Plant Macrofossils

Retrospective studies focussing on forest dynamics using fossil and genetic data can provide important keys to prepare forests for the future. In this study we analyse the impact of past climate and anthropogenic changes on Larix decidua Mill. (European larch) populations based on a new range-wide fossil compilation encompassing the last 130 ka and on recently produced genetic data (nuclear, mitochondrial). Results demonstrate that during the last 130 ka L. decidua persisted close to its current distribution range and colonized vast areas outside this range during the first two early Weichselian interstadials (c. 87-109 ka and c. 83-78 ka), reaching a distributional maxima in the north-central European lowlands. Some fossil sites point to notably rapid responses to some abrupt climate events DansgaardeOeschger cycles and Heinrich Events). Combined fossil and genetic data identify at least six MIS 2 refuges and postglacial recolonization pathways. The establishment of extant L. decidua forests dates back to the first two millennia of the Holocene (c. 11.5-9.5 ka) and the onset of anthropogenic impact was inferred since the late Neolithic (c. 6 ka), with major changes occurring since the Bronze Age (c. 4 ka). During the last 300 years human-induced translocations resulted in recent admixture of populations originating from separate refuges. Altogether, the results of this study provide valuable clues for developing sustainable conservation and management strategies targeting ancient genetic lineages and for studying evolutionary issues.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif d’identifier entre le second Âge du Fer et le haut Moyen Âge les occupations et les activités humaines d’un territoire de marge aux confins des cités arvernes, vellaves et ségusiaves, le Livradois-Forez, puis d’apporter des éléments de réflexion sur leur intégration régionale. Elle est menée dans une perspective dynamique, diachronique et systémique. Cette approche d’archéologie du paysage met au centre des préoccupations les relations entre les sociétés et leur milieu, et tout particulièrement l’économie. Cette recherche est volontairement à la croisée de l’archéologie et des sciences de l’environnement afin de mieux cerner le milieu dans lequel les sociétés passées ont évolué et les éventuelles influences humaines sur celui-ci, mais aussi d’identifier les processus socio-économiques et culturels.
Cette recherche a nécessité une approche en trois étapes : intégrer les travaux et les synthèses développés dans le cadre de programmes de recherche auxquels je participe ; établir une synthèse des données archéologiques ; acquérir de nouvelles données par des prospections archéologiques et des analyses des macrorestes végétaux en milieu tourbeux. L’utilisation de quatre fenêtres d’études, reflet des différentes entités paysagères, a été privilégiée. Autant qu’il fut possible, chaque fenêtre comportait des prospections archéologiques et des données paléoenvironnementales.
Le croisement des données archéologiques, paléoécologiques, géoarchéologiques et l’utilisation d’un SIG ont permis d’identifier une hétérogénéité du développement qu’il faut replacer dans deux cycles économiques : le premier du second Âge du Fer au Haut-Empire, le second du Bas-Empire au haut Moyen Âge.
Pour chaque cycle, les occupations humaines et les mises en valeur du milieu reflètent des stratégies et des choix socio-économiques : le relief et son climat, les ressources disponibles (agricoles mais aussi vraisemblablement le bois et la présence de minerai), la proximité de voies de communication, de bassins de peuplement importants et des différents centres des trois cités. Chaque nouvelle étape dans la mise en valeur des terroirs est accompagnée par une hausse de l’érosion, la mise en place de tourbières et de modifications dans le fonctionnement des tourbières plus anciennes.
Enfin, cet espace semble être intégré à l’économie régionale.
The purpose of this thesis is to identify human occupation and exploitation of the environment of marginal territories in the Livradois-Forez, which include the cities of Arverne, Segusiave, and Vellave, and to investigate the regional integration of these localities from the second Iron Age to the Early Middle Age. This thesis is conducted from a dynamic, diachronic, and systemic perspective, and utilizes a landscape archaeology approach to explore the relations between societies, in particular their economies, and the environment. The research presented crosses archaeology and the environmental sciences in order to increase knowledge of the setting in which these societies evolved and the possible human influences on it, but it also identifies social-economic and cultural processes.
The completion of this project required three stages: first, the integration of research and syntheses developed from research programs in which I collaborated; second, the synthesis of the archaeological data; third, the acquisition of new data through archaeological field surveys and through the analysis of plant macrofossils from peatlands. Four sectors that reflect key components of the landscape have been used. As far as possible, research in each sector included archaeological surveys and paleoenvironmental research.
Interdisciplinary archaeological, paleoecological, and geoarchaeological studies, combined with GIS, exhibit a heterogenous development that can be seen in two economic cycles: the first, from the Second Iron Age to the High Roman Empire; the second, from the Late Roman Empire to the Early Middle Age.
For each economic cycle, human land use and the exploitation of the environment reflect strategies and social-economic choices driven by topography, climate, and available resources (particularly agricultural resources, but also the presence of wood and ore). The proximity of routes of communication reflects important pools of population and the centers of the three cities. Each stage of environmental exploitation is marked by an increase of erosion, peat initiation, and changes in the use of the oldest peatland.
Finally, this border area seems to be integrated into the regional economy.

