PLC Automation

A major drawback to Industry 4.0 that few write about is maintenance of an industry 4.0 plant. The maintenance aspect is a much greater and immediate drawback than even the commonly known major concern of security, and the lesser concern of system integration standards. Maintenance of 4.0 systems has, and will continue to result in related huge increases in process downtime. The barriers to overcoming the maintenance/downtime drawbacks of a 4.0 system are almost insurmountable.

The standard operation of companies involves managing risk, whether that risk comes from safety or financial factors. Despite this fact, most companies do little or nothing to manage the safety or financial risk related to their controller automation. This is quite surprising for manufacturing and production companies that depend primarily on equipment and process automation. Those involved in industrial management, plant safety, maintenance and installation of automation equipment should give serious consideration to the risks involved with their PLCs. This article focuses on automation control, but the following approach should be applied to all aspects of manufacturing and production automation.

The increase of applications for industrial smart sensors is booming, mainly due to the use of distributed automation architectures, industrial evolution and recent technological advances, which guide the industry to a greater degree of automation, integration and globalization. In this research work, an architecture for deliberative-type intelligent industrial sensors is proposed, based on the BDI (Belief Desire Intentions) model, adaptable to the measurement of different variables of the filtering process of a water purification plant. An intelligent sensor with functions of signal digitalization, self-calibration, alarm generation, communication with PLC, user interface for parameter adjustment, and analysis with data extrapolation have been arranged. For decision making, the use of fuzzy logic techniques has been considered, which allows imprecise parameters to be appropriately represented, simplifying decision problem solving in the industrial environment, generating stable and fast systems with low processing requirements. The proposed architecture has been modelled, simulated and validated using UML language in conjunction with Petri nets, which facilitate the representation of discrete system events, presenting them clearly and precisely. In the implementation and testing of the prototype, C / C ++ language has been used in an 8-bit microcontroller, experimentally corroborating the operation of the device, which allowed evaluating the behavior of a pseudo-intelligent agent based on the requirements of the water treatment plant, and also through comparisons with similar works developed by other researchers.

Mitigation of the major risk caused by the Coronavirus epidemic must be approached in a scientific manner by using methods and tools of risk analysis and management. In order to develop an effective strategy, emergency plan based on these methods for minimizing human losses whatever the scenario that may arise in the future may be established.

The philosophy of efficient energy consumption is vitally crucial to profitable production cost in manufacturing industries. This is because the unit production cost is largely determined by the cost of unit energy supply; which is quite higher than the cost of raw materials in Nigeria. It has been established that the Nigerian industrial sector is responsible for 8.7% of the total energy consumption in the nation. Out of this chunk, the food and beverage industry appropriates approximately 2%. Meanwhile, it is observed that the energy consumption trend in most industrial electric motors is always high due to continuous operation even during the idle time/period in production. In this study, data gathered has a coefficient of determination of 99.7%. This is, thus, subjected to regression analysis which assists in predicting the energy consumption trend for a period of one year. Further to this, the capacity of control principles in efficient energy consumption is demonstrated by pra...

The philosophy of efficient energy consumption is vitally crucial to profitable production cost in manufacturing industries. This is because the unit production cost is largely determined by the cost of unit energy supply; which is quite higher than the cost of raw materials in Nigeria. It has been established that the Nigerian industrial sector is responsible for 8.7% of the total energy consumption in the nation. Out of this chunk, the food and beverage industry appropriates approximately 2%. Meanwhile, it is observed that the energy consumption trend in most industrial electric motors is always high due to continuous operation even during the idle time/period in production. In this study, data gathered has a coefficient of determination of 99.7%. This is, thus, subjected to regression analysis which assists in predicting the energy consumption trend for a period of one year. Further to this, the capacity of control principles in efficient energy consumption is demonstrated by pra...

Kindly Visit: http://www.excelautomationsolutions.com/ for VILT DCS Training.

