Public Administration Reforms

in Russian 

Tsarenko, A.S., Guselnikova O.Yu.  "Lean region", "Lean clinic", "Lean city" Projects as Steps towards Creation of "Lean Government": Evaluation of Lean Initiatives in Russian Public Sector Organizations // Public Administration. Web Journal. 2019. N 73. Pp.167-203.

The article discusses the experience of implementing lean manufacturing in the public sector in Russia. The process of lean diffusion is examined;transfer of lean business model by means of its primary adaptation in joint-stock companies with state participation and state corporations is outlined.  The  research  involves  revision  of  lean  projects  inRussian  public  administration  on Federal  (the  Lean  clinic  project),  regional  (experience  of  the  Republic  of  Tatarstan,  the Ulyanovsk region, KHMAO-Yugra) and municipal levels. Aspects of the scale and direction of the  projects, their methodological  support,  the  content of the  lean tools adapted for the  public sector,  approaches  to  consulting  support  of  the  lean  implementation  initiatives  are  as  well under consideration.

Reformation and Rehabilitation of inmates is a major activity pursued by governments to make inmates value contributing citizens of the society. Rehabilitation programs come in many hues. Some jails pursue skill development or entrepreneurial training, while others resort to production of appropriate products and services. Our analysis of rehabilitation projects pursued across several jails in India indicate these are limited in scope and mostly non scalable.  We propose a state level Jail industry Board to manage and grow sustainable rehabilitation intervention program. We also present the legal and administrative options that may be pursued for creating the same

Annotation: This thesis attempts to explore the relationship between the concept of "reform" and "administration" or, in particular, public administration during the financial crisis in Greece. It is well known that in Greece, as well as in many other countries of Europe and the rest of the world, after 2008 and after the global economic crisis, there was a great economic destabilization with unpleasant results for the citizens of these countries and their economies. The survey that we present to you is focused on the administration, especially the public administration and the economy of Greece, and whether the "reform" in the administration will have a positive effect on the correction of the situation and whether the applied policy and state administration are to a certain extent the cause of the financial crisis. As we shall see, in the case of Greece, the state administration participated in the emergence of the economic crisis and helped to spread it. Reforms in the administration and the state can prevent such situations from occurring and can correct such mistakes. Greece presents itself with many administrative problems, with great weaknesses in public administration, which, coupled with the existence of customer relations between the state and voters, create a fertile ground for causing unpleasant situations. In Greece, the ruling political system consumed more than it needed, and took up more than it could have returned, under pressure from

Government basically is a civil servant to his people. He can not be available
to serve himself only, but he is available to serve the people to create the
possible condition that every people develop their ability and creativity to
get their goal together. Because of that he need public administration reform.
Key Word : Reform, Civil Servant.

Despite their notable differences, Brazil and Turkey have been widely compared as emerging economic powers led by popular governments in the 2000s. These comparisons have largely ignored the parallel institutional evolution of their civil service since the early 20th century. Throughout the past century, the two countries experienced simultaneous attempts to reform and modernise their public administrations mostly in the Weberian model. From the 1980s onwards, their paths diverged: Brazil a er re-democratisation reinforced the central, merit-based structure of its civil service, while Turkey introduced new private sec- tor arrangements and practices.

Although today both civil services boast a mix of career and contract arrangements, they also display different structural characteristics, and face opposite sets of challenges regarding meritocracy, professionalism, efficiency and political patronage. While until recently Turkey could be viewed as a relatively successful example of economic and political liberalisation – including integrating NPM principles into the state bureaucracy – the country’s re- cent decline into authoritarianism and excessive political interference in state institutions have turned it into a cautionary tale for Brazil.

Pružanje javnih usluga na jedinstvenom upravnom mjestu (one-stop shop, point of single contact) jedan je od elemenata integriranog javnog upravljanja koje je usredotočeno na potrebe građana, poduzetnika i drugih korisnika javnih usluga. Jedinstveno upravno mjesto može se organizirati kao točka fizičkog ili digitalnog kontakta te obuhvatiti manji ili veći broj javnih usluga koje se pružaju građanima ili poduzetnicima bez obzira na nadležnosti i međusobne institucionalne odnose različitih tijela javne uprave. Temeljna ideja preuzeta je iz poslovnog sektora, a polazi od stava da korisnik ne mora znati niti se opterećivati organizacijom i poteškoćama u radu javne uprave: on treba dobiti traženu upravnu uslugu brzo, efikasno, kvalitetno i jeftino. Javna se uprava treba organizirati tako da s korisnicima komunicira, na što jednostavniji način i na jednom fizičkom ili digitalnom mjestu, vanjska jedinica za pružanje usluga (front office), dok se ostali potrebni upravni procesi odvijaju u pozadini, u interakciji tijela javne uprave s različitim ovlastima.
Ključne riječi: jedinstveno upravno mjesto (one-stop shop, point of single contact), integrirano javno upravljanje, upravna modernizacija, europski upravni prostor, korisnički orijentirana uprava, digitalizacija uprave, javne usluge