Résumé
Localisé dans le nord du département de la Meurthe-et-Moselle, Hatrize est un village de la vallée de l’Orne, affluent de la rive gauche de la Moselle. Préalablement à un projet de lotissement, une fouille préventive a été réalisée par l’Inrap en 2009, au lieu-dit « Poirier-le-Loup », sur une surface de 3140 m2, située à 150 m de l’église paroissiale. Des vestiges d’occupation de deux grandes phases chronologiques ont été observés : la phase I, la période mérovingienne (fin Ve/VIe-VIIe s.) et la seconde, la principale, se développe de la période carolingienne au XIIe s. apr., cette dernière étant constituée de deux séquences révélées par la stratigraphie relative. La période carolingienne (phase II, séquence 1) est matérialisée par une structure de combustion dont le comblement d’abandon recèle une quantité importante de grains d’orge carbonisés, un bâtiment sur poteaux et tranchées de fondation. À la séquence 2 de la phase II appartiennent deux bâtiments en pierre ainsi que des vestiges de deux autres édifices presqu’entièrement disparus. Des fosses dont une de grande taille et deux autres s’apparentant à des cabanes excavées, un four domestique constituent des structures d’équipement annexes. L’intérêt de cette fouille est d’avoir mis en évidence une architecture altomédiévale en pierre, ce qui est rare et précoce pour cette phase (IXe – XIIe s.) du Moyen Âge, et qui plus est dans un secteur de la Lorraine peu connu du point de vue archéologique. Il s’agit de vestiges de bâtiments à larges solins de pierre, dotés d’un système de drainage adapté à la topographie pentue du lieu. L’ensemble céramique alimente le corpus régional, encore peu référencé pour la période du Moyen Âge classique (XIe – XIIe s. apr.). Le mobilier domestique et les résultats des études archéozoologique et carpologique témoignent d’une économie de production agropastorale reposant sur l’élevage et une céréaliculture prédominée par celle de l’orge vêtue et du blé nu. Deux datations par le radiocarbone viennent confirmer celle livrée par l’étude céramique.