Virtual Instructor-Led Training (VILT) is rapidly becoming one of the most cost-effective training methods amongst the field of Industrial Automation and Process Control in the world.

VILT ensures employees remain engaged, productive, and informed in a safe & sustainable manner.

The world-class Industrial Automation and Process Control Training Courses are proudly brought to you by EXCEL Automation Solutions, training division.

EAS is an Internationally Accredited Organization, an accredited IAO training provider, and a recognized ASCB (E) training provider.


Courses offered from EAS through Virtual Instructor-Led Training (VILT) :

》EMERSON DeltaV DCS and SIS Training.
》Honeywell EPKS C300 DCS Training.
》ABB 800xA DCS Training.
》SIEMENS PCS 7 DCS Training.
》Certified Automation (PLC HMI SCADA) Engineer Training.


For further queries/clarification, please feel free to Call/WhatsApp - +91 88 7000 7000 (we're available 24/7); we'll be glad to assist you.

This study presents an optimized design of a microwave vacuum dryer (MVD) for rice bran stabilization addressing the problem with uneven heat distribution leading to scorching. Primarily, this study concentrates in further optimizing dimension of the chamber, orientation of the microwave generators, material volumes, and control system parameters. Using CST Microwave Studio simulation software, it is seen that the best design for a 30-L MV chamber operating at 2.45 GHz is a cylindrical chamber with a radius of 202mm, length of 400mm, and with 2 perpendicular feeders located near the ends of the chamber. For varying material volumes (50%, 70%, & 90%), the results show that overall, the 50% yielded the highest energy field, energy distribution, and absorption rate. However, all the models yielded results that are not very far from the other models. This means that the vacuum dryer design performs well at whatever level the material container is filled at. As for the control system of an MVD for rice bran, the parameters are soon to be established. Nevertheless, this study presents an overview of initial PLC schematic diagram that is partially tested for motor control which proved that parameters can be monitored and controlled.

Air pollution is a major environmental concern these days, and it's more than just a fact; it's a painful fact that causes problems for humans, such as serious health problems According to WHO data on indoor air pollution and health, indoor air pollution causes 3.8 million premature deaths each year, including stroke, chronic, ischemic heart disease, obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. As a result, the majority of research has focused on various air purification methods. The most dangerous pollutants are PM 2.5 particles. The majority of these can be found both inside and outside of buildings. Because effective air filtration is an expensive process, the solution is to cut costs while maintaining efficiency. This paper discusses the current state of human air pollution problems, low-cost and effective air purification methods like HEPA filters, activated carbon, and ultraviolet light, and how they developed this system. In addition to that, the benefits of air purification in improving indoor air quality are discussed.

Underground coal mining requires advance instrumentation for sustainable growth and safety of miners. Many parameters, such as emission of gases, strata conditions, temperature, air velocity, humidity, etc., need to be monitored simultaneously using suitable sensors. This paper presents applications of programmable logic controller (PLC) to key activities of underground automatic mining operations is the prefered option for increasing output, with safety in gassy underground mines by way of switching off power supply when concentration of flammable gases exceeds permissible limit and simultaneously raising alarm to help save miner's valuable lives and assets mines property. Beside, PLC can be used for monitoring strata conditions. Large scale implementation of PLC to automation in mining operations is able a grey area to be explored and there is a scope to design and develop instrumentation for mines for multiple output PLC system.

While LPG is an essential need of every household, its leakage could lead to a disaster. To alert on LPG leakage and prevent any miss happening there are various products to detect the leakage. Here I have developed an Arduino based LPG gas detector alarm. If gas leakage occurs, this system detects it and makes an alert by buzzing the buzzer attached with the circuit. This system is easy to build and anyone who have some knowledge of electronics and programing, can build it.

