Ottoman

Osmanlı Devleti’nde ilmiye mesleği kadrolarına yapılan istihdamda belli bir hiyerarşi takip edilmekteydi. Her ne kadar mesleğe girişte tüm adaylar mülâzemet sistemi denilen bir düzene tabi tutulmuşlarsa da, ulemâ çocuklarının diğer adaylara nazaran bir takım avantajları söz konusuydu. Bu avantajlar bazı araştırmacılar tarafından bir iltimas olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ancak meselenin doğru bir şekilde anlaşılmasında başka hususların da olabileceğini göz önünde tutmak gerekir. Kökenleri meşhur olan ulemâzâde evlatlarının doğdukları ortam kendilerine doğal olarak birtakım ayrıcalıklar sunmaktaydı. Gerek kitaplara erişmeleri gerekse de yetiştikleri ilmi muhit kariyerlerine doğrudan etki etmiştir. Böylece söz konusu özellikler onları diğer adaylara göre ön plana çıkarmaktae meslekte ilerleme hızlarında rol oynamaktaydı. Bu makalede, XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında önemli bir ulemâ ailesi olan Dürrîzâdelerin iki üyesi es-Seyyid Mehmed Tahir ve es-Seyyid Mehmed Arif efendilerin kariyer basamakları ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın temel amacı bahsi geçen aile üyeleri ile köklü bir aileye mensup olmayan meslektaşlarının kariyer ilerlemelerinde ne gibi farklılıkların olabileceğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu çerçevede ilmiye mensuplarının tayin, terfi ve azil gibi bürokratik işlemlerinin kaydedildiği kadıasker ruznâmçe defterleri çalışmada temel veri kaynağı olarak kullanılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Dürrîzâdeler, es-Seyyid Mehmed Tahir, es-Seyyid Mehmed Arif, Osmanlı İlmiye Mesleği, ulemâ çocukları
Abstract
In the Ottoman Empire, the employment made to the cadres of the ilmiye profession was done by following a certain hierarchy. Although all candidates were subjected to a system called the mulâzemet system at the beginning of the profession, the children of the ulama had some advantages over other candidates. These advantages have been considered by some researchers as nepotism. However, it should be kept in mind that there may be other issues in understanding the issue correctly. The environment in which the sons of the ulamazâde, whose origins were famous, were born naturally offered them some privileges. Both their access to books and the scientific environment they grew up in had a direct impact on their careers. Thus, these features made them stand out compared to other candidates and played a role in their career progress. In this article, the career steps of es-Seyyid Mehmed Tahir and es- Seyyid Mehmed Arif Efendi, two members of the Dürrîzâdes, an important family of ulama in the second half of the 18th century, are discussed. Our main aim in this study is to reveal the differences in the career progression of the family members and their colleagues who are not members of a famous family. In this context determination of the members of the knowledge, promotion and dismissal Kadıasker register is a bureaucratic procedures Ruznamce books are used as the main data source operation.
Keywords: Dürrizadeler, es-Seyyid Mehmed Tahir, es-Seyyid Mehmed Arif, Ottoman ilmiye Profession, children of ulama

This study is based on why during the second stage of the development of nationalism in Iran, anti-Turkism became the focus of attention of Iranian nationalists and the consequences of this approach for the position of the Turkish language in the history and geography of Iran? Following the broad scope of the temporal and thematic of issues concentrated on nationalism in contemporary Iran, This study is limited to articles that published in the press and magazines at the period of transition from Qajar to Pahlavi, such as "Kaveh", "Iranshahr", "Name ferangestan" and "Ayandeh". Based on the findings of this study, two factors caused the sensitivity and skepticism of Iranian nationalists towards the Turks and the Turkish language. The first factor was the reductionist understanding of the concept of the Iranian nation-state, based on the Aryan race and the Persian language. Another factor was the presence and influence of the Ottoman Empire in Azerbaijan and the western borders of Iran, and the independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan (1918) from Russia. As a result, Iranian nationalists became concerned about the influence and presence of Ottoman Turkish and Caucasian nationalists among the Turks of Iran. They considered the Turkish language in Azerbaijan as a threat to the existence and national identity of Iran. Attempting to eliminate the Turkish language in Azerbaijan and the spread of the Persian language instead was the solution of the Iranian nationalists in this situation.