Zusammenfassung
Hatrize ist ein Dorf, das im Norden des Departments Meurthe-et-Moselle im Tal der Orne liegt, eines linksseitigen Zuflusses zur Mosel. Ausgelöst durch ein geplantes Neubaugebiet wurde im Bereich der Flurbezeichnung « Poirier le Loup » im Jahr 2009 vom Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap) auf einer Fläche von 3140 m2 eine Rettungsgrabung durchgeführt. Die Grabungsfläche liegt etwa 150 m von der Pfarrkirche entfernt am nördlichen Ortsrand. Die Grabung hat es gestattet, Siedlungsbefunde freizulegen, die zwei größeren chronologischen Perioden angehören. Die erste, nur durch einige Befunde belegte Siedlungsphase, kann in die Merowingerzeit datiert werden (Ende 5. und 6.-7. Jahrhundert n. Chr.). Die zweite Siedlungsphase, die am Fundplatz die Hauptsiedlungsphase darstellt, betrifft einen Zeitraum, der von der Karolingerzeit bis ins folgende Hochmittelalter reicht (9.-12. Jahrhundert n. Chr.). Die Befunde dieser jüngeren Siedlungsphase können wiederum stratigraphisch in zwei aufeinanderfolgende Horizonte untergliedert werden. Die Karolingerzeit (Siedlungsphase 2, Horizont 1) wird einerseits durch eine Ofenanlage repräsentiert, deren finale Verfüllung einen bedeutenden Fund von verkohlten Körnern der Spelzgerste geliefert hat, andererseits durch einen Pfostenbau mit Fundamentgräbchen… Zum Horizont 2 der zweiten Siedlungsphase gehören zwei Steingebäude sowie die Überreste von zwei weiteren Bauten, die bereits nahezu vollständig verschwunden waren. Weitere zugehörige Befunde dieses Siedlungshorizontes waren Siedlungsgruben, darunter eine von größeren Ausmaßen, sowie zwei weitere, bei denen es sich auch um Grubenhäuser gehandelt haben kann. Eine Ofenanlage, die vermutlich dem häuslichen Bedarf diente, zählt zu den Nebenanlagen der Wohngebäude. Zu den wichtigsten Ergebnissen dieser Ausgrabung gehört der Nachweis von hochmittelalterlichen Steinbauten, die für diese Zeitstellung (9.-12. Jahrhundert n. Chr.) sehr früh sind und erst selten belegt werden konnten. Außerdem stammt der Nachweis aus einem Gebiet Lothringens, das archäologisch bisher erst wenig erforscht ist. Es handelt sich um die Überreste von Gebäuden, die auf breiten Steinfundamenten errichtet wurden und die ferner ein System von Dränagekanälen aufwiesen, das sich aus der Hanglage der Gebäude und der notwendigen Entwässerung erklärt. Das keramische Fundgut der Grabung ergänzt den regionalen Korpus der früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Keramik in Lothringen, der insbesondere für das Hochmittelalter (11.-12. Jahrhundert) erst gering belegt ist. Die Siedlungsfunde sowie die Ergebnisse der archäozoologischen und archäobotanischen Analysen bezeugen, dass die Landwirtschaft mit Viehhaltung und Getreideanbau - hier vor allem von Spelzgerste und Nacktweizen – vermutlich die wirtschaftliche Grundlage der Siedlung bildete. Zwei Radiokarbondatierungen konnten die durch die Keramikanalyse gelieferten Datierungen bestätigen.

Un établissement rural à vocation agropastorale des IXe – XIIe siècles à Hatrize en Meurthe-et-Moselle.

The paper discusses mass finds of kernels of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) made at a town excavation in the Hansestadt Stralsund (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany) and presents the different used of flowers and berries of elder in human alimentation and traditional medicine.

Archaeobotanical research in the Czech Republic has generated enormous quantities of unique, but non-uniform, data that are currently stored in disparate hard copy and electronic formats. A consortium of archaeological organisations has initiated the Archaeobotanical Database of the Czech Republic (CZAD) to facilitate data storage, access and quality. CZAD is being developed under the auspices of the ArboDat Project, by the Institute of Archaeology, Prague, and Landesamt für Denkmalpflege, Hessen, Ger. CZAD is based on the international ArboDat Multi version of the ArboDat database originally developed in Germany. Adaptations have been made to suit local requirements. As at the end of 2010 more than half of the existing data in the Czech Republic has been entered into CZAD. Data entry is on a strictly voluntary basis and author’s data and copyright are protected.

Unravelling the precise Holocene altitudinal fluctuation of the highland vegetation communities (>1800 m asl) in the Gredos Range (Central System, Spain) is challenging owing to the complexity of the long-term human environmental interactions in the area. Aiming at improving the knowledge of these highland dynamics, a pedoanthracological analysis was conducted on six soil profiles located on the northern slope of the central sector of the Gredos Range, following an altitudinal transect between 2200 and 1700 m asl in the Las Pozas valley. The soil charcoal analysis revealed the long-term stability of the Leguminosae shrublands, which have dominated the landscape over 1800 m asl since the Early Holocene. The highest ancient timberline was sti-mated to be at approximately 1700 m asl in this valley, from the Early Holocene until the beginning of the Late Holocene. This ancient forest contained Pinus gr. sylvestris, with significant numbers of deciduous Quer-cus. However, scattered individuals or small groves of pioneer deciduous taxa (Betula sp., Populus sp., Salix sp., Maloideae and Prunus sp.) were found to have thrived over the timberline during the Early and Middle Holocene, especially between 1900 and 2000 m asl. The highest treeline was marked by Betula at 2100 m asl. Elevated values of charcoal concentration reflect the intense fire regime of the area. The pattern of fire events accumulation periods that can be inferred from the 23 dated charcoal samples is consistent with previous data, which supports an increase in fire frequency around 2000 cal yr BP, during the first reported period of significant human influence.

