Plot

In how readers represent narrative plot-macrostructure extended
imaginative gestalts may play a key role (parallel to or instead of more abstract propositions). Image schemas, a notion employed very successfully by cognitive linguists (Gibbs & Colston 1995, Hampe 2005), are an excellent tool for modeling macrostructure in narratives. Applying this hypothesis requires projecting claims about phrases to more extended events and the skeletal representations that readers create of them. As this is methodologically all but trivial, how can we explore if story ontology really involves complex gestalts with image-schematic and sensorimotor properties? Clearly, combining text-linguistic with psycholinguistic methods is highly advisable here. The first major section of this paper summarizes a textual approach to Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of Darkness, from which I generated hypotheses about the relation between FORCE, PATH, CONTAINER, and other image schemas on the one and
specific “tracks” of event ontology on the other hand. The second section reports on a priming experiment with 40 short stories, which focuses on the “track” of story causality. It was hypothesized that abstract representations of story causality (successful vs. unsuccessful goal completion) involve FORCE-like aspects. In the experiment, readers had to
perform dynamic force gestures with their hands that could potentially speed up the comprehension of plots with similar flow contours.

My case study of Heart of Darkness analyzes the role of image schemas in shaping narrative macrostructures and in organizing literary metaphor systems. Assuming that we can reconstruct global story meaning from local image-schematic metaphors,
I propose a model in which compound gestalts represent major aspects of the plot-defining macrostructure. It emerges as salient textual cues progressively add up to a scaffold of image-schematic elements that represent the event’s overall texture, its
“plot-gene”. The rich metaphor system of Heart of Darkness throws into relief the amazing range of literary functions rooted in this image-schematic plot-gene, including plot mnemonics, inference, metaphor networks, and clustering of propositional
knowledge, megametaphor, focalizing and viewpoint effects, irony, as well as mood contours. Progressing toward a cognitive model of narrative, I will argue that reading involves a mental simulation of how image schemas interact topologically to produce emergent effects. I dub the imagistic substrate of this simulation the “mental (story) sketchpad,” following Baddeley (1986).

This article provides some groundwork for applying the cognitive linguistic theory of force dynamics ( Talmy 1988, 2000) to narrative discourse. It proposes that Talmy’s analytic apparatus is suitable for revealing character-related dynamics in literature, especially by exploiting the previously unnoticed convergence with the notion of actancy proposed by the narratologist
Greimas (1966). Force imagery both in ordinary action descriptions and in metaphor opens a vista on how readers infer, stabilize, and elaborate narrative macro-representations of “who wants what” and “who does what to whom?” Hence, texts subtly encode aspects of higher-level story logic through forces,
enabling readers (and scholars) to detect and scale up coherence patterns that shed light on character motives, protagonist interaction, and plot dynamics. A full-scale text linguistic analysis is proposed. My case study of about 500 text
units found in Joseph Sheridan LeFanu’s novella Carmilla (1872) reveals a dynamic web of driving, penetrating, manipulating, a ttracting, and erupting forces between the two main protagonists, a beautiful girl vampire and her 19 year-old victim.

With the rise of smartphones and tablet pcs, children’s book apps have emerged as a new type of children’s media. While some of them are based on popular children’s books such as Mo Willems’ Pigeon books or Beatrix Potter’s Peter Rabbit, others were specifically designed as apps. This paper focuses on examining book apps under the aspects of implied user strategies and narrative structure. Using a narratological framework that also takes into account the unique characteristics of the medium, a terminology for the analysis of book apps will be sketched out. Furthermore, an exemplary analysis of iOS book apps for pre- and grade school children comes to the conclusion that, far from offering the child users room for individual creativity, a large number of apps rather train their users in following prescribed paths of reading.

Two methods for determining fuel contamination in groundwaters are compared. The first is based on headspace extraction, while the other utilizes purge and trap. Analyses, in both cases, are made by gas chromatography/flame ionization detection, with benzene, toluene, and xylene isomers as monitoring agents for fuel leaks. When compared, results show satisfactory agreement if we take into account the high

Se percibe una relación entre la dinámica de fuerzas de la tragedia shakespeareana, según el análisis de A. C. Bradley, y los análisis de la estructura semántica de la causalidad en argumentos verbales o construcciones preposicionales, tal como los analizan los lingüistas cognitivos Steven Pinker y Len Talmy. Estructuras lingüísticas y textuales a diversos niveles de complejidad se basan en esquemas cognitivos comparables que permiten interpretar la acción, los procesos y relaciones, y la experiencia, mediante su representación esquemática.

Experimental garden plots were maintained for three growing seasons on a sandy river terrace in southern Minnesota. Commonly cited yield figures for corn in Midwestern Native American gardens were tested using heirloom Northern Flint seed cultivated in a manner ...

У статті досліджується характер художнього конфлікту в сучасній монодрамі. Авторка використала підходи, які найбільш повно унаочнюють особливості конфлікту в цій жанровій моделі: з точки зору створення образу кризи самоідентифікації і з урахуванням рецептивного підходу. У статті запропоновано типологію конфлікту в монодрамі, розглянуто особливості кожного з типів конфлікту на прикладі п’єс сучасних драматургів. Авторка доводить, що характер конфлікту в монодрамі залежить від екзистенційної естетики.
Ключові слова: монодрама, конфлікт, персонаж, читач, жанр, автор, сюжет.

