Open Access

Sin dalla loro prima apparizione nel corso del Diciassettesimo secolo periodici e bollettini sono stati al centro della fabbrica dell’universo scientifico. Il Journal des sçavans (Parigi, 1665) e il Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Londra, 1665) sono stati gli ignoti e operosi capostipiti di un modello di comunicazione scientifica che in forme nel tempo quasi inalterate ha laboriosamente e senza clamore sostenuto lo sviluppo della scienza galileiana. Le riviste sono diventate velocemente un importante veicolo della comunicazione scientifica perché hanno consentito agli autori di condividere più velocemente con i loro pari i risultati della propria ricerca e allo stesso tempo di affermare pubblicamente la paternità delle proprie idee, dei propri argomenti e delle proprie scoperte, in definitiva del proprio valore (Gross, Harmon, Reidy 2002; Meadows 1980; Guédon 2001). Oggigiorno i periodici scientifici (peer-reviewed journal) sono irritualmente al centro dell’attenzione. Autori, lettori, istituzioni di ricerca e decisori istituzionali soppesano, valutano e comparano journal quasi che il ‘vettore di trasporto’ sia più importante dei suoi ‘passeggeri’. I periodici scientifici sono al centro del dibattito sulle cause, le conseguenze e le soluzioni della ‘crisi dei prezzi dei periodici’ (serials crisis). Allo stesso modo, i journal sono i protagonisti del dibattito sulle evoluzioni delle forme di letteratura scientifica: le monografie sopravvivranno come genuina forma di comunicazione scientifica? Sempre le testate scientifiche sono il campo di battaglia del vivace confronto di forze e d’idee che contrappone gli strumenti bibliometrici alla peer review nella valutazione della produzione scientifica e delle carriere. I periodici scientifici, infine, sono il caso di studio, l’esempio d’elezione, del modello dell’accesso aperto (open access) alla letteratura scientifica. Un modello di comunicazione scientifica in cui i risultati della ricerca sono gratuitamente, immediatamente e completamente accessibili e allo stesso tempo non limitati nell’uso da parte dei lettori (Budapest 2002; Bethesda 2003; Berlin 2003).

The Parallel line model (PLM) is an important model used in biological analysis (called also bioassay) of various types of drugs such as antibiotics, vitamins, several types of hormones as shown in United States Pharmacopeia (USP) [1]; British Pharmacopoeia (BP) [2]. The parallel line model can be done as a balanced or symmetric assay or unbalanced or asymmetric assay. A parallel line assay in which each of the preparations has an equal number of doses and an equal number of subjects is allotted to each of the doses, is called a symmetrical parallel line assay [3,4]. In addition, in the symmetrical designs of PLM, the allocation of experimental units (animals, tubes, etc.) to different treatments may be made in various ways; completely randomized design (CRD), randomized block design, Latin square design and cross-over design [2,3], as shown in Figure 1.

As outlined in this chapter, agricultural development has a major ecological and environmental footprint. Nevertheless, agricultural development (together with other biologically based food-supplying industries) is needed to provide enough food for the world's growing level of human population. This chapter begins by discussing the general impacts of agriculture on the environment and the use of natural resources, then considers market failures as influences on the occurrence of agriculture's environmental impacts and its use of natural resources before examining economic factors that affect agricultural sustainability. Subsequently, the implications of agricultural policies for the state of the environment and for the availability of natural resources are outlined.

This contribution discusses the emergent field of Intergenerational Justice (IJ) with an aim to drawing new light upon issues in conservation. Several key issues in IJ are discussed that allow heritage conservation to be contextualised. Methods and debates from IJ are described and related to conservation practice. The paper is not an exhaustive review, but identifies links to pertinent issues in conservation.

In recent years, the US has experienced a substantial number of mass shooting incidents. This type of shooting incident has been termed “active shooter event” and encompasses shootings that occur in school settings as well as public settings and workplace venues. Much of the recent published literature addressing active shooter events appears to focus on tactical issues, such as training for and responding to this type of incident. Very little research, however, has examined the individual and contextual characteristics associated with active shooter events. In the current study we examine a number of factors related to 88 active shooting events involving 92 perpetrators. Our findings indicate a history of psychological and behavioral issues reported in more than 50% of the active shooters studied. In addition, 60% of shooters had evidence of additional stressors beyond those associated with psychological and behavioral issues. These findings highlight the need to continue to explor...

