Parking

Purpose-The purpose of this paper is to find a real-time parking location for a four-wheeler. Design/methodology/approach-Real-time parking availability using specific infrastructure requires a high cost of installation and maintenance cost, which is not affordable to all urban cities. The authors present statistical block matching algorithm (SBMA) for real-time parking management in small-town cities such as Bhavnagar using an in-built surveillance CCTV system, which is not installed for parking application. In particular, data from a camera situated in a mall was used to detect the parking status of some specific parking places using a region of interest (ROI). The method proposed computes the mean value of the pixels inside the ROI using blocks of different sizes (8 Â 10 and 20 Â 35), and the values were compared among different frames. When the difference between frames is more significant than a threshold, the process generates "no parking space for that place." Otherwise, the method yields "parking place available." Then, this information is used to print a bounding box on the parking places with the color green/red to show the availability of the parking place. Findings-The real-time feedback loop (car parking positions) helps the presented model and dynamically refines the parking strategy and parking position to the users. A whole-day experiment/validation is shown in this paper, where the evaluation of the method is performed using pattern recognition metrics for classification: precision, recall and F1 score. Originality/value-The authors found real-time parking availability for Himalaya Mall situated in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, for 18th June 2018 video using the SBMA method with accountable computational time for finding parking slots. The limitations of the presented method with future implementation are discussed at the end of this paper.

(Abstract) This paper explores the rise and significance of car parking in Australian cities, focusing on suburban shopping centres. The suburban shopping centre – mall – was meant by its creator Victor Gruen to recreate the pedestrian feel of European town centres, with cars kept outside. Suburban shopping malls are thus characterised by vast seas of parking dwarfing their destination buildings. This paper argues that the relationship between car parks and their urban surroundings appears deceptively simple, but closer inspection reveals complex interactions between car use, public policy and urban landscapes. Car parks are contradictory spaces, simultaneously of fundamental importance to enabling car travel, and widely neglected in terms of both planning and of thinking. Parking tends to be forgotten as soon as it is found, yet it is a significant feature of urban landscapes. In " Rethinking a Lot " Ben-Joseph observed that we " demand convenient parking everywhere we go, and then learn not to see the vast, unsightly spaces that result. " Using Melbourne shopping centre car parks as a case study, the paper illustrates how ubiquitous parking landscapes have arisen both from the demands of rising car ownership, and from deliberate urban policy. This paper then reads car parks as having more than a simple spatial relationship. It views car parks through the lens of Foucault: as heterotopic spaces that link together the seemingly incompatible issues of safety and surveillance, hostility and convenience. Parking is used to contain cars even as it shapes urban spaces for them. As competition for parking space increases, along with critical views of 20 th century parking policy, the paper points to the conflict and anxiety often coalescing around car parking as further reflection of the critical function of parking in car-oriented cities.

Smart parking systems typically get information only regarding accessible parking areas. All smart cities commonly face a key problem related to parking facilities and traffic management systems. Due to vehicles in a no-parking zone, several folks ought to face traffic problems. Therefore, to reduce this, projected work combines IoTand cloud. The target of the projected work is to create a model, "Detection and Identification of Vehicle's No-Parking area using IoTand cloud”, that helps the drivers to acknowledge the present parked space. No parking area is detected by making use of geolocation of vehicles with the assistance of a real-time cloud server. Projected work does not simply reduce the traffic jam, but it is collectively giving user authentication, cost-efficient and real-time. This method is enforced by putting geolocation, real-time cloud server, a microprocessor for instant data assortment and no-parking detection mobile-application into service. There will be no wastage time anymore searching for a parking space because the parking space will find them.