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى إبراز جهود الفرنسيين والجزائريين في ترجمة وتحقيق المخطوطات الجزائرية خلال العهد العثماني. ولئن برز في الآونة الأخير اتجاه يدعو صراحة إلى اعتماد مثل هذه المقاربات لكتابة تاريخ الجزائر في العهد العثماني، وما اتصل من إشكاليات تتناول النظم الإدارية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية للجزائر إبان الفترة العثمانية. إن مثل هذه المقاربات تحتاج إلى تكاثف الجهود من خلال عقد سلسلة من اللقاءات العلمية والندوات الهادفة من شأنها إماطة اللثام عن مثل تلك الجوانب المهمة. ولعل هذه المساهمة العلمية مناسبة جادة لتفعيل أليات هذه الدراسات المستقبلية في مجال التحقيق والترجمة للتراث الجزائري العثماني.

"Like all multi-lingual computing, Arabic computing is now firmly in the domain of Unicode. Unicode is an industrial protocol with the status of international agreement. It is designed to encode the elements of all known script systems in such a way that they become interchangeable between programs and operating systems. Its implementation is well underway.

Unicode eliminates the need to tamper with fonts to get special characters, but it is not a font. For legible text on screen and paper, Unicode depends on compatible fonts with the required characters, where necessary with additional dedicated font technology."

"Like all multi-lingual computing, Arabic computing is now firmly in the domain of Unicode. Unicode is an industrial protocol with the status of international agreement. It is designed to encode the elements of all known script systems in such a way that they become interchangeable between programs and operating systems. Its implementation is well underway.

Unicode eliminates the need to tamper with fonts to get special characters, but it is not a font. For legible text on screen and paper, Unicode depends on compatible fonts with the required characters, where necessary with additional dedicated font technology."

Osmanlı Devleti’nin yıkılışı ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluşu, tarihsel süreklilik içinde etkilerini bugün hala devam ettiren çeşitli sosyo-ekonomik/politik gelişmelerin ürünüdür. Nitekim Osmanlı döneminde başlayan ekonomik gelişme ve yaklaşımlar Cumhuriyet döneminde ortaya çıkan birçok fikir ve uygulamanın da temelini oluşturmuştur. Bu gelişmelerin başında, İttihat Terakki Cemiyeti’nin öncülüğünde gelişen millî iktisat ve millî bankacılık uygulamaları gelmektedir. Bu çalışmada, diğer önemli finansal gelişmelerle birlikte, millî iktisat kavramının düşünsel temelleri ve uygulamasının 2. Meşrutiyet’in başlangıcından 1. Dünya Savaşı sonuna kadar geçirdiği serüveni yazında öne çıkan kaynakları derleyerek aktarmayı amaçladık.

4. Ulusal Kutup Bilimleri Çalıştayı

TÜBİTAK MAM/KARE (Kutup Araştırmaları Enstitüsü)

Cumhuriyet ve Osmanlı Arşivlerinde Kutuplar / 22 Ekim 2020

Earth’s Poles in The State Archives of The Republic of Turkey and Ottoman / October 22, 2020

