes of deterioration and consequent repair/rehabilitation strategy at optimum cost needs a scientific evaluation and solution. It has been observed that the deterioration phenomena of RCC are not realized by majority of practicing civil engineers. As a result, the factors considered necessary for durability of RCC buildings are many times not given due importance during construction and/or during maintenance. I. INTRODUCTION As the human body becomes deteriorated upon ageing after a certain period of time, then there is important that problem can be remedied by taking necessary actions and preventive steps at the appropriate time. This is exactly the case with buildings. As time passes, the condition of buildings also becomes deteriorated due to various factors. Rehabilitation of structures is a multidisciplinary activity. The concerned engineer or the concerned faculty should know the design aspects, environmental factors, construction procedure, and about building materials and the other things. The rehabilitation of existing structures is a more complicated, difficult as well as sophisticated task than new construction. Thus, some numbers of non-destructive, partially destructive and destructive techniques in the existing RCC structures are used for evaluation of concrete structure and to predict and analyze the cause of deterioration of the concrete. To overcome the ill effects caused by these deteriorated buildings Repair and Rehabilitation works are carried out from periodic time. Many of the existing structures were designed with the help of codes that have since been modified and upgraded. Concrete constructions require proper care in the form of regular maintenance. If buildings remain for several years with im proper attention and negligence then, various factors like water clogging, paint peeling, plaster break-off, fungus and other organic growth, cracking and creeping of external surfaces will affect the structure.

This paper concerns the analysis of transformative repair in ceramics using concepts of affect. The traditional Japanese craft of kintsugi, the repair of ceramics using urushi lacquer and gold or silver, is described and its techniques and historical relation to the Japanese tea ceremony discussed. Kintsugi is shown to demonstrate the propensity of repaired objects to embody dual perceptions of catastrophe and amelioration. Concepts of affect from the philosophers Giles Deleuze and Félix Guattari are used to illuminate these relationships and show how material capacities facilitate the movement of affects as forces that move through domestic objects and into sensation. Their concept of affect working in speeds and durations is discussed in regard to the sensory characteristics of cracks and their repair. The perception of kintsugi is explored using the concept of micro- and macropolitical expression, which broadens the analysis towards an understanding of traditional Japanese cultural sensitivities as a response to the breaking forces of geological phenomena, such as earthquakes, of which kintsugi ceramics, within the framework of this paper, are considered a material expression.
I conclude the paper by contextualizing the craft of kintsugi to the broader field of transformative repair, and discuss contemporary works and modes of transformative repair in relation to kintsugi. This includes a discussion of my own ceramic works Archaeologic (2011–2015) that deploy kintsugi techniques with the use of photoluminescent pigment in order to potentialize an awareness of contemporary ecological issues. I make a few comments concerning the significance of kintsugi, as a culturally and ecologically embedded practice, to contemporary practitioners of transformative repair.

اگر از مشکلاتی که برای پرینتر لیزری شما ایجاد شده است خسته و ناامید شده اید از نکات و تکنیک های موجود در این مقاله از مجموعه آموزش های تعمیرکارسلام برای عیب یابی بهتر ایرادهای مربوط  به گیر کردن کاغذ، ایمیج گرفتن و سایر مشکلات پرینترهای لیزری استفاده کنید.

تکنسین های کامپیوتر، تیم پشتیبانی و مدیران ممکن است تایم زیادی را برای مشکلات به وجود آمده برای چاپگر های لیزری صرف کنند. اگر می خواهید زمان صرف شده برای این مشکلات را کاهش دهید باید به روش های تعمیر و نگهداری و عیب یابی و ترمیم موجود در این مقاله تسلط داشته باشید.

اگر برای اولین بار است که پلی استیشن 4 را دیس اسمبل یا باز می کنید راهنمای گام به گام باز کردن کنسول بازی پلی استیشن 4 مدل اولیه که FAT نامیده می شود را در تعمیرکارسلام بخوانید.