Double parking is a common occurrence in dense urban areas. It routinely causes danger for cyclists, pedestrians and short-term traffic disruptions that impede traffic flow. Using New York City as a case study, this paper introduces a novel data-driven framework for understanding the influential factors and estimating the actual frequency of double parking through utilizing parking violation tickets, 311 service requests, and social media information with surrounding street characteristics. The number of hotel rooms, traffic volume, commercial usage, block length and curbside parking spaces are ranked as the top five important factors contributing to double parking. Three feature selection methods, LASSO, stability selection and Random Forests techniques are applied to identify those contributing factors. Random Forests, as one of the most effective machine learning techniques is also applied to predict double parking performance of 50 locations in Midtown Manhattan, New York, where ground truth data is available. The Random Forests model achieves 85% prediction accuracy. The study demonstrates that the violation tickets and 311 service requests supplemented with additional street characteristics are able to offer a higher level of prediction accuracy for double parking events. This predictive power can be further applied to a macroscopic or microscopic traffic simulation model to evaluate double parking impacts on traffic delay and safety. In addition, this study can provide transportation agencies insights into effective data collection strategies to identify potential double parking hotspots for better policy-making, enforcement, and management.

Книга посвящена малоизученному аспекту истории отечественной архитектуры и технической культуры — становлению гаражного строительства в первые десятилетия ХХ века. Автомобилизация в России заявила о себе задолго до революции 1917 года, тогда же стало проявляться ее влияние на облик и ритм жизни крупных городов. Одним из свидетельств этого стоит считать появление нового типа здания, специально предназначенного для хранения и технического обслуживания моторных транспортных средств. На примере Санкт-Петербурга—Петрограда, наиболее урбанизированного города страны, автор описывает ранний этап эволюции автомобильного гаража — от помещений, близких каретному сараю, до многоместных и многоэтажных паркингов, обладавших сложной пространственно-планировочной структурой и специальным техническим оснащением.

Car parking is essential to car-based travel, with cars stationary 95 per cent of the time. Occupying at least 12 square metres but as much as 35 square metres per space, parking can account for significant portions of urban land. Car parking policy is relevant to many issues in Australian transport and urban planning– concerns about urban intensification; housing affordability; the liveability of dense urban areas; traffic and congestion; and the sustainability of cities. Parking policy influences transport, housing, and urban design but is sometimes overlooked in debates about cities and their future: it is “expected but unnoticed” (Ben-Joseph 2012). 
Car parking is an important part of Melbourne’s transport and planning challenge. Conventional car parking policies have long shaped the city’s urban form and transport patterns. A legacy of 20th century approaches to parking policy mean the real cost of parking is rarely paid for upfront, nor is the actual use of or demand for car parking space often monitored. As a result, a growing body of research indicates that car parking is oversupplied and is neither priced nor used efficiently. Demographic changes, car sharing, ride sharing and automated vehicle technologies mean uncertainty over future demand for parking and how best to manage it. Newer approaches to parking policy and to the use or re-use of parking space including for public open space in cities worldwide are the subject of enthusiasm, but also of concerns that change may disadvantage or disrupt communities.  An evidence base can help inform public discussion about the trade-offs. This discussion paper acknowledges however that car parking is characterised both by strong beliefs, and by gaps in this evidence base. 
The City of Melbourne is in a unique position to reflect on parking policies, and consider the advantages and disadvantages of further change. The City has introduced progressive changes to both on-street and off-street parking policies since as early as the 1970s. Unlike most of metropolitan Melbourne, and most Australian cities, parts of the City of Melbourne have maximum rather than minimum requirements for off-street parking. Much of its on-street parking is managed by pricing and timing mechanisms – underscoring more efficient management and use of parking space. The City has a comparatively large population of households without cars; and of trips by non-car modes. City of Melbourne transport policies have long encouraged sustainable and efficient transport modes. While much of the City’s accessible urban form and infrastructure dates to a period of development before cars and car parking, other characteristics of the municipality  have been shaped by its car parking policies. The City of Melbourne also has the advantage of extensive parking data, which (although not comprehensive) are in advance of most other areas and give a better evidence base for parking policy decisions than is typically the case worldwide. 
At the same time, the City of Melbourne has a comparatively high dependence on parking revenue as a revenue source, both from fees and from infringements.  Like many cities, the City of Melbourne seeks to balance potentially competing goals with its parking policies: generating revenue, managing car traffic, placing a value on the use of public space, and keeping the city accessible and attractive to visitors.  Its policies vary across different parts of the municipality, and are not underpinned by a comprehensive parking plan.  This discussion paper summarises parking concepts, academic research on parking, experiences and ideas from other cities, and data on parking in the City of Melbourne. It contains the following:   

This discussion paper summarises parking concepts, academic research on parking, experiences and ideas from other cities, and data on parking in the City of Melbourne. It contains the following:   
• A glossary / explainers of some common parking concepts and terms;
• A review of the evidence base around parking in academic literature and in the City of Melbourne specifically: its extent and use; and its role in traffic, housing, and retailing.
• A summary of car parking policies and their influence: how parking is typically managed, examples of parking policy and practices worldwide, and how City of Melbourne policies fit in these contexts;
• Summary of parking policy recommendations, ideas and challenges for the City of Melbourne.