El presente trabajo ha sido pensado como proyecto
final de la carrera de ingeniería electrónica. En él se relacionan
modelos de software con un Controlador Lógico Programable
(“Programmable Logic Controller”, PLC) por medio de un
servidor que utiliza un Marco para la Vinculación y el Embebido
de Objetos (“Object Linking and Embedding”, OLE) específico
para el control de procesos (“OLE for Process Control”, OPC).
Dicho servidor OPC oficia como una vía para el intercambio de
datos entre diversos modelos de plantas simuladas con MatLab y
los bloques de control de lazos Proporcional Integral y Derivativo
(“Proportional Integral Derivative”, PID) implementados en el
software estándar para programación de autómatas Siemens
Step7.
Palabras clave—PLC; OPC server; Matlab.

This list is your guide to create user programs in the Statement List programming language STL. It is intended for S7 programmers. STL corresponds to the "Instruction List" language defined in the International Electrotechnical Commission's standard IEC 1131-3.  (For the full guideline, please refer to https://cache.industry.siemens.com/dl/files/446/45523446/att_79269/v1/s7awl__b.pdf)

L'objectif principal de ce PFE est l’optimisation de la machine "Dissoluteur Tank 300 Propack".
Le rôle de cette machine est de préparer du vrac (chauffage ou refroidissement) pour une utilisation dans la deuxième zone de préparation du produit (filtration).
Notre projet est une étude d'amélioration de la machine, il comporte principalement une première partie pneumatique et électrique mise en œuvre à l'aide du programme électrique AutoCAD. La seconde partie est dédiée à la réalisation de l'automatisation de la machine à l'aide du logiciel TiaPortal v15 avec langage de programmation Ladder.
A travers ce document, nous allons décrire en détails les différentes étapes de conception et de réalisation de ce projet.

so I took the PLC class for 45 days, and here are my notes during class. from entering the soft skill class, practice class until the exam.

table of contents for PLC Program using CX-PROGRAMMER:
1. Motor Standby
2. Lampu berurutan-mati seluruhnya-kembali
3. Lampu berurutan-mati satu persatu-delay-kembali
4. Lampu berurutan-mati satu persatu-TANPA delay-kembali
4a. Lampu berurutan-mati satu persatu-TANPA delay-kembali
5. 2 Lampu lalu lintas
6. 3 Lampu lalu lintas
7. Foward Reverse
8. Pintu Gerbang Garasi Semi Otomatis dengan 2 Limit Switch
9. Mobil Berjalan Maju Mundur 2 Limit Switch dan 2 Timer berhenti 3 Detik
9a. Mobil Berjalan Maju Mundur 2 Limit Switch dan 2 Timer berhenti 3 Detik
10. Foward Reverse ditambahkan emergency yang diaktifkan saat motor menyala
10. Foward Reverse ditambahkan emergency yang diaktifkan saat motor menyala TANPA IR
11. Gerbang Garasi menggunakan Sensor tanpa Pushbutton
12. 3 konveyor berjalan 3 sensor tanpa mati


6 AGUSTUS 2019
CODE 06AUG19
1. Lampu menyala MANUAL berurutan-mati urut dari akhir ke awal
2. Lampu menyala OTOMATIS berurutan-mati urut dari akhir ke awal
3. Kuis Tepat Cepat
4. JOG 1 kontaktor**** (idk)
5. STAR DELTA 1 tombol

CPU memory in Siemens S7 consists of three sections:
1) Load Memory
2) Work Memory
3) System Memory

Tips:
1- PII, PIQ, and I/Os load in System Memory and sometimes in Work Memory for new processors. 
2- Bit Memories (M), Counter, Timer, retentive or non-retentive, and Local Data Stack (L Stack), which is used to save Temp variables, load in System Memory.
3- Data Block (DB) load in Load Memory, which is a great advantage. This results in the capability of memory extension with adding a Micro Memory Card (MMC), instead of having an internal Load Memory.
4- All executions of the logic and data blocks load in Work Memory. Blocks, including Function Blocks (FB), Function (FC), and Organization Block (OB) and DB, along with system data load in Load Memory. 
5- Non-Volatile Memory:  In addition to the aforementioned memory types, there is another memory section in Siemens CPU called NVRAM, which is programmable and has the capability to save retentive data.