در این دستورالعمل گام به گام، ما PS4 را برای تمیز کردن و تعویض خمیر حرارتی (سیلیکونی) باز خواهیم کرد. شما
همچنین  می توانید هر قطعه ای را تعویض کنید برای مثال نحوه جدا سازی هارد درایو ، پاور یا فن توضیح داده شده است.

https://tamirkarsalam.com/blog/%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%87%d9%86%d9%85%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%86%d8%ad%d9%88%d9%87-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2-%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%86-%d9%be%d9%84%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%b4%d9%86-4/

Buildings and other structures have a certain useful life, which depends on the specifications adopted. The large numbers of monuments, which are cherished heritage structures have stood well over a period of time. But some of these have shown signs of distress due to age, aggressive natural environment/industrial pollution etc. Further, distress gets aggravated due to overloading and misuse of buildings. A few Buildings have also failed due to faulty design or construction. The various causes of structural failure and the principles of rehabilitation of structures are discussed. In the structures, the cracks are generated due to different causes e.g. in some cases cracks are caused after the structure has been completed for a few years which results in shortening of life and strength of structure. The main criteria is how to repair a reinforced concrete elements of structures and for this the skills, knowledge, and experience required to repair damaged or deteriorated structures are decidedly different from those required to build new structures. The purpose of this paper is to justify the latest techniques, advanced materials and various requirements of repairing work to obstruct the deterioration which is necessary and economical than to reconstruct the building.

This research investigates emotional durability of clothing through the lens of a designer-maker practice. The current discourse on fashion futures urgently recognizes that a deeper understanding of the behavioural drivers behind long-term use of clothing is critical in order to move beyond symptom-based solutions to fashion and sustainability such as closed loop recycling and technological innovation. A considerable body of work exists on design strategies for emotional durability. However, empirical evidence that examines their relationship to users’ everyday experiences with clothing is missing.

I set to remedy this gap through my own designer-maker practice that investigated women’s routine relationships with the clothes in their wardrobes. Focusing specifically on what matters in everyday use, I examine the possible applications of emotionally durable design in fashion design and making. This approach challenges the imperative of disposability in fashion and foregrounds instead a long-term value-creation enabled through the continuous use of familiar clothes.
The thesis structure has three interrelated elements that outline the linear narrative of the research as well as the conceptual and methodological developments. The first part of the thesis outlines the global challenges in fashion production and consumption. The second part introduces and applies ethnographic methods to understanding the sensory wardrobe, and the third concluding stage includes the findings and practical application in the One Thing Collection. Conceptually, the thesis moves from comprehending the macro towards a practical application in the micro.

The methodology employs a combination of practical explorations through designer-maker practice with in-depth wardrobe conversations. Adopting methods from narrative enquiry and sensory ethnography, ten women aged between 29-69 were interviewed in their homes. Rich imagery of clothes in use and extended excerpts of wardrobe conversations are essential components of the thesis ethos, these became framed as individual portraits of each of the women. It is stressed that these portraits are significant to the research findings presented in the thesis; the portraits are presented in the Appendices as the nature of sensory ethnography results in details of visual and textual data beyond the confines of the thesis.

The findings show that designable characteristics of garments such as shape, style, fit, colour, material, details, or easy care are all significant in contributing to a garment’s emotional durability. However,
a truly long-lasting relationship with a piece of clothing results from a complex dynamic between its design, the mode of its acquisition, expectations, fluctuation of personal circumstances, and each woman’s perspective on the relationship between continuity and change. The key insights are articulated through the four themes identified in thematic cross-case analysis of the wardrobe conversations: (1) Enablers, (2) Sensory experiences, (3) Longing and Belonging, and lastly (4) Layering. Each theme is also interpreted through the process of making a corresponding everyday garment that captures the essence of the women’s narratives.

This research contributes to the current discourse on emotional durability in fashion design and making and provides new contextual data on user experience of clothing; [See Chapter 7.3 Contribution to knowledge summarized, p. 300]. The research demonstrates that fashion design for emotional durability requires an empathic approach that readily embraces the complexity of everyday life as an opportunity, rather than a hindrance to creative expression. These conclusions are also now embodied in my studio practice with future development of the One Thing Collection that resulted from this thesis.

This paper explores the African concepts of ubuntu and ukama in relation to sympoiēsis, or collective making. Traditional practices like litema and the re-claying of the Great Mosque of Djenné demonstrate the complex relatedness between people, and between people and the environment, and highlight the tectonic tensions between the social and the material. An overview of the Hikma Religious and Secular Complex in Niger shows how some of these tensions can be addressed through socio-environmentally conscious material selection and how this can enable collective modes of making. It is argued that tectonic agency and the strengthening of tectonic networks can contribute towards the reinvigoration of collective making through repair.