New Governance, sometimes referred to as New Public Service, has fastened become a reference model for public administration in the twenty-first century. Some researchers suggest that this constitutes a paradigmatic turning point for public administration theory and practice. Two different opinions exist about the New Governance: one group of researchers (Masiulis K., 2008) suggests that the new model should supplement New Public Management (NPM), while another group (Denhardt J., Denhardt R., 2007, Guogis A. 2009) suggests that New Governance is a separate and independent management model opposite to New Public Management.  According to this different perspectives it is our main goal identify how reforms are shifting from the New Public Management model to the New Public Service one. That has been done according to a literature revision and two case studies (both in Portugal and Lithuania) based on documental analysis of the reforms instilled.

What is the state of the research on crowdsourcing for policymaking? This article begins to answer this question by collecting, categorizing, and situating an extensive body of the extant research investigating policy crowdsourcing, within a new framework built on fundamental typologies from each field. We first define seven universal characteristics of the three general crowdsourcing techniques (virtual labor markets, tournament crowdsourcing, open collaboration), to examine the relative trade-offs of each modality. We then compare these three types of crowdsourcing to the different stages of the policy cycle, in order to situate the literature spanning both domains. We finally discuss research trends in crowdsourcing for public policy and highlight the research gaps and overlaps in the literature.

South Africa, surprisingly, negotiated a peaceful process of regime change from the racial Apartheid to a non-racial, non-sexist democracy. It has become a beacon to the world and Africa, attesting to the viability of negotiated settlements for complex socio-political.....

“The ANC took the reins of Government as a movement of liberation, transforming into a ruling party. The ANC has always maintained that it is a ‘Broad Church’, that is, a 'coalition' of almost all the varieties of ideologies that exist in South Africa: from the National Democratic Revolution incorporating all the varieties of socialism to Neo liberalism and blatant capitalist interests together with of Black Consciousness and Pan Africanism. The ANC even incorporated the remnants of the old Nationalist Party as many dropped their former political alignments in the service of the ANC and their careers. This coalition has all centred round the revolutionary Tripartite Alliance of the ANC, South African Communist Party and the Congress of South African Trade Union.

Many differing ideologies came to the ANC with their own value systems, interests, habits and customs only somewhat tempered by their membership of the ANC. Perhaps they should have heeded the warnings of history. Commenting on  the Elamite victory over Babylon circa 700 B.C., Maspero (1900) wrote, "His [Elam’s] descendants would assuredly have brought Mesopotamia into lasting subjection, had not the feudal organization of their empire tolerated the existence of contemporary local dynasties, the members of which often disputed the supreme authority with the rightful king." (p. 228). The ANC coalition runs the same danger. The ANC has had a difficult time in negotiating the compromises necessary to hold the coalition together and certainly has not been able to keep to a holistic and consistent practice. In the case of the ANC only time will tell whether the centre can hold its complicated coalition together.

Peter E. Franks (2013)

Fragment from an early draft of the paper on training in the South African Public Service which the Belgian editors made me snip because of its, to them, uncomfortable (sic) religious  connotations.

However, now the feudal ‘kingdom’ is breaking up, or is it down.

The article examines public administration reform (PAR) in Bulgaria and the main factors that shaped the reform agenda and dynamics. PAR is examined along five key dimensions-transparency and accountability, civil service and human resources management (HRM), public service delivery and digitalisation, organisation and management of government, and policy-making coordination and implementation. The article argues that there are four main factors influencing reform dynamics and determining policy outcomes in the Bulgarian case: the specific political choices made by government elites, external influence of the EU and of past national legacies, and the importance of institutions and reform mechanisms. To illustrate these factors at work, the article examines three policy initiatives , i.e. e-government, the reduction of administrative burden, and civil service reform. The article presents a longitudinal analysis and a qualitative case-study approach, utilising Annual Reports on the Status of the Public Administration 2001-2018, mapping European Semester Documents 2011-2017, an inventory of PAR initiatives 2005-2018, and interviews of public officials. The pushes for reform have been top-down, externally-driven, and stop-and-go in nature. The results confirm previous findings that Bulgaria is among the EU countries with the poorest record in PAR, struggling to overcome communist legacies and high levels of corruption and politicisation. The Bulgarian case highlights several important lessons: the importance of political will and political dynamics for the outcome of reform efforts; the importance of external pressure and financing; the difficulty of uprooting long-standing legacies in administrative traditions; and the limitations of the top-down approach as an obstacle to the sustainability of reform efforts.

