Process Control

Statutory and internal audit though have differences in object but are both geared towards value enhancement. Internal audit assures the board of directors of the effectiveness and efficiencies of governance, risk management and internal control put in place to achieve overall organization’s objectives while statutory (external) audit assures the shareholders and the public of the financial report of organizations upon which the stakeholders make informed decisions.

At Centralised Waste Management Facility (CWMF) 160m3 of radioactive chemical sludge, generated from treatment of several batches of category-II and category-III radioactive liquid wastes by chemical precipitation method was stored in clariflocculator (CF) for downstream processing. The sludge needed conditioning before disposal. The analysis of the sludge samples collected at different radial locations and depths from the CF showed suspended

This paper deals with the development of an optimal control strategy for control of a batch reactor in which an exothermic reversible reaction takes place. A new optimal control policy is proposed in this work to force the reactor operation track the Optimal Progression of Temperature and achieve a maximum end point conversion. This is done by including a term in the Objective function that puts a weight on the overall error between the reactor temperature and the optimal temperature. Further, by proper choice of weight assigned to the control moves in the objective function, the optimal control policy is forced to bypass Singular Arc. Control vector iteration method is used to solve the optimal control problem. The control policy is tested using the batch reactor data reported in the literature. The results show that the optimal control policy proposed in this work is able to track the optimal progression of temperature and achieve maximum end point conversion in the batch reactor.

The cycle from one release of a software product to the next is becoming shorter andshorter. Especially for custom software products (nonstandard software), implementationproductivity needs to be increased. The reuse of prefabricated software components and theimplementation of reusable and extensible software are of great importance. The objectorientedprogramming paradigm has already proven to fulfill these demands in the area ofgraphical user

Past studies have shown the potential of refresher interventions to mitigate skill decay in process control. More recent studies also indicate the predictive quality of retentivity as a person-related variable. The two presented studies investigated the impact of retentivity on non-routine tasks in the context of simulated ordinary work experience. Study 1 (N=18) compared four retentivity measures (Selective Reminding Test, WIT-2, I-S-T-2000R and Map Learning) as indicators of skill acquisition in a simulated process control task, and showed significant, moderate correlations between the target skill (production outcome) and Map Learning directly after training. Study 2 (N=39) investigated the retentivity constructs in the context of simulated work experience and skill retention, and consisted of four measurement times: 1.) initial training of the target skill (week 1), 2.) and 3.)work experience (target skill was not required; week 2 & following week 3) and 4.) the retention assessment of the target skill (week 4). The control group took part in initial training and retention assessment only. Results showed significant, moderate correlations between Map Learning and production outcome and between WIT-2 and production outcome in retention assessment (after the retention interval). Retentivity constructs and practical implications will be discussed based on these findings.

There has been a rapid increase in the number and demand for approved biopharmaceuticals produced from animal cell culture processes over the last few years. In part, this has been due to the efficacy of several hu-manized monoclonal antibodies that are required at large ...

Functional analysis is a universal methodology, which is able to support NPP and I&C design process. The paper proposes an approach to combining the functional analysis process and I&C design process into a single I&C functional design process. Operation of a system is considered as a set of functions providing not only the achievement of goal, but also keeping material and energy balances. A notation for graphical representation of semantic network (hierarchy of functions) describing a system is suggested. This network includes four levels, namely functional goals, abstract functions level, process functions level, and equipment level. The elements of the hierarchy are connected by three kinds of relationships, namely: parent-child, main-support, and cause-consequence. Then the semantic network (hierarchy) of functions is converted into a functional network which looks as a directed graph. This graph is used for development of control algorithm and for building of instrumentation a...