Osmanlı Devleti kuruluşunu tamamladıktan sonraki süreçte askeri başarılarına bağlı olarak sınırlarını üç kıtaya yayacak oranda genişletmiş, bu bağlamda merkez ve taşrada devrin şartlarına bağlı olarak sürekli gelişim ve değişim gösteren bir idari yapılanma içerisinde olmuştur. Devletin taşradaki mülki idari yapılanmasının temel iki unsuru, sancaklar ve kazalardır. Fonksiyonları itibariyle bu iki temel idari ünite birbirinden ayrılmaktadır. Bu bakımdan Osmanlı taşrasını sancak ve kaza idaresi şeklinde iki başlı değerlendirmek gerekir.  Bu idari üniteler, vilayet veya eyalet denilen üst idari taksimat ünitelerinin bünyesinde yer alıyorlardı.
Elinizdeki kitap, alanın Türkiye’deki en yetkin isimlerinden olan Prof. Dr. Orhan Kılıç’ın Osmanlı Devleti’nin eyalet ve sancak eksenli olarak taşra idari taksimatı ve yöneticileri ile ilgili yaklaşık yirmi beş yıllık süreçte yaptığı bilimsel çalışmaların yeniden gözden geçirilerek güncelleştirilmiş ve seçilmiş 52 makalesinden oluşmaktadır.
İki cilt halinde hazırlanan eser; Osmanlı Devleti’nin Eyalet/Sancak Taksimatı ve Teşkilatı, Anadolu, Orta ve Doğu Avrupa, Kafkaslar ve Azerbaycan, Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika ile Akdeniz ve Adalar Denizi adlı altı bölümden oluşmaktadır. Bu bölümlerde, Osmanlı idari taksimatının nasıl şekillendiği ve yöneticilerinin kimler olduğunu içeren yazılar yer almaktadır. Bu ciltte ise Orta ve Doğu Avrupa, Kafkaslar ve Azerbaycan, Ortadoğu ve Kuzey Afrika ile Akdeniz ve Adalar Denizi bölümleri  bulunmaktadır.
Makalelerin birçoğunda arşiv kaynaklarından elde edilen bilgiler sistematik bir anlayışla sunulmuş ve Osmanlı taşra idaresinin şifreleri çözülmeye çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı merkezi yönetiminin taşradaki idari tercihlerinin devletin güçlenmesi veya zayıflamasına nasıl etki ettiğinin cevaplarına çeşitli bölgelerdeki farklı uygulamalara bakarak ulaşmak mümkündür. Bu sistematik bilgiler araştırmacılar tarafından farklı bakış açıları ile değerlendirilebilir. Kitap; idari ve mülki tarih, tarihi coğrafya ve ekonomik tarih bakımından da önemli veriler içermektedir. Bu özelliklerinden dolayı Osmanlı taşrası ile ilgili araştırma yapan veya bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen herkesin istifade edebileceği bir başvuru eseri niteliğindedir.

The present dissertation was written to explain the conquest of the city of Belgrade by the Ottoman Empire in the events of Istanbul in 1453, 1456 and Belgrade in 1521. In particular, the answer to the question of why the success achieved in Istanbul in 1453 could not be implemented in Belgrade will be sought. In 1456, Sultan II. After the failed Siege of Belgrade carried out by Mehmed, Ottoman-Serbia-Hungary relations will be examined. However, as a result of the Ottoman rule in the Balkans, it will be examined under what conditions he was able to conquer Belgrade, which he besieged for the third time in 1521. In this way, the inaccuracy of examining the sieges of the Ottoman Empire in the mentioned dates with only military dimensions will be debated.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, which became independent after the dissolution of the former Yugoslavia, is a
small model of it in one respect. The Muslim-Bosniak, Orthodox Slav and Catholic-Croat identities, represent
the mirror image of the “Urdu-Hindi model” in the west with their irreconcilable contradictions and languages,
which are 100 percent mutual intelligibility.

While the “balkanization” process continues in language, cultural and political fields within the Balkan
region, which is the best-known linguistic area, hundreds-years old Ottoman Turkish culture is still functioning.
In this work, we examine the linguistic relationships generated by Turkish sovereignty, which lasted
445 years.

In the first part of the work, we will focus on the geographical, historical and ethno-linguistic factors, which created differences among Bosnian, Serbian, and Croatian ethnicities, and in the second part, we
examine the traces of the Turkish Culture on these languages

According to proponents of the “Military Revolution” theory, musketry volley fire was among the military innovations that fundamentally altered early modern field warfare. The origins of European volley fire date back to the 1590s, but no western army, with the possible exception of the Dutch in 1600, was able to use this tactic in action until the 1620s. Furthermore, it has been thus far assumed that the Ottomans failed to adopt this new tactic and thus experienced setbacks in the face of their European adversaries during this period.

By utilising hitherto overlooked Ottoman narrative and visual sources, this article first shows that the Janissaries were indeed using volley fire in action in 1605, and possibly before. Secondly, it raises questions about the origins of Ottoman volley fire, which are currently unclear. Overall, the Janissaries’ use of this tactic during the Long War not only affects our understanding of Ottoman warfare but also necessitates a reassessment of the patterns of invention and diffusion of military innovations in the early modern period.