The shortcomings of communist central planning have been extensively analyzed, but few researchers have probed the ways in which a relentless focus on growth could leave holes in socialist societies’ capabilities for, and commitments to, maintaining and repairing what had been built or produced. This essay will highlight organizational and practical dimensions of this phenomenon in post-1945 Poland.  Badly damaged during World War Two, Poland faced a daunting rebuilding process while establishing socialist institutions, principles and practices while facing citizens’ resistance and indifference. In the 1950s, the main drivers for building socialism were industry and agriculture, strengthened by capital construction. But this simple schema overlooked important dimensions of “non-productive labor”: “services to organizations” and “services to the population.”  Transport, power and communications networks anchored the organizations. State railways, road managers, river shippers and telephone networks all relied on maintenance and repair units to continue effective operations. Second, services to people included maintenance of urban transit systems and worker housing, and the repair of household goods (furniture, appliances) or personal possessions (e.g., watches, clothing, shoes). Third, each of the “productive” sectors had substantial M&R responsibilities regarding machinery and facilities. This paper reviews Communist M&R practices across Poland’s first postwar generation.

This research is concerned with the experimental design of furniture and homewares, and their affective relationships to issues of production, consumption and the environment. Most mass- produced domestic objects use standardised designs and materials, which, apart from their often- noted detrimental effects on the environment, also limit the possibilities for expressivity and affective encounter. Experimental design practices can open up spaces for affective relations with domestic objects. This research proposes that a particular process, that of ‘repair’, can facilitate these encounters. Transformative practices of repair mobilise intensities, which create new possibilities for re-situating our thinking about, and place within, production and consumption. These different modes of repair are conveyed through the practice-based research, which forms the core of this thesis.
Three experimental design groups from the last fifty years – Italian radical design, Dutch conceptual design and critical design – are examined in this dissertation as the context in which this practice-based research can be located. Practices of these groups which implicitly resonate with concepts of affect are identified. Focus is given to works that address issues of environmental concern, such as consumerism, pollution and product obsolescence.
Concepts of affect from the philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari are used illuminate these relationships and interrogate how domestic objects and their perception might be better understood. The quality of ‘anomaly’ – objects that seem to exist outside or on the border of their design type – is shown to be pivotal to these affective operations. Concepts of affect are also used to critique dominant industrial design techniques that emphasise the appeal of surfaces and reduce consumer awareness of their products’ material ecologies.
Repair is proposed as an alternative technique for production. The traditional Japanese craft of kintsugi is used to demonstrate the propensity of repaired objects to embody dual perceptions of environmental catastrophe and amelioration. I discuss in detail three of my own works, which deploy techniques of experimental design and repair to catalyse awareness of processes of production and consumption, and their consequences for the environment.

We are delighted to present the proceedings of the first international conference on
Product Lifetimes and the Environment (PLATE). This ground breaking event, held in
Nottingham, UK, included 5 keynote presentations, 62 papers and 6 workshops. Alongside
the conference was an exhibition of prototypes, objects, artefacts, posters, photographs
and films, details of which are provided in a separate catalogue.
Product lifetimes have become an increasingly important element in the debate on circular
economy, resource efficiency, waste reduction and low carbon strategies for sustainability.
Consequently a growing body of academic researchers, companies, independent think
tanks, government bodies and other policy stakeholders have been addressing the topic
in recent years. The aim of this conference was to embrace this emerging area of research,
sharing knowledge and expertise in order to explore the influence that product longevity
has on environmental, economic and social sustainability.
A multi-disciplinary approach to this topic is vital and contributions were thus invited from
scholars from a range of backgrounds, including design, geography, anthropology,
business management, economics, marketing, consumer behaviour, sociology and politics.
The programme has been structured around seven themes:
 Design approaches to product longevity
 The role of product longevity in resource efficiency and waste reduction
 Strategies for product lifetime optimisation
 Cultural perspectives on the throwaway society
 Business opportunities, economic implications and marketing strategies
 Consumer influences on product lifetimes
 Policies, regulation and legislation.
Around 100 proposals for papers were submitted to the organisers in the form of abstracts.
Following a peer review process, just under two thirds of these resulted in papers accepted
for publication in the proceedings. We were very impressed by the quality of many papers
and are grateful to have had contributions from researchers from many disciplines and 16
countries across five continents.
As editors of these proceedings, we are delighted to put together this collection of
thoughtful papers on the topic of product lifetimes in the context of sustainability. We are
confident that the proceedings will help to nurture discussion and debate on this important
topic, as well as contribute to the growing academic knowledge in the field.