Бортник Ж. И. Характер конфликта в современной монодраме
В статье исследуется характер художественного конфликта в современной монодраме. Автор использовала подходы, которые дают возможность наиболее полно отобразить особенности конфликта в этой жанровой модели: с точки зрения создания образа кризиса самоидентификации и с учётом рецептивного подхода. В статье предложена типология конфликта в монодраме, рассмотрено особенности каждого из типов конфликта на примере пьес современных драматургов. Автор доказывает, что характер конфликта в монодраме отображает экзистенциальную эстетику.
Ключевые слова: монодрама, конфликт, персонаж, читатель, жанр, автор, сюжет.

Bortnik J. I. The nature of conflict in the modern monodrama
The article examines the nature of conflict in contemporary art monodrama. The author used the approaches that exemplify a particular conflict in this genre models: in terms of creating an image crisis of identity and given receptive approach. In the article a typology of conflict in monodrama, the peculiarities of each type of conflict on example of modern playwrights’ plays are described. The author argues that the nature of the conflict in the monodrama displays existential aesthetics.
Keywords: monodrama, conflict, character, genre, reader, author, plot.

Leaf Area Index (LAI) is an important variable that governs canopy processes and can be monitored by satellites. The current study aims at exploring the potential and limitations of using the red-edge spectral bands of the forthcoming superspectral satellites, namely—Vegetation and Environmental New micro Spacecraft (VENμS) and Sentinel-2, for assessing LAI in field crops. The research was conducted in experimental plots of wheat and potato in the northwestern Negev, Israel. Continuous spectral data were collected by a field spectrometer and LAI data were obtained by a ceptometer. The spectral data were resampled to the superspectral VENμS and Sentinel-2 resolutions. The data were divided into seven datasets (four seasons, two crops, and one including all data). The LAI prediction abilities by Partial Least Squares (PLS) models for continuous spectra and the resampled spectra were compared and evaluated. For wheat and potato of the continuous, VENμS, and Sentinel-2 data formations, the PLS correlation coefficients (r) values were 0.93, 0.93, and 0.92, respectively. In most cases, the red-edge region was found to be the most important spectral region for the three data formations, according to the Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) analysis. Additionally, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Red-Edge Inflection Point (REIP) were computed for the three data formations in order to observe relation to as well as prediction accuracy in retrieving LAI values. The prediction abilities of the calculated indices by the data formations were compared, peaking for wheat, with r values of 0.91 for the REIP for the three data formations. Therefore, it is concluded that VENμS and Sentinel-2 can spectrally assess LAI as good as a hyperspectral sensor. The REIP was found to be a significantly better predictor than NDVI for wheat data and therefore can potentially be implemented for future LAI monitoring applications by superspectral sensors that contain four red-edge bands.► Superspectral band settings can predict LAI as good as continuous spectra. ► REIP can predict LAI for relatively high biomass and fractional cover crops. ► On ground level, REIP is a better LAI predictor for wheat than for potato.

Aim  The Pleistocene glaciations were the most significant historical event during the evolutionary life span of most extant species. However, little is known about the consequences of these climate changes for the distribution and demography of marine animals of the north-eastern Atlantic. The present study focuses on the phylogeographic and demographic patterns of the sand goby, Pomatoschistus minutus (Teleostei: Gobiidae), a small marine demersal fish.Location  North-eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, Irish, North and Baltic seas.Methods  Analysis was carried out by sequencing the mtDNA cytochrome b gene of sand gobies from 12 localities throughout the species’ range, and using this information in combination with published data of allozyme markers and mtDNA control region sequences. Several phylogenetic methods and a network analysis were used to explore the phylogeographic pattern. The historical demography of P. minutus was studied through a mismatch analysis and a Bayesian skyline plot.Results  Reciprocal monophyly was found between a Mediterranean Sea (MS) clade and an Atlantic Ocean (AO) clade, both with a Middle Pleistocene origin. The AO Clade contains two evolutionary significant units (ESUs): the Iberian Peninsula (IB) Group and the North Atlantic (NA) Group. These two groups diverged during Middle Pleistocene glacial cycles. For the NA Group there is evidence for geographic sorting of the ancestral haplotypes with recent radiations in the Baltic Sea, Irish Sea, North Sea and Bay of Biscay. The demographic histories of the Mediterranean Clade and the two Atlantic ESUs were influenced mainly by expansions dated as occurring during the Middle Pleistocene glaciations and post-Eem, respectively.Main conclusions  The pre-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) subdivision signals were not erased for P. minutus during the LGM. Middle Pleistocene glaciations yielded isolated and differently evolving sets of populations. In contrast to the case for most other taxa, only the northern Atlantic group contributed to the post-glacial recolonization. The historical demography of Mediterranean sand gobies was influenced mainly by Middle Pleistocene glaciations, in contrast to that of the Atlantic populations, which was shaped by Late Pleistocene expansions.

El presente artículo de reflexión tiene como propósito sugerir una nueva mirada sobre algunas narrativas que involucran la representación del indígena, y la compleja realidad que lo define mediante un análisis intertextual entre la obra literaria La Vorágine (1924) de José Eustasio Rivera y la película El Abrazo de la Serpiente dirigida por Ciro Guerra (2015). La investigación permite determinar que tanto la obra literaria como la película resignifican el papel del indígena en relación con la categoría de inocencia, como característica propia de esta comunidad. Así mismo, posibilitan una nueva lectura de algunos acontecimientos de la historia colombiana.