In this study, sexual orientations and gender in the Ottoman Empire produced in homosocial spaces were discussed. Although it was attempted to explain how the places and the practices of space were positioned in Ottoman culture and art in the historical process with modern concepts such as homosociality, homosexuality and heterotopic, it was tried to be evaluated with examples in the conditions of the period without any comments or judgments. Ottoman urban spaces and life, and the change it has undergone with new gender practices in the eighteenth century and after are examined. Finally, homosocial spaces were evaluated within the scope of Foucault’s compliance with the principles of the concept of heterotopia.

The current study is the first attempt to study the relations between Russian-Georgian relations within the context of international political processes, in particular, the Seven Years' War and the plan for the redistribution of Europe, the “Greek Project”.
The world historical process of the second half of the XVIII century is of special importance for the proper assessment of the history of Georgia. Russian and Soviet historiography deliberately distorted the facts and events of the time leading to the improper assessment of the annexation of Georgia and the Caucasus. The European contacts of King Erekle II of Kartli-Kakheti were deliberately erased, and hence the Caucasus was declared a geostrategic space on Russian orbit and was artificially separated from the world historical processes. Therefore, a violent political act, the conquest of Georgia was disguised as an alliance corresponding with the idea of Christian common faith. 
The article analyzes the reasons the members of the European system of international relations did not like the existence of a powerful state in the Caucasus. The strategic policy directions of the Austrian Empire were also analyzed, making it obvious once again that the only ally of Erekle II was the Emperor of Austria.
Key words: Greek Project; Ottoman Empire; Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti; Erekle II; Catherine II; Joseph II, Russian Empire; The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; Agha Mohammad Khan.

H. 1233-1241 Tarihli I Numaralı Ahısha Şeriyye Sicili'ne göre 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı Öncesi Osmanlı Devleti’nin doğudaki komşuları İran ve Rusya Devletleri ile Gürcistan’daki krallık ve prensliklere karşı izlemiş olduğu siyasete ışık tutulmuş, özellikle serhat vilayetlerden biri olan Çıldır Eyaleti’nin idari, siyasi, askeri, sosyo-ekonomik ve kültürel yapısı incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Kafkaslar, Çıldır, Rusya, İran, Ahısha

we have tried to shed light on administrative, military, socioeconomic and cultural position; before the Otto-Russian war of 1828-1829; of Cildir Province which was founded in the southern part of Caucassia in 1579 and then became a frontier county and its relations with the centre and other provinces and political attitude of Ottoman Empire towards Russia, Iran and kingdoms and principalities in Georgia

Key Words:  Kingdoms and Principalities, Caucasus, Cildir, Ottoman, Russian, Iran, Akhıskha,

Multifunctional T-shaped buildings, referred to as zaviye or imaret in contemporary Ottoman sources, played a key role in the Ottoman urbanism implemented in Anatolia and the Balkans during the formative and the early period of the empire’s existence. Historians have argued over the functions of the T-shaped zaviye /imarets and the important social services rendered by the architectural complexes built around them. From a functional viewpoint, the zaviye / imarets, whose floor plan recalls an inverted T, combined a ritual prayer space (that might have served as a dining room) and a dormitory used by distinguished guests and travellers in a single building. Scholars working on urban architectural topics have also often considered these buildings as part of a key mechanism that encouraged urban growth by colonising space. This article focuses on the ˙I maret of Evrenoso˘glu Ahmed Bey in Tatar Pazarcı k as a case study.

From the 18 th century, the Ottoman State started the activities of adopting the developments which seen in European armies. For this aim, It had bought weapons and had transferred technology from France and England which are greatest two powers of Europe up to end of the 1860s. After this date, following improvements on weapon technology in America, Ottomans had begun to buy weapons in 1869. In 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War, almost full of weapons and ammos had supplied from America and, weapon trade between two states had reached the highest level. Ottoman-American weapon trade which was continued in between 1869-1880 had begun to fall with German’s entrance to Ottoman weapon markets from the middle of the 1880s, and had never reached old levels till the end of the century.