La supervisión de las operaciones de construcción es una de las tareas más importantes y, a veces, más desconcertantes que el arquitecto debe realizar. Los planes pueden haber sido preparados con la mayor habilidad y colaboración, y los detalles pueden haber sido elaborados con una maravilla de perfección; y sin embargo, debido a la falta de atención que se brinda en el momento adecuado, se pueden cometer errores costosos y obtener resultados que son motivo de molestia y gasto para el propietario, y a menudo un descrédito duradero tanto para el arquitecto como para el constructor. Es posible, por constante anhelo y por el ejercicio de un conocimiento profundo de prácticas y materiales comunes, que estos errores puedan evitarse, y es deber del arquitecto, como superintendente, y una referencia justa e imparcial entre el propietario y el constructor, para adquirir este conocimiento y para ejercerlo libremente y con decisión.

ABSTRACT The enzyme thermistor was developed as a simple flow calorimeter for use in clinical laboratories. In clinical analysis, only small samples are usually available for analysis. The sample is introduced into the continuous flow by means of a three-way valve. Usually pulses of 30-60 second duration were analyzed. A linear relationship is obtained when plotting peak height, peak area, or initial slope versus substrate concentration in the pulse. The duration of the pulse influences the amplitude of the registered signal. With prolonged pulses a plateau is reached. As a natural consequence, assays performed in this way take longer, but are more reliable. The examples given here clearly demonstrate that thermal analysis in combination with immobilized enzymes is a serious alternative to consider when designing analytical systems for fermentation control.

Purpose – This paper aims to review the application of integrated design strategies in several cases of
housing in south-central Chile in search of ways to significantly reduce energy loss and demand.
Design/methodology/approach – First, seven main design features of energy-efficient buildings in
developed countries were identified. Second, these features were reviewed in two professional case studies from
architectural practices and two academic exercises on residential design in south-central Chile. In all cases reviewed,
characteristics of integrated design were verified to reductions in energy loss and demand. Finally, the procedure
implementedwas evaluated through surveys of those practitioners responsible for each experience studied.
Findings – This process made it possible to highlight four main features of integrated design, namely, preestablished
performance goals, interdisciplinary collaboration, regular broad-ranging meetings and the use of
performance assessment tools. With these techniques, reductions of more than 50 per cent in the energy
requirements of the housing designs were achieved, while safeguarding the functional, aesthetic and
economic aspects of the projects.
Research limitations/implications – However, professionals currently working in this field did
express their concern regarding responsibility for the design and the time needed to complete the process.

One of the biggest problems facing cities is traffic congestion. A form
effective to traffic control is use an intelligent urban traffic control system. Using computer engineering knowledge in traffic engineering, it is proposed to traffic control system that controls the flow of the vehicle and performs the detection of people who wish to cross the pedestrian range, in order to reduce the waiting time of the vehicles. Closing the vehicular traffic in a shorter period of time. In this paper is presented the prototype, schematized with Proteus software, at circuit level for simulation.

Biological processes and methods have been influencing science and technology for many decades. The ideas of feedback and control processes Norbert Wiener used in his cybernetics were based on observation of these phenomena in biological systems. Artificial intelligence and intelligent systems have been fundamentally interested in the phenomenology of living systems, namely perception, decision-making, action, and learning. Natural systems exhibit many properties that form fundamentals for a number of nature inspired applications – dynamics, flexibility, robustness, self-organisation, simplicity of basic elements, and decentralization. This paper reviews examples of nature inspired software applications focused on optimization problems, mostly drawing inspiration from collective behaviour of social colonies.

Chemical process control requires intelligent monitoring due to the dynamic nature of the chemical reactions and the non-linear functional relationship between the input and output variables involved. CSTR is one of the major processing unit in many chemical, pharmaceutical and petroleum industries as well as in environmental and waste management engineering. In spite of continuing advances in optimal solution techniques for optimization and control problems, many of such problems remain too complex to be solved by the known techniques. Thus, a heuristic approach is often a viable alternative. Neural Network models offer the most unified approach to building truly intelligent systems, which can provide good optimal solution for many applications. In this work we propose a hybrid (KohKal) neural network algorithm which is being used to model and solve a continuous stirred tank mixer/reactor (CSTM/R) problem which is non-linear and stochastic in nature. This hybrid algorithm is robust...