Este artículo presenta la metodología para hacer un diagnóstico de movilidad dentro de campus universitarios mostrando como caso de estudio la Universidad de Antioquia. Se realiza un diagnóstico vial de la Universidad en cuanto a su accesibilidad en los diferentes modos de transporte y la congestión en los parqueaderos, diagnóstico que finalmente sirvió de materia prima para el diseño de una propuesta de solución dirigida a la búsqueda de la descongestión de los parqueaderos y mejoramiento de las condiciones de accesibilidad en cuanto al modo utilizado.

New Market, Bhopal, M.P. is a retail marketplace with a diverse range of shops, serving the lower to higher income group’s needs. With the increase in population and vehicle ownership, the parking in the market vicinity has come under immense pressure and the shopping experience of the visitors have taken backseat. The report is an analysis of the current parking scenario in the New Market area.

Στην εργασία περιγράφεται η διαδικασία αξιολόγησης επενδύσεων (Business Plan) σε χώρους στάθμευσης. Ειδικότερα ταξινομούνται τα χαρακτηριστικά και οι ανάγκες στάθμευσης, οι παράγοντες που  επιδρούν κατά περίπτωση στον σχεδιασμό, οι υπάρχοντες περιορισμοί (πολεοδομικοί, γεωμετρικοί κ.ά), τα απαιτούμενα στοιχεία εκ της λειτουργίας της αγοράς, τα χρηματοοικονομικά δεδομένα κ.ά. Ακολούθως αναπτύσσονται οι διαδικασίες αξιολόγησης με τα αποτελέσματά τους, σε συγκεκριμένες περιπτώσεις προσφερομένων οικοπέδων γνωστών χαρακτηριστικών θέσης και αγοραίας τιμής, τα οποία επελέγησαν από πολλά που βρίσκονται στο κέντρο των Αθηνών, στο οποίο παρατηρείται υψηλή ζήτηση σε χώρους στάθμευσης.

Casablanca, la grande métropole, le cœur économique bâtant du Maroc, lieu de rencontres et d'attractions économique, financière et touristique, parmi les problèmes qui en résultent, on mentionnera, entre autres, ceux de stationnement qui se posent avec acuité d'où la nécessité de lui donner tout l'intérêt qu'il mérite.
En effet, c'est un «calvaire quotidien», «l'horreur», les qualificatifs fusent lorsque les automobilistes casablancais parlent de stationnement. Stationner sa voiture, c'est aussi une question d'offre, de demande et surtout de gestion.
En effet, le problème de stationnement dans la ville se pose avec acquitté surtout à l'arrondissement Sidi-Belyout, et influe directement sur l'état de la circulation et de la fluidité, ce qui peut nuire à l'image et à l'attractivité d'une ville qui se veut être touristique en plus qu'il est le premier pôle économique et industriel du royaume.
Le constat alarmant, est que c'est la gestion de stationnement qui laisse à désirer, la disponibilité des places étant supérieure à la moyenne internationale (Paris comme exemple). Les différents types de parcs de stationnement sont gérés par différents services de la Commune Urbaine de Casablanca, les arrondissements, les préfectures, ce qui occasionne un manque de coordination, absence d'une politique unifiée, avec intérêts convergents, ceci conduit à une gestion anarchique du secteur.
Le contrat de concession de stationnement à la société Pag-Parking se voulait être une sortie de cette impasse, or plus inquiétant encore, le cahier de charges n'oblige pas le concessionnaire du stationnement par horodateurs à présenter ses résultats (chiffres d'affaires, recettes, taux d'utilisation, prix moyens payés par les usagers). Aucune exigence d'investissement ou d'innovation en matière de services, se limitant à une gestion à l'état brut !, beaucoup de données physiques, économiques et financières ne sont pas disponibles.
La délégation d'un service ne doit pas être une fin en soi, l'exécution de mission de service public par ces investisseurs doit être perçue tant comme un moyen générateur de qualité et de baisses des coûts des services que comme un instrument de promotion de l'innovation technologique et de transfert de savoir-faire des concessionnaires vers les gestionnaires publics locaux. Ces derniers sont également tenus d'assurer et d'assumer un contrôle et un suivi étroit du service délégué. La régulation se trouve au cœur des modalités de fonctionnement des services urbains, à la fois garante de la bonne marche du service, de la défense des intérêts des usagers et de la rentabilité des opérateurs privés.