The bleaching of palm oil using acid activated local bentonite clay, charcoal and periwinkle shell was studied. The raw oil was characterized to determine its properties .Chemical activation of the bleaching agent was done using Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) .the activated samples were used to adsorb color pigment from palm oil. The absorbance was measured using a spectrophotometer and the opacity and percentage color reduction were obtained in each case. To study the adsorption capacity of the three bleaching agent, the effect of temperature ,adsorbent dosage and contact time were studied. The bleaching performance increase with temperature, contact time and dosage for the three adsorbent. The activated charcoal produced the best bleaching performance at varying bleaching temperature and contact time while the activated bentonite produced the best bleaching performance at varying dosage concentration. The Experimental data conformed to the Othorder rate equation for the three adsorbent. The rate constant for activated bentonite clay,charcoal and periwinkle shell are:0.01min-1,0.023min-1 and 0.064min-1. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to study the adsorption mechanism. the adsorption data conformed to the Freundlich isotherm for the three different adsorbent. The heat of adsorption of the acid activated bentonite clay was observed to be endothermic and most spontaneous with enthropy of -5.511Jmol-1, while the activated charcoal and Periwinkle shell is Exothermic.

Anahtar kelimeler: Vinç sistemleri, Köprü vinç, yük taşıma, liman vinçleri

Bu kaynaklar, yukarıda anlatılan bulmak ve türleri araştırılabilir.
Referans Alıntı Köprü Vinç sistemleri üzerinden hareketle bir vinç sistemi kurgulanmış ve gerekli analizleri ile beraber çizimleri yapılmıştır.

Mevcut sistemlerin fiyatları ile kurgulanan sistemde kullanılan bir malzeme maliyetine gerek temsili gerek orjinal aktarılmış ve kıyaslama yapılmıştır. Sistemlerin güvenlik unsurlarına ek güvenlik önlemleri gerek mekaniksel gerek otomasyon sistemleri sağlanmaya çalışılarak, sistemi mekatronik bir ürün olarak ele almaya çalışılmıştır.

Yapılan araştırmalar ve analizlerle, mevcut sistemlerin çalışma şartlarına yakın bir sistem elde edilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Report on a project to integrate a KUKA KR16 robot to a PLC (SPS) and have it play the Tic-Tac-Toe game. This objective has three important and measurable sub-tasks:
1. Programming Siemens PLCs (CPU315-2DP) – Tic-Tac-Toe game programming.
2. Configuring PLC PROFIBUS network and Distributed Field Devices.
3. Programming the KUKA robot to perform game tasks based on PROFIBUS input from the Siemens PLC.
The tasks were successfully performed and a functional system was made available to University of Siegen in Germany.

This paper relates to the information on creating a MATLAB application with resistor value calculation program. In this application, use Graphical User Interface (GUI) for ease to use. It notes the use of color code technique to manually calculate value of resistors. This color code calculator will help to determine the value of resistors marked with color bands and tolerance band. It can be used for 3 and 4 band resistors. We can input the color of bands in the GUI and then it calculates the value of resistor and its tolerance in ohms.