The Early Middle Ages Settlement of Dieue-sur-Meuse «La Corvée». The results of the excavation 2012.
A rescue excavation carried out in 2012 at “La Corvée”, municipality of Dieue-sur-Meuse (Meuse, Lorraine, France), on an area of 2 ha, led to the discovery of numerous archaeological remains. The site is located on a terrace along the Meuse River and its tributary, the Dieue. During the Early Middle Ages, several nuclei developed on the banks of these
two streams. The Merovingian structures occupied the banks of the Meuse, comprising twenty sunken huts, a dozen buildings revealed by their postholes and two wells. The merovingian occupation is to be linked to the cemetery “La
Potence”, located a few hundred meters to the east and excavated in 1968-69. The settlement structures of the 9th-11th
c. occupied the banks of the small river Dieue. They are evidenced by several sunken huts (sixty) and a single big
building with hearths, clearly a house, wells, a threshing floor and silo pits. According to written sources, Dieue was
then a villa belonging to the Bishop of Verdun. The finds, in particular those of the 9th-11th c. occupation, allowed to
obtain some information concerning the site’s activities: forging, milling, fishing and arable farming, the later clearly indicated by the silo pits and a threshing floor, as well as by the results of archaeobotanical analysis.
***
Les occupations du haut Moyen Age à Dieue-sur-Meuse, la Corvée une présentation. Une fouille de sauvetage au lieu-dit
« la Corvée » à Dieue-sur-Meuse en 2012, sur une superficie de 2 ha a permis la mise au jour de nombreux vestiges  archéologiques. Le site prend place sur une terrasse bordant la Meuse et son affluent la Dieue. C’est durant le Haut Moyen Age que s’y développent plusieurs noyaux d’occupation méro-vingiens d’une part et des IXe-XIe siècles d’autre part. Les structures mérovingiennes occupent les berges de la Meuse et consistent en une vingtaine de fonds de cabanes excavées, une dizaine de bâtiments sur poteaux et deux puits. L’habitat mérovingien est à mettre en relation avec la nécropole du lieu-dit « la Potence » située à quelques centaines de mètres à l’est et fouillée en 1968-69. Les structures des IXe-XIe siècles occupent quant à elles les berges de la Dieue et consistent également en des fonds de cabanes excavées (une soixantaine) ainsi qu’un grand bâtiment possédant des foyers, clairement une maison, puis des puits, une aire de battage et des silos. D’après les textes d’archives, Dieue est à cette époque une villa appartenant à l’évêque de Verdun. Le mobilier, notamment pour la période des IXe-XIe siècles, permet d’appréhender quelques uns des activités du site : forge, meunerie, pêche et agriculture céréalière, cette dernière mise en évidence notamment par des silos et une aire à battre les céréales, puis les analyses carpologiques.
* * *
Die frühmittelalterliche Besiedlung von Dieue-sur-Meuse «La Corvée». Die Ergebnisse der Grabung 2012.
Eine Rettungsgrabung, die 2012 auf einer Fläche von rund
2 Hektar im Bereich der Fundstelle « La Corvée » in der Gemeinde Dieue-sur-Meuse (Meuse, Lorraine, Frankreich) durchgeführt wurde, hat verschiedene archäologische Siedlungsspuren zu Tage gefördert. Die Fundstelle liegt auf einer holozänen Flussterrasse der Maas und ihres Zuflusses,
der Dieue. Während des Frühmittelalters entwickelten sich dort mehrere Siedlungskerne, die einerseits der Merowingerzeit
zuzuweisen sind, andererseits dem 9.-12. Jahrhundert n. Chr. angehören. Die merowingerzeitlichen Siedlungsstrukturen
lagen im Uferbereich der Maas. Es handelt sich um rund zwanzig Grubenhäuser, mehr als 10 Pfostenbauten und um zwei Brunnen. Die merowingerzeitliche Besiedlung ist in Verbindung mit einem an der Fundstelle „La Potence“ entdecktem Gräberfeld zu bringen, das einige hundert Meter östlich liegt und von 1968-1969 archäologisch untersucht werden konnte. Die Siedlungsbefunde des 9-11. Jahrhunderts lagen im Uferbereich der Dieue. Es handelt sich um rund 60 Grubenhäuser, einen großen Pfostenbau mit Herdstellen, sowie um Brunnen, einen Dreschplatz und Silogruben. Den Schriftquellen zufolge war Dieue zu dieser Zeit eine villa, die dem Bischof von Verdun gehörte. Das archäologische Fundmaterial, insbesondere das der Besiedlung des 9.-11. Jahrhunderts, gestattet Rückschlüsse auf einige wirtschaftliche Tätigkeiten der frühmittelalterlichen Siedler: Schmiedetätigkeit, Getreideverarbeitung, Fischfang und Ackerbau. Die verschiedenen landwirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten werden insbesondere durch zahlreiche Speichergruben, einen Getreidedreschplatz sowie durch die umfangreichen Ergebnisse archäobotanischer Analysen belegt.