Résumé

La présente étude traite de la contribution des photographes français au développement de l’art photographique dans l’Orient méditerranéen et des leurs collaborations avec les photographes locaux. Plus précisément, nous nous référons à l’influence exercée par Philibert Perraud sur l’œuvre de Philippos Margaritis, professeur à l’Ecole royale des arts à Athènes et nous examinons l’installation réussie des photographes grecs (Athanase Calphas et Solon Vathis) à Paris. De plus, nous étudions le séjour des photographes français à Constantinople et leur contribution à la diffusion de la photographie en Orient. En outre, nous présentons des cas des photographes locaux comme Abdullah frères, membres de la Société de photographie de Paris, qui après avoir voyagé en France, ont maintenu leurs contacts avec les photographes européens. Nous nous référons également aux photographes du Moyen Orient comme  Yessayi Garabedian, futur patriarche, qui a visité Manchester, Londres et Paris en 1863 et nous abordons la collaboration de Félix Bonfils avec  Henri Rombau et Georges Sabounji, qui ont contribué au développement de la photographie en Orient. Après plusieurs années de recherche, nous avons découvert le différent judiciaire entre les photographes  Hippolyte Arnoux et Constantin Zangaki qu’il a accusé de vol intellectuel. Notons qu’après une période d’apprentissage auprès des photographes occidentaux, les photographes de l’Empire ottoman, qui appartenaient en général aux communautés religieuses, ont gagné leur autonomie ouvrant leurs propres ateliers et qu’au début leurs photographies étaient conçues dans le même esprit orientaliste que celle des photographes occidentaux.
Abstract
Initially introduced by traveler photographers and local photographers, photography was gradually adopted by local artists in the Mediterranean Orient. Trained in France or associated to French photographers, Oriental photographers became progressively independent, even able to compete technically and artistically with their European colleagues. Moreover, clichés by photographers such as Philippos Margaritis, Abdullah frères, Paul Sébah were exposed at international exhibitions and gained theirs authors reputation. And installation of photographers such as Bonfils in the Middle-East contributed to the diffusion of the photographic art in the region.

In the 16th century, Ottoman Empire began to have serious crisis in Anatolia especially because of the effects of movements of heterodox thought that arose in the east of the Empire. Economic disruptions that were accompanied by these disagreements affected social and political life in Anatolia severely. These circumstances led the administrators take stringent precautions and produce new projects to provide security and stability in the region. Especially, making the caravan routes of Anatolia which were connected to Middle East and Far East secure was the most important problem that was discussed by the administrators as an inevitable necessity. Besides the security policies, it was necessary to enliven the abandoned regions again after the revolts. In accordance with this purpose, it was started to build road post complexes both to provide security of road network at the important passageways in Anatolia and to enliven these regions. Particulary, Ottoman viziers had lots of road posts complexes built by acting active roles. In this study, it will be given detailed infromation about the road post complex in Yıldızeli, district of Sivas, which was built by Kemankeş Mustafa Paşa (1590-1644) who was one of the most important viziers of the 17th century. The region was an important accommodation center on the road connection between Sivas and Tokat. Kemankeş Mustafa Paşa had a mosque, a hammam, a bazaar and two caravansaries built according to the endowment deed (vakfiye) dated H.1053/A.D.1643. Although the mosque and the hammam reached the present, unfortunately caravansaries collapsed in the middle of the 20th century. In this study the place of these buildings in the art of the period will be discussed by intr