This  paper presents an automation of packaging
and material handling using a programmable logic controller. The idea is to automate the process of placing the materials inside a box, detecting good and bad items in terms of weight, and sealing using a packaging tape. The purpose of the study is to replace the manual system being used in the industry, compare the time, and manpower requirement for both the existing system with the proposed automated system. The Mitsubishi FX series programmable logic controller is used to mechanize the system. Sensors such as proximity and load sensor are used to provide the input to the system. The motors, pneumatics, and  also the  solenoids serve as the output. The researchers used a ladder diagram as a software that will control  then  the  whole system between its input and output components. An experimental prototype is produced to fully automate the system.  The experimentation is done through different trials and the rate of travel time is measured thru averaging. It is found out that the  system decreases time and manpower requirements for every station as compared with
traditional manual system. A reduction of 50% to 75% was
observed in terms of time allotment for filling, weighing, and
sealing stations. About 90% of full automation without human is specified  also  in the system. The paper ends with  the recommendation of integrating the experimental prototype with  the  human machine interface or HMI and feedback mechanisms for the rejected items using artificial intelligence techniques and methods.

Pressing Machine is the heart of the brick production lines where a hydraulically operated
pressing machine is considered to be a complex system; this work describes the design and experimental
implementation of a control system for a hydraulic pressing machine. The overall operation and control is
based on a programmable logic unit and a sensory system. The functionality of the control system is
analyzed through simulation Packages, and validated with physical experiments.

Este documento contiene una metodología para automatizar eventos discretos dentro de los sistemas de manufactura industriales utilizando redes de Petri, iniciando con un proceso a automatizar y terminando con la programación en lenguaje de escalera.
Para ello, se plantean modelos en redes de Petri de los elementos de entrada y salida más comunes que se utilizan en la industria, logrando un seguimiento visual de los estados discretos de dichos elementos.
Una vez con los modelos individuales, se plantea un procedimiento para conjuntar dichos elementos mediante especificaciones de automatización en redes de Petri, el cual contempla procedimientos secuenciales lineales, toma de decisiones, ejecuciones simultáneas y ciclos. Para a continuación simular visualmente dichas especificaciones.
Comprobado el funcionamiento de la especificación, se procede a crear el diagrama de escalera con cierta metodología y con dicho diagrama ser capaz de programar un controlador lógico programable.
Por último, se plantea un caso de estudio complejo con varios elementos electroneumáticos que realizan un proceso industrial aplicando todos los pasos planteados en esta tesis, culminando en el funcionamiento correcto de dicha automatización.

Human power and energy very soon comes to its limitations. But people very early learnt to use support by draught animal power, wind and water energy and later by energy carriers of high energetic density like coal, petroleum or natural gas for heating, driving machines (like steam engines) or internal combustion engines, especially for locomotion.
At least since the oil crises during the seventies of 19th century everybody knows the vital role of energy and I am afraid mankind will suffer more wars for access to energy wells. While fossil energy resources are becoming scarce and expensive, research is focusing on renewable energy.
Organic matter is one of the traditional also again promising feed stuffs and biomethanization is one of the possible technologies to produce gas for energetic use. Also, many technologies are being implemented to see how the energy produced can be made better than yesterday and tomorrow than today. In this thesis the author presents his thoroughly elaborated, valuable results, investigating the gas production potential where a new technology was implemented. Systematically using the programmable Logic Controller (PLC) he was able to  control the feedstock, frequency and rate of load, process temperature and pressure, batch and nearly continuous flow and finally, the quantity and the quality of produced gas by limiting the quantity representing the amount of the vapors in the gas. Important is the attempt to improve the plant’s efficiency  by reducing released gas on the digester tank and the system will bring better effects for biogas power plant compared to the previous systems.
Concerning economy of waste biogas plant’s parameter investigation, realistic calculations demonstrate that only under optimal conditions a very limited profit is possible. This is especially now important when many farmers, attracted by not very serious calculations based on less thoroughly basic data are in the phase of thinking over high investment into biogas technologies.
Working on such an important aspect as renewable energy I am convinced that
Mr-Ing. Emmanuel Mudaheranwa can contribute to future energy safety, here in India or in his home country, the Rwanda.