Abstract: As we all know that world’s population is increasing day by day. Increasing population increases the vehicle use. So, now parking has become a major issue now a day. There is a huge demand of proper parking facilities. In order to short out the parking demand, we need to study the parking pattern so that we can improve the parking facilities. I collected data from different parking space in my University. Initially we figured out what is the variation of PCU (Passenger Car Unit) with a certain time and then we compared all these data with the help of “t- test“ to find out whether these parking pattern are same or different.
Keywords: Parking, PCU, t-test, Pattern.
Title: Study of Parking Patterns for Different Parking Facilities
Author: Sitesh Kumar Singh
International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering Research
ISSN 2348-7607 (Online)
Research Publish Journals

E-BUSINESS STARTUP: SPOT PARKING SMART MOBILE PARKING SYSTEM
Gilang Marhadian
Management and Information System, School of Business Management, Universitas Bina Nusantara
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
Economic growth in Indonesia especially in Special Capital Region Jakarta incites growth of vehicles caused by needs of transportation by more and more dynamic lifestyle of its people. One of the impact by increasing usage of vehicle is parking space availability. With limitation of information and scarcity of parking space available, the people will be find difficulties to park their vehicle. The objectives of this research is to create solution with business idea and to analyze the business idea will be feasible or not using five forces porter and consumer behavior, determine SPOT PARKING business model using business model canvas, and develop Android mobile application. Research method that used to analyze SPOT PARKING business opportunity is five forces porter, designing business plan using business model canvas, and designing application system that using analysis and design object oriented through SDLC approach. Result from five forces porter analysis shows that SPOT PARKING enter an attractive industry. While the conclusion from analysis that using business model canvas generate prototype system with features, such as register, login, auto search and reservation (one-click service), search location, reservation, activity and top up.
Keyword: Transportation, Parking, five porter forces, business model canvas, system development, android application, reservation

ABSTRAK

Pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dapat dirasakan dampaknya khususnya di Ibukota DKI Jakarta memicu perkembangan jumlah kendaraan pribadi dikarenakan kebutuhan transportasi masyarakatnya yang semakin dinamis. Salah satu kebutuhan yang meningkat dari perkembangan jumlah kendaraan adalah kebutuhan akan lahan parkir. Namun, dengan terbatasnya informasi dan ketersediaan lahan parkir membuat pengguna kendaraan parkir menemui kesulitan untuk memarkirkan kendaaraanya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menciptakan solusi dengan ide bisnis serta menentukan kelayakan jika ide bisnis ini diimplementasi dengan melakukan analisis peluang bisnis menggunakan analisis lima kekuatan porter dan perilaku konsumen, menentukan model bisnis SPOT PARKING dengan menggunakan business model canvas, dan mengembangkan sistem aplikasi berbasis android. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan melakukan analisis peluang bisnis yang menggunakan analisis lima kekuatan porter, perancangan rencana bisnis menggunakan business model canvas, dan perancangan sistem aplikasi dengan menggunakan analisis dan perancangan berorientasi objek melalui pendekatan SDLC. Hasil yang didapat dari analisis lima kekuatan porter dan perilaku konsumen menunjukkan bahwa e-business startup SPOT PARKING berada pada industri atraktif. sementara simpulan dari analisis yang menggunakan business model canvas menghasilkan sistem prototype dengan fitur, antara lain register, login, auto search and reservation (one-click service), search location, reservation, activity dan top up,