The New Public Management (NPM) has become a universal movement of public sector reform on a global scale. In this perspective, the article aims to analyze the adoption of NPM in Developing Countries. This topic is particularly important because the extensive literature on NPM is mainly focused on Western Countries. From a methodological standpoint, our research is based on two case studies (Sub-Saharan Africa and Mongolia). Data have been gathered by documental analysis and by literature review. The research questions explored are the following: which factors affect the implementation of public management reforms in Developing Countries? What kind of reforms have been implemented in Developing Countries? How the context has impacted in Developing Countries on the public management reforms analyzed? The case studies analysis showed that the most common factors that have led the implementation of public management reforms are the
institutional and organizational isomorphism and the role of “managerial fashion”. In the Sub-Saharan African Countries we
analyzed NPM inspired reforms according to five perspectives: decentralization, privatization, bureaucracy reform, agentification and corruption. In Mongolia we found that the attempt to apply the full model of NPM (according to New Zealand NPM model) did not lead to the expected results, due to the initial heterogeneous conditions between the two Countries in terms of organizational culture and capacity building of public sector institutions. Finally, our study shown that the model of NPM is a useful framework for designing public management reforms but it must be combined and integrated with the contextual factors because they play a decisive role in influencing the entire process of reforms adoption and implementations. Implications of our study
call for a better consideration of the concepts of "heterogenesis of ends" and "managerial fashion" in order to better understand the trajectories and the expected outcomes of public management reforms in Developing Countries since public management reforms are path dependent and need to be sensitive to “operational reality”.

What is the cost of corruption and associated financial malfeasance in public transit? The purpose of this paper is to consider this question, focusing on two American agencies: the Metropolitan Transit Authorities (MTA) in both New York and Los Angeles. This paper reviews the literature on corruption, mismanagement and malfeasance in the public sector generally and the factors which are believed to lead to these phenomena; and preliminarily assesses the relative presence and cost of such malpractices in their MTAs, and their causative factors in public transit agencies generally.
Findings – Preliminary analysis of reports of corruption and malfeasance in the two MTAs yields cost estimates of over $US200 million in the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority and over $US1 billion in the New York State Metropolitan Transportation Authority across
roughly five-year periods (periods of analysis not being exactly the same for the two agencies). The data examined were not comprehensive and costings not final. Thus, the estimates can be considered to be lower than the actual incidence and costs.

Study plan: Bachelor Degree in Public Administration
Subject: Administrative Science II
1st Cycle | 2nd Semester | 2012/2013
Syllabus: 1. Planning and evaluation in public sector organizations | 2. The decision-making process in Public Administration | 3. Ethics in Public Administration | 4. Human resources management in the public domain

in Russian

Tsarenko, A.S. "Lean Government": Prospects of Lean technologies in Public Service Organizations in Russia and abroad  // Public Administration. Web Journal. 2014. N 45. Pp. 74-109.

Principles and methods of «Lean manufacturing» in public administration today is an object of rigorous  research.  The  methodology  has  proved  itself  effective  in  private  sector,  both  in manufacturing and in services. Its adjustment to the needs of the state and local governments is now known as «Lean Government». The authors attempt to analyze the «Lean Government» initiatives  in  the  US  and  the  UK,  as  well  as  the  first  steps  towards «Lean  Government»in Russia. The author outlines the key aspects of the  new concept and considers the peculiarities of its application area and the conditions of its effective implementation.KeywordsLean  government,  public  administration,  quality  management,  lean,  Lean  Six  Sigma,  service management, public service improvement, efficiency, customer service, process, public sector.