Kütüphanelerin oluşumunda uygulanan bir yöntem olarak bağış, kütüphaneyi zenginleştiren ama genel koleksiyonda sorun oluşturma potansiyeli de olan hassas bir mevzudur. Bu çalışmada bağış mefhumu ve kütüphaneye etkilerinden ziyade bağış koleksiyonların kütüphaneye intikal süreçlerine odaklanılmıştır. Bu süreçlerin bilinmesi ve kaydedilmesinin kurum tarihine sunacağı katkı muhakkaktır. Bu bağlamda bağışçı Çerkeşşeyhîzâde ailesi örneğinden hareketle Kütüphane-i Umumi-i Osmanî’deki bir bağış koleksiyonu ele alındı. Söz konusu koleksiyonun bağış teslim evrakından yola çıkılarak hazırlanan bu makalede, Kütüphane-i Umumi-i Osmanî’nin bağışçılarına dair literatürün sessizliğine dikkat çekilmektedir. Kütüphane-i Umumi’deki diğer koleksiyonlar için de ulaşılabilen bağış hikayeleri ile birlikte kütüphane bağışçılarının tespiti, kıymetli sonuçlar verebilir. Kütüphanelerdeki koleksiyonların mahiyetini daha anlaşılır kılabilecek bir imkan olarak bu yaklaşımın kütüphane tarihine sunacağı perspektif aşikardır. Aynı şekilde söz konusu yaklaşımın tüm Osmanlı kütüphanelerine teşmiliyle elde edilecek sonuçlar da ufuk açıcı olacaktır. Bu minvalde babalarının kitaplığını bağışlayan M. Bahaeddin ve M. Server Beyler gibi diğer bağışçıların da haklarının teslim edilmesi adına bu mütevazi çalışmanın bir yol açacağı düşünülmektedir. Ancak bu tür çalışmaların çoğalmasıyla birlikte ilk milli kütüphanemiz addedilen Kütüphane-i Umumi’nin bağışçı profili ortaya çıkarılabilir. Dolayısıyla bağışçılar ve koleksiyon sahiplerinin kimliklerinin belirlenmesi, özellikle bağış hikayelerinin derlenmesi, Kütüphane-i Umumi’nin kurumsal tarihine katkı sunacağı gibi kültür tarihimize de katkı sunacaktır.

Silifke Akkale, Akdeniz bölgesinde, Mersin ilinin Silifke ilçesine bağlı bir mahalle olan Taşucu'ndadır. Stratejik konumundan dolayı bölgede, Antik Çağlardan itibaren birçok medeniyet tarafından hâkimiyet kurulmuş, 1571'de Kıbrıs'ın fethinin ardından özellikle Silifke ve Taşucu'nun önemi artmıştır. Silifke Kalesi'nin limana uzak olması sebebiyle, limana yakın bir yerde yeni bir kale inşa edilmesi uygun görülmüştür. Böylece Karamanlı bir mimar tarafından, hem limanın hem de yol güvenliğinin kontrol edilebileceği bir noktada kale yapımına başlanmıştır. Orta Çağ'ın hac ve ticaret yolu üzerinde bulunan, günümüzde olduğu gibi Kıbrıs'la bağlantının sağlandığı Taşucu Körfezinde inşa edilen Akkale, bölgedeki kale mimarisiyle Osmanlının savunma mimarisindeki anlayışının sentezlendiği bir eser olarak önem arz etmektedir. Osmanlı Devletinin Kıbrıs'ı fethinin ardından Taşucu Körfezi'nde yaptırdığı kale limanın topoğrafik konumuna uygun olarak inşa edilmiştir. Dörtgen planlı olan kale iki bölümden oluşmakta ve limanın güvenliğini sağlamaktadır. Liman kalesi olan Akkale'nin birinci bölümünde askerlerin kaldığı koğuş, yatakhane, toplantı salonu gibi mekânlar ile ibadet mekânı, su yapıları; ikinci bölümde ise değerli malların muhafaza edilerek korunduğu bölümler bulunmaktadır. İkinci bölüm birinci bölümden surla ayrılmış ve bu iki bölüm arasındaki bağlantı bir kapı ile sağlanmaktadır. Limanın