Книга посвящена истории развития архитектуры отечественного гаража первой половины ХХ века на примере Москвы. С опорой на материалы периодической печати и архивные документы автором впервые предлагается периодизация московского гаражестроения 1900—1930-х годов, описываются различные типы и варианты гаражных зданий и комплексов, анализируются факторы, оказавшие воздействие на облик московского гаража. Особое внимание уделено в книге персоналиям архитекторов и инженеров, работавших над проектами объектов автомобильной инфраструктуры: большая часть этих имён впервые представлена вниманию широкого читателя.

Makalah ini berisi mengenai metodologi penelitian dengan mengambil studi kasus pada lahan parkir fakultas teknik di Universitas Syiah Kuala. Terkhusus untuk penataan lahan parkir sepeda motor yang tidak jelas batasan parkir sehingga pengguna sepeda motor sering kali memarkirkan motornya sembarangan yang mengakibatkan tatanan parkir tidak rapi.

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This paper contains a research methodology by taking a case study in the parking area of ​​engineering faculty  at Syiah Kuala University. Especially for the arrangement of motorcycle parking lots that are not clear parking restrictions so that motorcycle users often parked their motorcycles carelessly which resulted in an untidy parking order.

Urban development in North-Western Region of India comprising Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Chandigarh is at cross roads. The Region is facing many crucial and new urban challenges in post liberalization era. The scale of emerging challenges, such as housing, slums, poverty, infrastructure and services, transportation, parking, environmental pollution, is unprecedented. Slums, with multiple deprivations, are growing rapidly even in the hilly states like Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir due to migration of the poor population. Urban development seems to be neglected in urban policy planning over successive planning eras.


The onset of liberal regimes in promoting development of real estate markets, beginning of low interest home loans, lack of strong regulation of sale and purchase of land and housing seem to have made them the commodity for speculation. Housing problem seem to acquire serious dimension in the wake of rapid urbanization, commodification of land and housing, distortion in land market and weakening of public sector housing provision. The social segregation and marginalization of urban poor continue to be major challenges. The town planning is poor and local governance is weak to cope with haphazard urbanization and emerging urban problems in the region. The deficiencies in infrastructure and services are visible and people’s perception about the same is very poor. The social and environmental fabric of cities in the region is under stress.



Based on compilation of extensive data on various aspects of urban development in North-Western India, the book is an attempt to contribute to the existing debate on emerging trends, concerns and strategies in urban development in India. With the discussion on the city and state level case studies from the region, the volume tries to explore how state and city governments in North-Western India have been dealing with the emerging urban issues and challenges and what sort of local policies are emerging to deal with the growing crucial urban problems. The volume provides good source of relevant data/ information to planners, local and state level policy makers and students of urban studies.

Shimla town, popularly known queen of hills in Himachal Pradesh, is facing the problems typically faced by any hilly region like unplanned urbanization, illegal encroachments, violation of planning/ building norms, soil erosion, flooding, scarcity of buildable land, emergence of linear urban corridors, inaccessibility of certain areas, uneven development of urban system etc. The development pattern of Shimla is governed by its topographical constraints like steep slopes, elongated hilly spurs, forest areas, and zones of perpetual sun shades. Due to extremely limited vehicular accessibility and dependence on pedestrian movement, the development of Shimla is concentrated in limited area. The ridge and southern side are densely populated due to gradual slopes and sunny side of the southern side which are more amenable for development. Thus all major land uses are located on the
southern face of Shimla. The high growth of population coupled with the floating population is exerting heavy pressure on the existing infrastructure and also leading to encroachments, unauthorized constructions, construction activities not incompatible with the traditional culture and heritage of the city.  The study highlights important issues in the city in the context of housing, basic services and urban poverty alleviation. Housing for the urban poor has emerged a crucial issue as it is skewed in favour of rich sections. The pace of housing and basic services under JNNURM is very slow which is affecting the quality of life in the city. The tourists exert additional pressure on crucial infrastructure and basic services and disturb the living equilibrium of the local citizens during peak tourist months. The pace of poverty alleviation programmes is also very poor and slums and poverty are affecting social fabric of the city. The study suggests actionable strategies for  improving housing, basic services and livelihood for eradication of urban poverty.