Probably my most significant contribution to the archaeobotanical literature. It was my PhD exam question from Mike Schiffer. I had given presentations to his class for some time and he was always after me to pull it together and write it down. I began thinking about these questions about a decade before when I was working with Hugh Cutler and Leonard Blake, and Hugh asked, "How can you be sure that something is old?" This paper was also highly influenced by a palynology class that I took from Allen Solomon that addressed similar issues in pollen analysis.

After publishing this paper, I added "Tertiary Refuse" - the background scatter of highly redeposited charred plant remains that accumulates around any locus of human activity. These are often very small and fragmentary. I also looked at the problem of poor preservation in large sites (Casa Grande Monument) and sorting out culturally significant material from the residue left by natural fires (Cleveland Fire).

The bottom line is that if you want to look at archaeologically interesting questions like status, trade, subsistence change, environmental fluctuations, etc, you have to make sure the patterns you are seeing aren't due to differential preservation, disturbance, or analytical methods.

The attached photos show Hugh C Cutler demonstrating flotation (the swirl and pour method) at Point of Pines Field School, AZ W:10:78, Room 179, 6/23/1959. Photo by Emil W. Haury. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Negatives 5359 and 5360. Prints by Helga Tewes. I always intended to include one of these photos with this paper.

The first file contains two photos of Hugh Cutler. The second is the chapter itself.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/20210089

25 May 2022. I replaced the reprint with a better copy.

Infilling of the Gbelce depression over the Holocene period in the light of plant macrofossil analysis (profile Nová Vieska 2.).
In this paper we present results of the plant macroremains analysis from organic sediments of the Gbelce depression (lower Hron Hill land, SW Slovakia). The coring site (Nová Vieska 2.) is situated on the floodplain of the Paríž brook. The 283 cm deep profile represents sedimentary record, covering the whole period from the Late Glacial (9 674 cal BC) to the Modern Age. Based on plant macrofossils and 8 radiocarbon (AMS) data, hydroseral succession can be subdivided into the 6 local analytical zones, reflecting changing composition of local marsh vegetation over time. Infilling of the Gbelce depression markedly accelerated from the Younger Atlantic – Early Subboreal period onward, due to forest clearance and input of eroded fine particles from adjacent slopes. Plant macroremains also reveal a pronounced change in water regime during medieval period which helps to explain historic occurence of local „floating islands“ (reported from 18th Century). Plant macrofossils also enable to track an early presence of humans in the adjoining landscape which dates back into the Eneolithic period (it is mainly indicated by numerous achenes of Cyperus fuscus and Ranunculus sceleratus). The paper brings new data on the development of the Nature Reserve Parížske močiare.

Burnt mounds, or fulachtaí fiadh as they are known in Ireland, are probably the most common prehistoric site type in Ireland and Britain. Typically Middle–Late Bronze Age in age (although both earlier and later examples are known), they are artefact-poor and rarely associated with settlements. The function of these sites has been much debated with the most commonly cited uses being for cooking, as steam baths or saunas, for brewing, tanning, or textile processing. A number of major infrastructural development schemes in Ireland in the years 2002–2007 revealed remarkable numbers of these mounds often associated with wood-lined troughs, many of which were extremely well-preserved. This afforded an opportunity to investigate them as landscape features using environmental techniques – specifically plant macrofossils and charcoal, pollen, beetles, and multi-element analyses. This paper summarises the results from eight sites from Ireland and compares them with burnt mound sites in Great ...

1Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland 2Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia 3Institute of Soil and Plant Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Latvia University of Agriculture, Jelgava, Latvia 4Lake and Peatland Research Centre, Alojas District, Puikule, Latvia 5Department of Biogeography and Palaeoecology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 6Faculty of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia 7Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 8Laboratory of Wetlands Ecology and Monitoring, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland 9Senckenberg Research Institute & Natural History Museum, BIK-F, TSP6 Evolution and Climate, Frankfurt, Germany 10Climate Dynamics and Landscape Evolution, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, Germany 11Institute of Earth Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany __...