Tim Cooper, Naomi Braithwaite, Mariale Moreno and Giuseppe Salvia (Joint Editors)

Il s'agit dans ce texte, de la version légèrement augmentée, d'une étude sur la maison  Hermès parue dans mon ouvrage (La réparation dans l'art, Scala 2020), et en particulier de l'analyse du monde du Luxe dans le prisme de la réparation.
Le luxe n’est pas nécessairement synonyme de gaspillage et d’ostentation, et peut même participer d’une vision durable et artisanale du monde, voire d’une artisanalisation de l’industrie - que n’aurait sans doute pas reniée les « Art & Craft » (ainsi de la maison Hermès, dont l’un des credo historiques tient dans cette phrase simple : « le luxe, c’est ce qui se répare »).

In this text, it is a question of the slightly increased version, of a study on the house of Hermès published in my book (La réparation dans l'art, Scala 2019), and in particular of the analysis of the world of Luxury in the prism of repair.
Luxury is not necessarily synonymous with waste and ostentation, and can even be part of a sustainable and artisanal vision of the world, or even of an artisanalization of the industry - which the "Art and Craft" would undoubtedly not have denied. (thus of the Hermès house, one of the historical credo of which is in this simple sentence:“ luxury is what repairs itself ”).

آیا مادربرد کامپیوترتان روشن نمی شود؟ برای تست مادربرد چه باید کرد چگونه می توان فهمید  که مادربرد خراب است یا خیر؟ اگر به دنبال پاسخ به این سوالات هستید به جای درستی آمده اید. در این بخش از آموزش های تعمیرات تعمیرکارسلام با اطلاعات زیادی از قبیل علائم مادربرد معیوب؛ نحوه عیب یابی و تست مادربرد و کارهایی که درصورت خرابی مادربرد باید نجام داد؛ آشنا می شوید:

Hace más de una década, un accidente con una cámara de video MiniDV me obligó a buscar un local de reparación. Encontré varios lugares en el Centro Histórico de la Ciudad de México. Sobre la calle de Donceles una pequeña plaza especializada en reparación de cámaras llamó mi atención, no sólo por el gran número y variedad de cámaras apiladas en los locales, sino también por lo diverso que eran las “generaciones de tecnología” que ahí se encontraban. A partir de ahí comencé a preguntarme sobre los “valores” de estos objetos desordenados, las relaciones que construyen con ellos quienes los llevan a reparar, los arreglan, reutilizan, revenden o reciclan.

Esta investigación se concentra en la reparación como práctica cultural y laboral a través de una etnografía realizada en tres talleres de reparación de cámaras para analizar las formas en las que los reparadores construyen conocimientos, redes económicas y a la vez articulan diversas estrategias para subvertir las problemáticas del día a día  y seguir reparando. Así pues, el propósito de esta propuesta, es comprender qué es lo que hacen los reparadores de equipo fotográfico, vistos desde la dimensión de su vida cotidiana en contextos espaciales y sociales específicos, pero sin perder de vista sus conexiones con la industria fotográfica.

This article investigates miscommunication in sequences of talk where an oncologist asks about patients’ co-morbidities, that is, their other illnesses beyond cancer. Using conversation analysis, we examine ways in which the participants identify and manage two sources of miscommunication: a divergence in the doctor’s and the patient’s understandings about the scope of the question; and a divergence in the doctor’s and the patient’s (and sometimes their companion’s) understandings about the matters that the question targets. Our findings have implications for practice, highlighting ways in which clinicians and patients can manage these sources of miscommunication. These include practices to retrospectively or pre-emptively manage ambiguities and to check the accuracy of patients’ answers. Additionally, our study addresses some theoretical and methodological problems in the study of miscommunication. Our data consist of 25 video-recorded first consultations in an Italian hospital; the participants speak Italian.