The primary move towards Open Access is caused by a belief that the results of scientific research are a public good. Therefore, they should be available and accessible to all, regardless of citizens’ ability to pay. Over the years, the Open Access movement has challenged traditional (subscription based) publishers largely through introducing two alternatives: Gold and Green Open Access publishing models. This forced traditional publishers into making changes in their publishing practices.

Open access publication for public funded research has been a demand by scholarly community. Studies shows about the growing publishing trend in open access from Indian scholars. The current study evaluates about the open access publication trend of top 5 central universities of India in the period from 2011 to 2015. The top 5 central universities were identified from the National Institutional Ranking Framework, published by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India for the year 2016. Study was limited to items published as article or review only in journals which are indexed in the Scopus database. The findings of the study show low share (only 14.37% of total items) of open access published contents from the top 5 universities during the period. Also an analysis of impact of the published contents via citation count reveals that even though the share of open access contents in the published literature were less but the rate of citation of the OA content were higher than that of the paid access contents. Average citation rate to the open access articles from the universities were 6.85 per article, while the same for the paid access items were 5.41 citations per article. 30.69% of published OA contents had foreign collaboration and out of those 30.69%, 62.38% had collaboration with USA, which proves the strong influence of USA collaboration in the OA contents of top Indian universities.

With the development of digital technology and especially the possibilities for electronic publishing Open access publishing is becoming more and more a global phenomenon. Open access means unrestricted online access to scholarly research and research data. The paper presents the common definitions, the types and vehicles for delivering of Open access and tries to define the legal basis for the implementation of Open access publishing. Further, the paper discusses the main benefits presented by Open access from an economic perspective.

Digital literacy endures to sway educational leaders' choices and actions as they guide faculty in effectual distance education. Andragogy, continuous education, and digital literacy, the frameworks, should be in sync to provide quality outcomes through business process improvement. To sustain excellent results, faculty must develop and maintain key performance measures to deliver successful job performance. Skill enhancement is important to current and future successes. The development of knowledge, skills, ability, and competency augmentations must be contextualized in digital literacy understanding and application. If left unchecked, unchallenged, and latent, a chasm in digital literacy will limit intellectual growth, and diminish educational standings on the world's stage of accomplishments. This paper assesses digital literacy requirements, needs and influences as they continue to control and shift 21st century actions and ideals. Moreover this presentation investigates...

This chapter presents the outcomes, and a concluding reflection to this volume. The chapter starts with an overview of the most salient outcomes of the various chapters. We will then rethink the deeper meaning of the spaces that were opened up in the chapters in terms of innovative metaphors and underlying narratives.

Department of Primary School Teacher Education, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia 

[email protected]
Abstract. This study aims to determine the influence of reading comprehension skills of English for PGSD students through the application of SQ3R learning method. The type of this research is Pre-Experimental research because it is not yet a real experiment, there are external variables that influence the formation of a dependent variable, this is because there is no control variable and the sample is not chosen randomly. The research design is used is onegroup pretest-post-test design involving one group that is an experimental group. In this design, the observation is done twice before and after the experiment. Observations made before the experiment (O1) are called pretests and the post-experimental observation (O2) is called posttest. The difference between O1 and O2 ie O2 - O1 is the effect of the treatment. The results showed that there was an improvement in reading comprehension skills of PGSD students in Class M.4.3 using SQ3R method, and better SQ3R enabling SQ3R to improve English comprehension skills.  Keywords: reading comprehension skills, application of SQ3R method

As the carbon dioxide concentration in the air is increasing, the oceans are changing: they are getting warmer (global warming) and more acidic (ocean acidification). These threats are very likely to have substantial impacts on marine ecosystems and on terrestrial species that depend on the oceans (e.g. human beings). To prevent the most dramatic consequences of such changes to the climate, citizens need to take collective actions. In that respect, education is a key factor to increase our awareness and understanding of climate change. Within the educational project Inquiry-to-Insight (I2I) we have developed, implemented, and tested Information Communication Technology (ICT) tools addressing the climate change issue with high school students. One such tool that we have developed is an open access virtual animation and laboratory on ocean acidification (OA). This tool allows students to improve their background knowledge of OA and to become virtual scientists, conducting and analysing research on the effect of ocean acidity on a key and well known marine organism: sea urchin. Our results from a pilot study in two high schools in Sweden and California indicate that the OA I2I activities in particular, and other I2I tools in general, increase students’ awareness and understanding of OA.