In recent years, US policymakers have instituted quadrennial strategy reviews in several major policy areas. In this article, I examine why policymakers have initiated these large strategic reviews, and why a particular model for them has diffused from the US Defense Department to other government agencies. I find that policymakers have initiated the reviews principally to spur organizational change in agencies and influence the relationship between agencies and Congress, and that policymakers have replicated the Defense Department’s review model because of that department’s strong political support. My findings suggest more generally that formal strategy activities are often driven more by legislative-executive and bureaucratic politics than by a search for new strategic ideas. Commonalities between the diffusion of quadrennial reviews in the United States and the diffusion of other strategy and planning processes internationally underscore the broader applicability and significance of these findings.

The aim of the paper is to highlight the main characteristics of the recent Hungarian public
administration reform, as well as to reveal the inconsistent nature of some of its elements and to
describe the connected risks. The starting point of the article is the Magyary Zoltán public administration
development programme. The reform steps are compared to the ideal type NPM approach.
The Hungarian public administration reform can be characterized by strong centralization and the revitalization of Hungarian anti-liberal traditions at macro level, and by the support of the enhancement of market rules and management at micro level.

This book published by National e-Governance Division on 25 December 2014 at New Delhi was commissioned to Lead Expert Amit Shrivastava and NeGD Capacity Building team worked closely through a nearly 18 month national multi-stakeholder consultation process. I was a subject matter expert who helped to structure and shape the final document, including coordinating the final design. It brings together 19 roles, drawing on over a decade's experience of implementation of e-Governance Projects under NeGP. It also seeks to provide an implementation framework, outlining the skills, experience, expertise required to hire/deploy appropriate human resources  to ensure success. This is a huge milestone of excellence in this space. - The team consisted of experts from NeGD and others Anoop Kumar Agrawal, Neeraj Kumar Agarwal, Vinay Thakur, Dr Vashima Shubha, Shalini Bajaj, Amit K Srivastava, Piyush Gupta, Aualuri Sridevi, Avaneesh Priy Srivastava, Jayalakshmi Chittor, Ahmed and Md Omar, Nitin Saluja and Suraj Arora, Deepinder Singh

* This research was selected for the special issue of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), Working Group 8.6 2007 annual conference (see the entry for this conference). This publication is part of the special issue.

Given the importance of contextual influences on the diffusion of innovations, the theories and methodologies that take context into account are increasingly relevant to research and practice. One such approach, the systems of innovation approach, considers context to be a cascading set of effects arising from various participants and innovations surrounding the production and diffusion of a focal innovation. Based on this approach, we focus on a public program involved in the diffusion of e-business systems to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). E-business systems are complex innovations, and the contextual influences are particularly important here, because SMEs often lack the knowledge and resources to strategically adopt, modify, and use these innovations. Using the systems of innovation approach, we examined the contexts around public program interventions with an SME in order to explain their form and influence on e-business adoption processes. The empirical findings suggest that many public programs fail to effectively deliver interventions because program contexts restrict program personnel's ability to completely assess and respond to the range of adopter needs. While some aspects of the program contexts can be altered by the program directors, others are further removed and are currently beyond our collective control at this point-in-time. The implications for diffusion research and practice are discussed.

in Russian

Tsarenko, A.S. Delivery Unit as a Key Element of Change Process in Government // Public Administration. Web Journal. 2019. N 75. Pp.101-125.

The  article  outlines the  current  trend  of  developing the institutional  mechanisms  of  public reforms implementation. Such model  as  Deliverology  and  a  toolDelivery  Unit(DU)  areconsidered  in  detail.These  unitsare  essentially importantfor  public strategy  implementation and serve  to  facilitate  dramatic change in  government.  It can be  seen as a remedy created for New Public Management, anew wave that uses change management and strategic management methodology,  focusing  on  coordination,  communication,  problem  solving  and  stakeholder engagement  tools.The  author  uses  data  fromthe  analytical  reports  ofinternational  research organizations  (U.S.  Institute  for  Government) and  consulting  agencies(McKinsey,  Deloitte etc.), World  Bank  research,“cases”and “success stories” of the UK, Malaysia etc.TheDU deployment’s keysuccess factors and typical  mistakes  are  outlined. Current  world  practices (state-DUsolutions) were estimated (including regional and localarea). The framework for DU deploymentis  presented,  it  ensures:  a)  a  limited  number  of  clear shared prioritiesof  public reform; b) political  influence  and  “face-to-face”communicationwith the  executive  leader (prime-minister, president) and her/his committed leadership, c) routine procedures and “user-friendly”systemof  data  collection  and  reporting; d)  regular  monitoring  and  communication regarding performance with responsible Ministers with included “on-the-spot (if appropriate)”problem-solving techniquesandstakeholder involvement.