In modern coal, oil or gas-fired power stations and waste incineration plants, maximum availability is critical. Whether dealing with seasonal or daily peak loads or average loads, availability must be guaranteed. To achieve this, plant safety is a major focus. The environment is also a key issue. That is why reliable treatment of waste gases and safe handling of soot and ash also play a central role for large power stations. Other factors to consider include high pressures and temperatures, harsh ambient conditions, changing ambient temperatures and humidity, as well as corrosive and, in some cases, potentially explosive atmospheres. Some products and system solutions are designed to meet these requirements and therefore contribute to the efficient operation and safety of the plants. In this dissertation, the objective of the author was to make a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) based biogas plant’s parameters control system.
This master’s Dissertation project deals with the control and the regulation of the biogas plant’Pressure, Temperature, Humidity and the flow of the produced gas inside the digester. The project consists of a complete engineering approach through identification of problems, the modeling of the system, the designing of the control solution, its implementation and the discussion of results.
The model was simulated in FluidSim and Wanderware Intouch software for analysis purposes and the solution was implemented using the Factory Talk View and RsLogix5000 Rockwell software to show the working of the system. For the safety of the system, a mechanism to control gas parameters especially pressure in order to make pressure difference between the digester and the saving tank is adopted where a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is used as the main controller device. The advantages and drawbacks of the solution are discussed and several avenues of improvement are suggested too.

The collection of conference materials contains abstracts of reports of the X international scientific and technical conference "Ship Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation", held on November 24-25 2020 at the National University "Odessa Maritime Academy".
The theme of the conference covers the following scientific and methodological areas: energy conservation in ship energy, technical operation of modern electrical equipment and control systems for ships,
energy efficiency and reliability of electromechanical systems, mathematical modeling of processes and phenomena in power plants and radio engineering, information security, automation of ship equipment, educational and professional standards

The collection of conference materials contains abstracts of reports of the X international scientific and technical conference "Ship Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Automation", held on November 23-24 2021 at the National University "Odessa Maritime Academy".
The theme of the conference covers the following scientific and methodological areas: energy conservation in ship energy, technical operation of modern electrical equipment and control systems for ships,
energy efficiency and reliability of electromechanical systems, mathematical modeling of processes and phenomena in power plants and radio engineering, information security, automation of ship equipment, educational and professional standards

The aim behind the development of the project is to limit the current at starting of motor and to develop the high starting torque. There are different methods of starting of 3-phase Slip-Ring induction Motor. However, we selected the rotor resistance method of control for Starting the Induction Motor. Here a Programmable Logic Controller is used which will be programmed as per our need. We have designed a control panel and programmed the PLC according to our need. The motor starts with high rotor resistance and as time elapse the rotor resistance will be shorted and the motor runs at rated speed. The resistance has been cut from the rotor in three parts in three different time intervals. The process of management of time and controlling of relays is the function of the PLC. Depending on PLC output, the relays will get shorted and the resistance will be removed from the rotor terminal.

Kindly Visit: http://www.excelautomationsolutions.com/ for VILT DCS Training.

Virtual Instructor-Led Training (VILT) is rapidly becoming one of the most cost-effective training methods amongst the field of Industrial Automation and Process Control in the world.

VILT ensures employees remain engaged, productive, and informed in a safe & sustainable manner.

The world-class Industrial Automation and Process Control Training Courses are proudly brought to you by EXCEL Automation Solutions, training division.

EAS is an Internationally Accredited Organization, an accredited IAO training provider, and a recognized ASCB (E) training provider.


Courses offered from EAS through Virtual Instructor-Led Training (VILT) :

》EMERSON DeltaV DCS and SIS Training.
》Honeywell EPKS C300 DCS Training.
》ABB 800xA DCS Training.
》SIEMENS PCS 7 DCS Training.
》Certified Automation (PLC HMI SCADA) Engineer Training.


For further queries/clarification, please feel free to Call/WhatsApp - +91 88 7000 7000 (we're available 24/7); we'll be glad to assist you.

Please Visit http://www.excelautomationsolutions.com/abb-800-xa-dcs-training