Cycling is experiencing a revival in many cities. Research has focused on the determinants of cycling-in particular the role of the built environment and road infrastructure. Bicycle parking has received little attention-even though bicycles are parked most of the time. This article reviews the scientific literature on bicycle parking and identifies existing gaps in research and knowledge. The review analyses 94 peer-reviewed papers identified through a search in Scopus and Web of Science, in December 2017. The annual number of papers increased 15-fold between 1995 and 2017. Overall, the level of evidence on the importance of bicycle parking is limited. The majority of studies are based on cross-sectional data with the presence of parking as a binary independent variable. Most studies focus on bicycle parking at public transport stops and at work places. Few studies report on bicycle parking throughout cities, and hardly any on parking at residential locations. Bicycle parking supply and quality appears to be a determinant of cycling for current and potential cyclists. Our findings can serve as input for an evidence-based debate on the role of bicycle parking. For practitioners, our research supports investment in bicycle parking, but acknowledges that a proper evaluation of such initiatives needs to be conducted to increase the level of evidence.

Finding empty parking spaces is a common problem in densely populated areas. Drivers spend an unnecessarily large amount of time searching for the empty spots, because they do not have perfect knowledge about the available vacant spots. An effective vacancy detection system would significantly reduce search time and increase the efficiency of utilizing the scarce parking spaces. The proposed solution uses trained neural networks to determine occupancy states based on visual features extracted from parking spots. This method addresses three technical problems. First, it responds to changing light intensity and non-uniformity by having adaptive reference pavement pixel value calculate the color distance between the parking spots in question and the pavement. Second, it approximates images with limited lighting to have similar feature values to images with sufficient illumination, merging the two patterns. Third, the solution separately considers nighttime vacancy detection, choosing appropriate regions to obtain reference color value. The accuracy was 99.9% for occupied spots and 97.9% for empty spots for this 24-hour video. Besides giving an accurate depiction of the car park’s utilization rate, this study also reveals the patterns of parking events at different times of the day and insights to the activities that car drivers engage with.

This study investigates the alignment between Vancouver’s strategic plans and the uniquely low parking requirement for its laneway housing policy. Parking requirements, a long-standing tool to create parking alongside housing, are purported to be a relic of automobile-centric, density-shy planning. But they remain a politically convenient and thus entrenched approach, offering a straightforward ‘bring-your-own-parking’ standard that shifts the responsibility for abundant street parking onto new residents. The perpetuation of parking minima in Vancouver is found to be politically motivated: ad hoc incrementalism and compromise are preferred as more pragmatic than implementing stated objectives boldly and without compromise. Officials speculate that this approach was necessary to make laneway housing acceptable to existing residents, suggesting that, paradoxically, parking requirements can present both opportunity and barriers for infill housing. The study recommends more data, public dialogue, and transparency in the translation of strategic policy into regulatory policy.

Rapid urbanization in Phoenix, Arizona has increased
the nighttime temperature by 5°C, and the average daily temperatures by 3.1°C. The energy balance of urban surface paving materials is the main contributor to the phenomenon of the Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). Much of the literature dealing with mitigating UHI effects recommends extensive tree planting as the chief strategy for reducing the UHI. However, while the extensive tree canopy is beneficial in providing
daytime shade for pedestrians, it may reduce the pavement surfaces’ sky-view factor during the night, thereby reducing the rate of nighttime radiation to the sky. From a UHI mitigation perspective, it may be more beneficial to use low height vegetation that does not reduce the sky view factor as large shade trees would, increasing the urban surfaces’ nighttime
radiation potential. This paper proposes to use field data and simulation scenarios to optimize the use of vegetation for both improving daytime pedestrian thermal comfort as well as enhancing nighttime radiation. The CFD microscale and mesoscale urban scenarios simulation results can potentially give urban planners and architects insights on improving their
recommendations for implementing landscape design
strategies for optimal effect on both the pedestrian scale and larger urban forms.