Burnt mounds, or fulachtaí fiadh as they are known in Ireland, are probably the most common prehistoric site type in Ireland and Britain. Typically Middle–Late Bronze Age in age (although both earlier and later examples are known), they are artefact-poor and rarely associated with settlements. The function of these sites has been much debated with the most commonly cited uses being for cooking, as steam baths or saunas, for brewing, tanning, or textile processing. A number of major infrastructural development schemes in Ireland in the years 2002–2007 revealed remarkable numbers of these mounds often associated with wood-lined troughs, many of which were extremely well-preserved. This afforded an opportunity to investigate them as landscape features using environmental techniques – specifically plant macrofossils and charcoal, pollen, beetles, and multi-element analyses. This paper summarises the results from eight sites from Ireland and compares them with burnt mound sites in Great ...

La carpologie, initiée en France il y a 50 ans, s'est considérablement développée en grande partie grâce à l'augmentation des opérations d'archéologie préventive. La hausse sensible du nombre de carpologues, l'accroissement des études qui en résulte et la multiplication des cadres institutionnels, publics ou privés, dans lesquels les études carpologiques sont réalisées, ont rendu nécessaire une réflexion collective sur les minimums méthodologiques devant apparaître dans les rapports d'études carpologiques. En effet, la mise en oeuvre de grandes synthèses régionales ou chronologiques nécessitant la réalisation de bases de données partagées met en évidence des manques quant aux informations minimales devant figurer dans les rapports. Ces insuffisances ne permettent pas l'exploitation optimale des résultats émanant de la reprise d'anciennes études ou des travaux de plusieurs carpologues. À l'instar de ce qui a été proposé en archéozoologie, ce travail présente un consensus relatif aux renseignements minimaux devant figurer dans les rapports carpologiques, validé par la communauté des carpologues exerçant sur le territoire français. Les informations qui doivent impérativement apparaître dans les rapports sont listées par groupes thématiques, allant de la description synthétique du site étudié aux indications méthodologiques propres à la discipline. Le respect de ce minimum méthodologique permettra de poser les bases solides d'une recherche collaborative et de nourrir la recherche scientifique sur le long terme. Abstract Archaeobotany, which was initiated in France 50 years ago, has developed considerably thanks in large part to the increase in preventive archaeological operations. The significant increase in the number of archaeobotanists, the resulting increase in the number of studies and the multiplication of institutional frameworks, public or private, in which archaeobotanical studies are carried out, have made it necessary to reflect collectively on the minimum methodological requirements to be included in archaeobotanical study reports. Indeed, the implementation of major regional or chronological summaries requiring the creation of shared databases highlights shortcomings in terms of the minimum information to be included in the reports. These shortcomings don't allow the optimal exploitation of the results from the resumption of old studies or the work of several archaeobotanists. Following the example of what has been proposed in archaeozoology, this work presents a consensus on the minimum information to be included in archaeobotanical reports, validated by the community of archaeobotanists practising on French territory. The information that must imperatively appear in the reports is listed by thematic groups, ranging from a synthetic description of the site studied to methodological indications specific to the discipline. Compliance with this minimum methodological requirement will enable the solid foundations to be laid for collaborative research and will feed scientific research over the long term.

Abstract The archaeological excavations which took place in 2008 and 2010 at Juvigny, department Marne “Les Monteux” allowed
to investigate archaeological features dating from the Mesolithic to the 12th c. AD. The main occupation phases of the site can be
dated to the late La Tène period, to the Gallo-roman period and to early medieval times. The excavations allowed also studying
1000 m² of the residential building of a Roman villa complex. This building was constructed during the 1st c. AD and modified
several times until the beginning of its decline from the 3rd c. AD onwards. During late Antiquity the evolution of the villa remains
largely unknown, but the site itself was still occupied and one or several post-constructed buildings were erected. The early medieval
settlement, which occupied a total surface of known 1,3 hectares, was developing along the eastern façade of the main Roman
building. This settlement is characterized by the presence of pit houses, wells, silo pits, and several post buildings and other post
structures.