The present study deals with an experimental (EXP) and theoretical investigation of the behavior of the retrofitted damaged RC columns with different aspect ratios and different slenderness ratios. The present study presents a new technique for retrofitting of damaged RC columns using external spiral stirrups. A total of twenty RC columns specimens with different cross-sections, (100×100), (100×150), (100×200), (100×250) and (100×300) mm, fifteen of them were 1800 mm clear height and the other five specimens were 900 mm height. All columns were tested under axial loading until failure load, then replacing the damaged concrete part by using grout mortar and restoring specimens dimension and internal reinforcement. All columns were divided into four groups as follows: Group (1) consists of five specimens having cross-sections, as mentioned with a height of 1800mm, were retrofitted by using spiral stirrups with a constant pitch of 80mm and wrapped by three plies of steel wire mesh. Group (2) consists of five specimens having the same properties were retrofitted by using external longitudinal steel bars and tied by spiral stirrups with a pitch of 80mm. Group (3) consists of five specimens having the same properties were retrofitted by using spiral stirrups with a constant pitch of 120mm and wrapped by three plies of steel wire mesh. All the mentioned techniques were applied to the columns of the group (4), which consists of five specimens having the same cross-sections and height of 900mm. Five variables were investigated as follows: Aspect ratios A SPR [defined as percentage of columns' length to width of cross-section (t/b)] were 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3. Slenderness ratio (λ) [defined as the percentage of the column's height to width (H/b)] were (15.3 and 7.6). Pitches of spiral stirrups (S) were (80 and 120mm). Using steel wire mesh and/or using external longitudinal bars with spiral stirrups. Using partial retrofitting of 1.5 of the defected length. All retrofitted damaged RC columns were tied at head and base of the applied jacket with steel clamp (30×3) mm then covered with 20mm grout mortar. The retrofitted damaged columns were tested again until failure load. The test results showed an increasing of carrying capacities for all presented techniques by various values. It is concluded that carrying capacities increase by decreasing the spiral pitching and by using external longitudinal steel bars which tied by spiral stirrups higher than using spiral stirrups wrapped by steel mesh. The horizontal displacements decrease by using longitudinal bars tied by spiral stirrups less than using spiral stirrups, which wrapped by steel mesh and by decreasing of spiral pitching. The slenderness ratio has no significant effect on used techniques. A fair agreement was found between finite element (FEA) results and experimental (EXP) results. However, the (FEA) models can identify the structural behavior of tested columns and can be an alternative for the destructive laboratory test. Finally, jacketing by external longitudinal steel bars tied by spiral stirrups proved to be an easy, inexpensive in retrofitting of damaged RC columns.

Abstract
The subjects of this paper are the ‘Little Mesters’ of Sheffield, UK. The ‘Mesters are self-employed master craftspeople whose day-to-day work is dependent on repairing, recycling, and maintenance, in ways that are intertwined with the urban fabric, flows of goods, and collaborative manufacturing spanning generations. This long-established, yet fragile web of mutuality and reciprocal practices of repair by highly-skilled workers is under threat from enclosure, and yet, I argue, simultaneously offers possibilities for reclaiming the commons. Through collaborative mapping and activist work with a campaign group over eight years, I examine an instance of existential threat to a factory, Portland Works, home to Little Mesters. Through strategies of distributed design prompted by this threat, cultures and practices of repair have been harnessed, and repair has become politicised, dispersed and future-orientated, prefiguring the post-capitalist city. The enclosure of commons is particularly spatial and material, and therefore disruptive of certain more egalitarian forms of relating and organising; politically, economically, pedagogically and ecologically. I argue that practices of repair found in this instance offer possibilities to address such ruptures, through the ethical decisions they prompt, the assemblages they generate, or gestures of care they manifest. Repair is often conceptualised temporally, as an activity that returns something to a former state, yet I wish to assert its spatial and material agencies; as productive of spaces and relations, dependent on them, and potentially restorative of them. In doing so I claim its value to support the reclaiming of common failures, amplification of existing instances of commoning, and the development of heterogeneous networks of commoners.

Commons, Repair, Little Mesters, Distributed Design, Prefiguration, Commoning

We are surrounded by broken things and environments, designed objects, spaces and systems in need of repair. Repair is a commonsense but partial answer to overconsumption and landfill crisis. It is conservative yet progressive. But as a concept and a material reality, repair can also overwhelm. With increasing technological complexity , and decreasing time, resources, and skill, the ethical and logistical questions around repair abound: What shall we care for, why, and how? Where to begin? In this context, we begin with design: linking the value of repair to design is central to developing an ethics of care in the environmental humanities. In doing so, we acknowledge that design, in its current form, is deeply complicit in environmental destruction.