Purpose: This chapter explains how and why local parking policies are developed, the sometimes conflicting relationship between parking, revenue raising and economic development and the circumstances in which it may be appropriate to use parking policy as a demand management tool.

Methodology/approach: This chapter offers a review of prior research and literature on the topic parking management and further explores the impacts and difficulties of parking management. Moreover, empirical data in this chapter comes from the authors’ own survey study of southern, eastern and southeastern European cities about their parking problems and policies.

Findings: The findings of this chapter show that there is a need to consider what parking solutions cities may choose and what solutions might work for them. It is difficult to say that very different solutions will suit cities of different sizes, but rather that the level of implementation of the solutions must be related to the scale of the problem in each city, and its citizens’ demands. In addition, each city must work within its particular legislative context, which is why certain solutions might not work in some cities.

Practical implications: Parking policy and parking management are key to urban mobility and to managing its negative effects. It is possible to develop a car parking policy that will manage the negative impacts of urban car use whilst also supporting business and the economy; but this is a balancing act, which is why it is important to learn from the experience of other places, as we have shown in this chapter. Parking demand and the response of different cities to it are very important when considering the rise of car use in Europe and other parts of the world. Future solutions for parking problems are detailed at the end of this chapter.

Originality/value of paper: This chapter offers a comprehensive overview of prior research in parking management and connects this overview to findings of the authors own survey in south, eastern and southeastern European cities. Very few studies have made similar connections and provided in-depth insights into parking management in European cities. Moreover, the research provides useful information for planners and professionals dealing with parking issues and what solutions might work in their city.

'Park 'n' Ride' facilities (PnR) initially emerged to accommodate motorists that would otherwise exhaust the local supply of parking around train stations and other rapid high occupancy vehicle nodes but increasing became a planning strategy to provide commuters from auto-dependent suburbs with access to rapid high occupancy vehicle to reduce their environmental impacts and inner-city road and parking capacity requirements. Theoretically, PnR should influence modal choice by making the transfer between car and rapid transit more convenient yet this base assumption rarely matches the empirical reality. Our synthesis of the PnR literature suggests that motorists deciding whether to park-and-ride have considerations beyond minimising their travel duration and expenses, and we develop a new integrative model of PnR, multi-modalism, and modal choice to illustrate how reliability and competing transport planning strategies such as inter-city mobility, transit-oriented development, and active transport interact and inform modal choice. Upon laying these theoretical foundations, we empirically examine the extent to which developing or modifying PnR influences modal choice in our case study context, Brisbane, Australia. Our research findings suggest that it is new rather than modified PnR that influence modal choice and that new park and riders are typically drawn from nearby locations rather than peripheral and therefore auto-dependent areas. This influence is particularly evident in suburbs closer to the inner city, and is problematic given that these are not the intended users of PnR. Our synthesis and examination of multi-modalism and modal choice has important implications for researchers, planners, and policy makers attempting to influence modal choice and improve the efficiency of urban mobility.

The site of Parking ’58, situated at the very heart of Brussels has always played an important role in the economic development of the city. Over the centuries it was
part of the medieval inland port, a fish market in the 17th and 18th centuries and, after the vaulting of the Senne and the conversion of the dock areas in the late 19th century it became the Central Covered Market for general
foodstuffs. In the middle of the 20th century, a multi storey car park was built in order to ensure the accessibility of the city centre to automobiles. On the eve of a new chapter in this story, where the current building will be replaced with a mixed-use structure containing both offices and residential space, this article addresses the changes which this exceptional site has undergone and also looks at the heritage value of Parking ’58.