Crowdsourcing is rapidly evolving and applied in situations where ideas, labour, opinion or expertise of large groups of people are used. Crowdsourcing is now used in various policy-making initiatives; however, this use has usually focused on open collaboration platforms and specific stages of the policy process, such as agenda-setting and policy evaluations. Other forms of crowdsourcing have been neglected in policy-making, with a few exceptions. This article examines crowdsourcing as a tool for policy-making, and explores the nuances of the technology and its use and implications for different stages of the policy process. The article addresses questions surrounding the role of crowdsourcing and whether it can be considered as a policy tool or as a technological enabler and investigates the current trends and future directions of crowdsourcing.

When people hear about administrative reforms, Western or developed countries such as the United States, Canada, Great Britain, France, Japan or Australia are probably the first to come to mind. On the other hand, in the book "the Global Public Management Revolution" Kettl's narrative mainly addresses worldwide reforms movement in public management. The book

The article discusses barriers in strategic governance of local development characteristic for Polish local governments, i.e. municipalities, which occurred within the first 15 years of the XXI century. These barriers were identified in the period 2000-2015 by means of using the qualitative field research method, in the process of research and implementation as well as research and development projects’ execution, directly and indirectly related to the conceptualization, application and assessment of development strategies for Polish municipalities. The introduction to the article presents the reasons, origins, purpose, method, techniques and the course of conducted research. Next the concept of local development perceived from two perspectives, a local and supra-local one, as well as their governance concept and strategic approach to such governance, are discussed. The core part of the article is devoted to presenting the identified barriers in strategic governance of local development and also their sources. The article is concluded by providing recommendations regarding the continuation of research covering these barriers and the instruments of their reduction.

Territorial fragmentation is considered as one of the most problematic characteristics of the Czech municipal system, however, there are no effective ways how to encourage small units to amalgamate. This paper focuses on cases of voluntary mergers that occured in 2002 and 2003, as the number of amalgamated units had no comparison in last 20 years. Through the analysis of documents, data from statistical office, press and interviews with actors we examine the aspect of those mergers such as main causes, process of the merger itself and actors involved. The analysis reveals the amalgamation was not a result of long-term process but more likely an ad hoc solution of problematic situation caused by administrative, economic and socio-demographic factors.

U postupku donošenja u Hrvatskom saboru su dva temeljna zakona kojima se regulira državna uprava Republike Hrvatske. Riječ je o Konačnom prijedlogu Zakona o izmjenama i dopunama Zakona o državnim službenicima te o Prijedlogu Zakona o sustavu državne uprave (oba iz ožujka 2019.).

The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of New Public Management (NPM) reforms/practices on innovation in public sector organizations. Although much is written on NPM, the assumption that NPM reforms stimulate organizational innovation has not been empirically tested. The present study is an attempt to bridge this research gap.,Building on open-systems approach, institutional theory, and innovation research, this study argues that organizational innovation occurs in response to stimuli in the external (environmental factors) and internal environment (organizational factors), considering NPM reforms/practices as a proxy for external or environmental factors. Organizational factors include formal structural complexity, senior management support and job security. The study tests this model using data from a national survey conducted in five states in the US.,The study provides empirical insights into our understanding of the factors that drive innovation in public sector org...

"Abstract. In addressing various policy problems, deciding which policy measure to start with given the range of measures available is challenging and essentially involves a process of ranking the alternatives, commonly done using multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques. In this paper a new methodology for analysis and ranking of policy measures is introduced which combines network analysis and MCDA tools. This methodology not only considers the internal properties of the measures but also their interactions with other potential measures. Consideration of such interactions provides additional insights into the process of policy formulation and can help domain experts and policy makers to better assess the policy measures and to understand the complexities involved. This new methodology is applied in this paper to the formulation of a policy to increase walking and cycling.

Keywords: policy formulation, network analysis, multiple-criteria decision analysis, transport policy, walking and cycling"

The article explores some of the socio-political effects of the reformist age on the Jewish condition from the standpoint of the Grand-Duchy of Tuscany, with special emphasis on the times of Grand-Duke Peter Leopold of Hapsburg-Lorraine (1765-1790). While comparing Tuscan enlightened municipal regulations, the paper inspects specific local problems concerning Jewish eligibility to public offices. The relevant experience of one member of the Pitigliano community - David Consiglio - stands out as emblematic of the Jewish situation in the late eighteenth century.