Osmanlı Devleti’nin sınırları konusu bugüne kadar belli açılardan ve belli tarihler etrafında nispeten çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmuş ve genel çerçevelerle araştırılmış mevzulardan birisi olmasına rağmen hâlâ kapsamlı ve karşılaştırmalı bir analizle incelenmeyi beklemektedir . Her ne kadar sınırlar özelinde yaşanan savaşlar ve savunma işleri , yapılan kaleler  ve onun etrafında tesis edilen yapılar üzerinde nispeten doyurucu bilgiler mevcut olsa da Osmanlı Devleti açısından düşünüldüğünde sınırı “biricik” bir yapı birimi olarak alan ve onun üzerinden kapsayıcı yorumlar getiren ve bir sınırın doğasını anlamaya giren derinlemesine araştırmaların sayısı ise çok fazla değildir. Bir “çevre” olan sınırları “merkezin” bakış açısı bağlamında ya da ondan bağımsız bir biçimde değerlendirmek ve yapılan bir savaşın akabinde taraflar arasında imzalanan anlaşmaların özelinde yine tarafların tayin ettiği sınır görevlilerinin (muhaddidler ) yazdıkları ve yaşadıklarını metne dökmek ise çok az incelenmiş bir konudur . Ancak bu çok az incelenmiş mevzunun önemi, özellikle askeri tarih ve diplomasi tarihi çerçevesinden düşünüldüğünde, su götürmez bir gerçektir. Sınırda kurulmuş bir devlet olan Osmanlıların 17. yüzyılın son çeyreği ve 18. yüzyılın tamamında sınırlar ekseninde gerçekleştirdiği hem askeri hem de diplomasi faaliyetleri ilgili yüzyılı anlamak adına bizlere panoramik bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.
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Constantly expanding with the conquests ever since the day of its foundation, boundaries of the Ottoman State also continuously transformed in time. Redetermination of boundaries, particularly in respect of the gained and lost territories in the wake of wars, had been addressed as an important affair. The Ottomans, who signed the first document causing its first territorial loss with the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699), would have more losses and gains at different fronts throughout the 18th century, however, would always try to control their boundaries. In this context, the negotiations they would hold with the neighboring countries in the post-war periods were of great importance. This article focuses on four wars and, considering the four treaties concluded following these wars, addresses the Ottoman State’s boundary negotiations with the Venetians and Australians, on the basis of the archival documents. The findings obtained at this point intend to account for the Ottoman diplomacy and mentality that changed over time. Finally, this article further suggests the concept of “boundary diplomacy” to a number of terms used in the Ottoman diplomacy.

With the inclusion of Buda in 1541 as a province of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottomans and the Austrian Habsburgs became neighbors and after the Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606) the diplomatic traffic between the two powers increased. Among the basic sources for studying the Ottoman-Habsburg diplomatic relations from their beginnings at the end of the XVth century are the Austrian State Archives. Besides the politically important documents, there are also numerous documents that shed light on the increasing number of accommodations of various Ottoman delegations who stayed in Vienna as guests (XVII th-XVIII th centuries). Until the Treaty of Sistova (1791) that ended the Ottoman-Habsburg military confrontations definitely, approximately ninety Ottoman legations were sent to Vienna. In the present study, the focus is on the delegations sent between the years 1634 to 1774 and on the question of how and where they were accommodated by the Habsburg institutions as well as who was their responsible host. In this paper, an endeavor is made to conduct a study of Ottoman-Habsburg diplomatic history by combining the data revealed so far with information from some pertinent documents of the Austrian State Archives.

The chapter details the life and career of a prominent Ottoman-era concubine and queen mother. It thus contributes to a growing body of scholarship on women in elite Ottoman circles. The period known as the sultanate of women, one in which queen mothers (valide sultans) wielded exceptional authority in social and political circles, lasted roughly from the mid-16th to the mid-17th centuries. A closer look at late 17th- and early 18th-century sources, however, suggests this perception of lessening feminine power does not reflect the historical reality. This chapter challenges the perception of a waning of women’s influence during this period by examining the life and career of Rabia Gulnus Emetullah Valide Sultan (d. 1715).

This article pays a particular attention to an Arab army physician and scholar from the mid-19th century who placed empirical science at the center of Islamic thought and situated it within Qurʾānic exegetical debates. He is the Egyptian Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Iskandarānī, a medical officer who ended up working in Ottoman Syria, and whose works were copied and printed (in)directly by the Ottomans. Apart from the limited information contained in previous scholarly literature, which, on the basis of his first commentary alone, repeatedly presents this commentator as one of the first people to have produced a “scientific interpretation of the Qurʾān”, little is known about his personal and professional background and the production of his commentaries. This study also sheds light on exegetical and intellectual directions produced outside Egypt in the 19th century.