Contemporary Cuban art often highlights the widespread practice of repair. Fixing broken appliances and subdividing houses via DIY construction are frequent real-life responses to economic and social precarity. At the same time, these creative practices constitute political and ethical forms of engagement with crises, inequality, and an uneven access to modernity. I discuss specific objects and practices as a way to explore what repair says about Cuba today, as well as to reflect on how Cuban repair art contributes to a more general understanding of what it means to live in a world at risk.

مخلوط کن، یکی از لوازم محبوب و مفید در آشپزخانه است که مواد غذایی یا مایعات قرار داده شده در آن بر اساس سرعت تعیین شده توسط گرداننده، مخلوط یا خورد می شوند. امروزه مخلوط کن مواد غذایی می تواند خرد کردن یخ، درست کردن کره بادام زمینی، رنده کردن پنیر و بسیاری از کارهای مفید دیگر را انجام دهد. ما در این بخش از آموزشهای تعمیرکارسلام به تشریح خلاصه ای از کارکرد و نحوه تعمیر مخلوط کن می پردازیم:

It is a well-accepted fact that the protection of power system equipment is very crucial in order to ensure sustainability of electrical energy delivery. Each equipment is subjected to different types of surges and these surges can be of different amplitudes and frequencies. Depending on the severity of the transient surges, the equipment might experience very severe damages and also can cause further disruption to the overall electrical network. Failure of underground cables has always been a major concern for the electrical power distribution industries. Fault location and repair of faulty cables are expensive and time-consuming. Overvoltage phenomena such as line switching, load rejection and fault produce high frequency transients that could affect the performance of an underground cable and also the network that it is connected to. Therefore it is important to identify the factors that dictate the behaviour of a transient signal travelling along the cable. This paper will look into the simulation studies on transient behaviour when the characteristics representing the insulation of underground cables are varied. By identifying the causes that contribute to the change of cable characteristics, the effects they have on the simulated transient can be examined thoroughly. © 2013 IEEE.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6564573

Ten years after environmental NGOs convinced Western Press that "primitive" African recyclers were dumping the electronics they imported, the case of Joseph "Hurricane" Benson (sentenced to prison in the UK in 2015 for sending electronics to alleged e-waste dumps in Africa) does not stand up to the math. Rather than "400 sea containers per month" being dumped in Agbogbloshie, the number turns out to be zero. Ever.

Retrospective review of accusations leveled against African used equipment importers and exporters shows that they could not have been shipping waste, as claimed in western media. Article shows examples of systemic, implicit, and unconscious racism in the depiction of Africa's Tech Sector workers as "primitive recyclers", despite all evidence to the contrary.

To view the complete PDF of edition 113 with free registration/log-in please visit Editions (rla.org)

We present a theoretical framework bearing on the evolution of written communication. We analyze writing as a special kind of graphic code. Like languages, graphic codes consist of stable, conventional mappings between symbols and meanings, but (unlike spoken or signed languages) their symbols consist of enduring images. This gives them the unique capacity to transmit information in one go across time and space. Yet this capacity usually remains quite unexploited, because most graphic codes are insufficiently informative. They may only be used for mnemonic purposes or as props for oral communication in real-time encounters. Writing systems, unlike other graphic codes, work by encoding a natural language. This allows them to support asynchronous communication in a more powerful and versatile way than any other graphic code. Yet, writing systems will not automatically unlock the capacity to communicate asynchronously. We argue that this capacity is a rarity in non-literate societies, and not so frequent even in literate ones. Asynchronous communication is intrinsically inefficient because asynchrony constrains the amount of information that the interlocutors share and limits possibilities for repair. This would explain why synchronous, face-to-face communication always fosters the development of sophisticated codes (natural languages), but similar codes for asynchronous communication evolve with more difficulties. It also implies that writing cannot have evolved, at first, for supporting asynchronous communication.

Gives practical guidance for designers, specifiers, contractors and clients on low-volume wet-process sprayed mortars and concretes. Provides information for new construction and repair, and covers application method, materials and mixes, specification, pumping, spraying, finishing, curing, testing and performance. Combines existing good practice and new information from research at Loughborough University.