Key-words: Late Iron Age sanctuary, Roman villa, pars urbana, ceramics, early medieval times

Résumé Les fouilles conduites par l’Inrap en 2008 et 2010, à Juvigny « les Monteux » (Achard-Corompt et alii, 2012) dans le département de la Marne ont révélé des vestiges archéologiques du Mésolithique au xiie siècle ap. J.-C., les occupations principales datant de la fin de l’époque gauloise, de l’époque gallo-romaine et du haut Moyen Âge. Ainsi, 1000 m2 de la partie résidentielle d’une villa ont été investigués. Fondé durant le ier s. ap. J.-C., l’édifice connaît ensuite une série de modifications avant de décliner à partir du IIIe siècle. Durant l’Antiquité tardive, l’évolution de la villa est obscure mais le site reste fréquenté et voit la construction d’un ou plusieurs bâtiments sur poteaux. L’occupation du haut Moyen Âge, reconnue sur 1,3 ha, est établie le long de la façade est du bâtiment antérieur et est constituée principalement de cabanes excavées, de puits, de silos et de constructions et aménagements sur poteaux.

Mots-clés : Sanctuaire gaulois, villa, pars urbana, céramique, haut Moyen Âge.

Zusammenfassung Die archäologischen Ausgrabungen, die vom Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap) in
den Jahren 2008 und 2010 in Juvigny „Les Monteux“, Department Marne, durchgeführt wurden (Achard-Corompt et alii, 2012) haben es gestattet, archäologische Befunde freizulegen, die einer weiten Zeitspanne vom Mesolithikum bis zum 12. Jahrhundert n. Chr. angehören. Die Hauptbesiedlungsphasen des Fundplatzes können dem Ende der Laténezeit, der gallo-römischen Epoche sowie dem Frühmittelalter zugewiesen werden. Bei den Grabungen konnten auch 1000 m² des Hauptgebäudes einer römischen Villenanlage untersucht werden. Dieses Gebäude wurde im Laufe des 1. Jh. n. Chr. errichtet und erfuhr im Laufe seines Bestehens verschiedene Modifikationen bis zu seinem Niedergang ab dem 3. Jh. n. Chr. Während der Spätantike bleibt das Schicksal der Villenanlage fraglich, jedoch ist der Platz weiterhin besiedelt gewesen und es kommt zur Errichtung von einem oder mehreren Pfostenbauten. Die frühmittelalterliche Besiedlung, die auf 1,3 Hektar Fläche nachgewiesen werden konnte, entwickelte sich entlang der östlichen Fassade des römischen Villengebäudes. Sie bestand in erster Linie aus Grubenhäusern, Brunnenanlagen, Silogruben sowie verschiedenen Pfostenbauten und weiteren Pfostenkonstruktionen.

Schlagwörter: Latènezeitliches Heiligtum, Villenanlage, pars urbana, Keramik, Frühmittelalter

Wet sediments of a former water reservoir were discovered during an archaeological rescue excavation. Vegetation and environmental changes taking place in the medieval suburbs of Prague, Czech Republic, from the 10th to the middle of the 14th century were investigated. The origin and function of the water reservoir was revealed using a multi-proxy approach that combined the results of macrofossil, pollen, diatom, antracological, archaeolo-zoological and sedimentological analyses.
Gradual changes of the surrounding vegetation were documented. Field indicators increased in time, whereas proportions of broad-leaf trees and shrubs decreased; proportions of ruderal plants increased continually. A gradual decline of semi-natural hygrophilous vegetation was accompanied by an inverse tendency in trampled vegetation. All these trends indicate an intensification of human activity around the pool.
A similar intensification of anthropogenic influence is clearly visible in the development of the aquatic environment. According to the diatom composition, the base of the profile is the result of sedimentation in considerably oligotrophic conditions. A successive deterioration of water quality was documented by various organisms (diatoms, green algae, water macrophyta, fishes, and intestinal parasites). The high content of dissolved nutrients, probably connected with anoxia, could have caused the disappearance of both diatoms and fishes.

Les operations d’archeologie preventive, menees de 2001 a 2008 par l’Institut national de recherches archeologiques preventives (Inrap) au prealable a la construction de lotissements sur la commune de Rurange-les-Thionville (Lorraine, Moselle), ont permis de mettre au jour un habitat rural gallo-romain de taille modeste. Celui-ci regroupe, sur plus de 7000 m², des constructions diversifiees caracteristiques d’une petite exploitation agricole. Son etude livre un ensemble de donnees sur son evolution depuis l’epoque augusto-tiberienne jusqu’a son abandon au ive siecle. Les limites de l’exploitation sont inconnues, mais les operations de fouille qui se sont succedees donnent une idee assez precise de l’implantation des bâtiments et de leur repartition rigoureuse dans le domaine. Cette fouille a egalement livre un edicule votif qui occupe un espace privilegie au cœur de la cour centrale. Les resultats des analyses carpologiques et de l’etude archeozoologique, appuyes par le mobilier met...