Double parking (DP) is one of the key contributors to traffic congestion on urban streets. Double parking violations of commercial vehicles while they load and unload at delivery locations with insufficient curbside space can have significant negative impact on traffic. Motivated by the need to study such impact in urban cities, this paper utilizes parking violation records for New York City along with field data collected using video recording, and adopts a comprehensive modeling approach that combines available data with two types of models. The first is an M/M/∞ queueing model used to estimate double parking effect on the average travel time. The second is a micro-simulation model developed and calibrated to study individual and combined effects of various explanatory variables. Both models account for different effects of general vehicles and commercial trucks. Via case studies in Midtown Manhattan and Downtown Brooklyn (New York, US), double parking activities and driver behaviors are investigated and used for comparative analysis. The M/M/∞ queueing model has been empirically validated using field data collected as part of this study. Comparison results show a good fit for uncongested traffic conditions. Micro-simulation results indicate different impact levels for 21 scenarios in four categories namely, travel demand, double parking locations, frequency, and duration. This study can provide traffic agencies a potential approach to quantify the impact of double parking in a large-scale network and insights into the management and alleviation of on-street parking problems including incentives for encouraging off-hour deliveries and more effective enforcement during peak hours.

As gentrification processes accelerate in American cities, how do newcomers become solidly in-place while longtime residents become hopelessly out-of-place in neighbourhood public spaces? Bringing focus to the often-overlooked public right-of-way – streets, sidewalks and alleys – I examine social rhythms comprising this network of public spaces when used as an everyday infrastructure of transportation and socialisation or when configured for special events. Using the notion of symbolic economy to link the social production of public space with the municipal regulation of public space, this essay approaches gentrification from three perspectives: conflict, commodification and cosmopolitanism. Focusing on Highland, a rapidly gentrifying neighbourhood in Denver, Colorado, I first delve into skirmishes over street legitimacy. I then unpack quiet workaday measures used by cities to regulate the public right-of-way, namely parking policy and liquor license issuances. I move on to the commodification of ethnic culture by those who ultimately benefit from the displacement of Latino families from North Denver. Lastly, I engage with the concept cosmopolitanism, arguing that diversity discourses, both in the academy and on the street, obscure important relationships between asymmetrically positioned symbolic economies and low-level regulation of public space. Foregrounding routine urban governance over neoliberal agendas, this study critiques gentrification as a commonsense urban policy.

ÖZET
Şehirlerdeki nüfus artışı, şehirlerde sadece kişi yoğunluğunu artırmamıştır. Kişi yoğunluğu ile birlikte yapı yoğunluğunda da bir artış olmuştur. Ayrıca hem kişi yoğunluğundaki artış hem de yapı yoğunluğundaki artış, süregelen toplu taşımanın ve ulaşım altyapısının yetersiz hale gelmesine sebep olurken, insanlar yetersiz ulaşım alt yapısı ve imkânları karşısında özel araç kullanımına yönelmişlerdir. Özel araç sayısındaki artış ise hem trafik yoğunluğunu artırmış, hem de duran araçların park yeri sorununu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Mevzuat koyucu sorunu otoparkla ilgili kurallar koymakla çözmeye çalışmıştır. Mevzuat, otopark ihtiyacının önce yapı düzeyinde çözülmesini, sonra parsel düzeyinde çözülmesini, sonra da yerleşme düzeyinde çözülmesini öngörmüştür. Otopark sorunu yapı ve parsel düzeyinde çözülemez ise, yapı sahiplerinden otopark bedeli adı altında bir pay almak sureti ile otopark sorununun yerleşme düzeyinde çözülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, otopark bedelinin ne olduğu, bu bedelin nasıl, kimlerden, ne şekilde tahsil edileceği ve tahsil zamanaşımı konusu incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Otopark Yönetmeliği, Otopark bedeli, Kamu alacağı, Kamu zararı, Tahsil zamanaşımı.

ABSTRACT
Population growth in cities, not only did people increase their density in cities; but also building density increased. Increase in person density, caused ongoing public transport and transportation infrastructure to become insufficient, that is why people tend to use private car in the face of inadequate transportation infrastructure. Increase in the number of private cars, both increased traffic density and raised parking problem for vehicles that stopped rather than moving. Legislative tried to solve the problem by setting rules about parking. The parking need is solved at the building level before, then parcel level solved, then foreseen resolved at the settlement level by the legislation. If the parking problem is not solved at the building level and parcel level, it is aimed to solve the parking problem at the settlement level by taking a share from the building owners under the name of the parking fee. In this study, the subject of how, from who and in what way the parking fee will be charged and collection prescription s tried to examined.

Keywords: Parking Regulation, Carpark remuneration, Public receivable, Public financial harm, Collection prescription.