We compared DNA, pollen and macrofossil data obtained from Weichselian interstadial (age more than 40 kyr) and Holocene (maximum age 8400 cal yr BP) peat sediments from northern Europe and used them to reconstruct contemporary floristic compositions at two sites. The majority of the samples provided plant DNA sequences of good quality with success amplification rates depending on age. DNA and sequencing analysis provided five plant taxa from the older site and nine taxa from the younger site, corresponding to 7% and 15% of the total number of taxa identified by the three proxies together. At both sites, pollen analysis detected the largest (54) and DNA the lowest (10) number of taxa, but five of the DNA taxa were not detected by pollen and macrofossils. The finding of a larger overlap between DNA and pollen than between DNA and macrofossils proxies seems to go against our previous suggestion based on lacustrine sediments that DNA originates principally from plant tissues and less fr...

Les fouilles conduites par l’Inrap en 2008 et 2010, a Juvigny « les Monteux » (ACHARD-COROMPT et alii, 2012) dans le departement de la Marne ont revele des vestiges archeologiques du Mesolithique au XIIe siecle ap. J.-C., les occupations principales datant de la fin de l’epoque gauloise, de l’epoque gallo-romaine et du haut Moyen Âge. Ainsi, 1000 m2 de la partie residentielle d’une villa ont ete investigues. Fonde durant le Ier s. ap. J.-C., l’edifice connait ensuite une serie de modifications avant de decliner a partir du IIIe siecle. Durant l’Antiquite tardive, l’evolution de la villa est obscure mais le site reste frequente et voit la construction d’un ou plusieurs bâtiments sur poteaux. L’occupation du haut Moyen Âge, reconnue sur 1,3 ha, est etablie le long de la facade est du bâtiment anterieur et est constituee principalement de cabanes excavees, de puits, de silos et de constructions et amenagements sur poteaux.

This paper describes analyses for understanding the general use of space on two Early Iron Age house sites on the site of Sønderris in South-West Jutland (South Scandinavia). The main method consists of the geoarchaeological techniques of soil P analysis by citric acid extraction, low frequency magnetic susceptibility analysis, and measurement of the soils organic content by loss-on-ignition. The results of these analyses are, moreover, interpreted alongside artefact distribution data, data on the dispersal of plant macrofossils, and an evaluation of the architectural details of the sites.

At both house sites, the geoarchaeological data shows patterning indicative of human activities. The main achievements are inference of outdoor areas which may have contained pyres or kilns, delineation of yard spaces with refuse deposition, and the characterisation of functional aspects of two small outbuildings. In general, the geoarchaeological results are consistent with the inferences attained from non-geoarchaeological sources. A notable exception is that few clear traces of stalling were identified in the geoarchaeological record, despite the presence of animal booth partition walls indicating the presence of byres in the longhouses. Possible reasons for this are discussed.

Overall, this study demonstrates the continued usefulness of long-established geoarchaeological methods for gaining insights about the nature, extent, and orientation of activities on prehistoric house sites. A key take-away from the study is that the potential of any individual method for reading activities (geoarchaeological or otherwise), increases when several techniques with overlapping, but not identical, scope for inferring activities are integrated. The resulting multiproxy analysis is, as a whole, more useful than the sum of its constituent parts.

This paper uses the composition and spatial distribution of carbonised archaeobotanical material from postholes to identify and delineate agrarian and household activities within settlements. The paper presents the analyses of seven houses/farmsteads dating to the 3rd–6th century AD, which were excavated on four separate sites: Flensted, Skovby Nygård and Gedved Vest in east-central Jutland, and Odensevej on the island of Funen.

To infer settlement activities from the distributions of carbonised plant macro remains, the paper defines the various stages of plant processing and carbonisation circumstances. It also discusses assumptions about plant processing sequences and the formation of charred plant assemblages that were made during the analysis.

The results show that the distribution of charred plant macro-remains can assist in the identification and delineation of spaces with different functions. The presented cases identify the locations of dwelling spaces, spaces where processed crops were stored and/or used, and spaces where fine sieving of grain was performed. The results also show a similarity between the analysed houses, which suggests the existence of a regional tradition of ordering household space. These patterns also confirm assumptions about mid-1st millennium houses previously made on the basis of other archaeological evidence.