Characteristics of saline soil determine the rice yield along the seaboard. High concentration of dissolved salt decreases growth and rice yield. The study aimed to evaluate physical and chemical characteristics of saline soil in Sidoarjo and Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia. The result analysis of soil exchangeable Na + , K + , Ca ++ , and Mg ++ respectively was 0.8-1.94; 0.33-2.73; 16.32-20.4, 1.83-8.88 me.100g-1 .The value of soil pH was 7.35-7.55, EC value of soil was 0.64-1.83dS.m-1 , and the content of organic-C was between 1.1-2,4,6 %. The result of soil characterization was then crosschecked with the rice yield in saline soil by weighing dry rice grains per clump. The rice yield was 3-4.1 ton.ha-1 and negatively correlated to the exchangeable values of Na, SAR, bulk density and dust content. It was positively correlated with organic-C, fertilizer, exchangeableof Ca ++ , Mg ++ , and K + , as well as soil's CEC. The ratio value of Ca:Mgnamely2.2-8.2, and K:Mgnamely0.18-0.21 exceeded the limit of ideal value and caused low production. The rice yield was negatively correlated with the content of exchangeableNa + , values of pH and EC. It achieved more than 4 ton.ha-1 when added with 300-450 g.plant-1 of organic materials and 1.0-1.3 g.plant-1 of NPK.

Launched in 2011 in Rio de Janeiro, “Light Recicla”, an electricity access project, provides a wide range of benefits to low-income communities. It was launched because regularized electrical connections and waste of “free” electricity made bills a financial burden. The project promoted bill payment, recycling, reduced consumption while generating income, encouraging financial education. We describe the project history from its inception to its potential during major events such as the Rio 2016 Olympics.

A lot of research has been carried out in the past three decades on ICT for development (ICT4D). However, government policy in developing countries is not necessarily reflective of lessons learned and there are even cases where there is no documented government ICT policy. This paper presents the Data Infrastructure Mainstreaming Model with examples of its application towards effective ICT4D policy, Uganda being taken as a case study. The main aim of developing this model is to demonstrate how developing countries can practically bring ICT to the mainstream or current agenda as a way of putting research knowledge into practice, among other reasons. The proposed model and its possible applications have been developed using applied creative and critical thinking with review of literature. An underpinning proposition of this model is a government enabled creative commons license applicable to digital resources that may be characterized as infrastructure. This model makes a contribution to knowledge in areas such as policy and regulation, economic transformation, ICT for inclusion, economic transformation and bridging the digital divide and others within the general theme of ICT for Development.

rian.ie is the Irish national open access portal which currently harvests metadata from the repositories of eight higher education institutions in order to make Irish research material more freely accessible. The aggregation of this open access content represents a significant opportunity for disseminating the results of Irish research. Metadata is harvested via OAI-PMH and then normalised before being presented in a consistent manner through a clearly designed interface. Jointly agreed metadata standards ensure accurate searching of approximately 17 000 full text records. The funder browse index highlights the contributions made to research by various funders and has been attracting much attention. Publicly accessible statistics on deposit rates have engendered a competitive edge between contributing institutions while administrator reports provide useful feedback on the most popular items and top contributing authors. A unique distributed administration system allows local institu...

Perpustakaan digital adalah perpustakaan yang menerapkan sistem tekhnolgi informasi dalam setiap aktivitas dengan tujuan optimasi terhadap kinerja serta meningkatkan jangkauan pelayanan. Dengan penerapan sistem tekhnolgi informasi seharusnya perpustakaan digital mampu untuk merubah dan meningkatkan kemampuan individual dari seseorang sehingga terbentuk masyarakat yang melek informasi. Namun dalam perkembanganya ternyata banyak tantangan yang harus dihadapi dalam pengembangan perpustakaan digital. Mulai dari membangun  perpustakaan digital, kebijakan perpustakaan digital sampai kondisi sosial di tengah masyarakat.

In the early 2000s, the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) has proposed a vision of free and unrestricted online availability of scholarly literature and gave it a succinct name "Open Access". To mark the tenth anniversary of the initial declaration, the BOAI has reaffirmed its intentions and added a spatio‐temporal dimension to it – to achieve Open Access as the default method for distributing new peer‐reviewed research in every field and country within the next ten years. In the light of this and related endeavours such as "OA2020", the talk will address the imaginaries of the future of scholarly publishing, the broader context of the transformations in the science system as well as the roles that academic libraries are expected to play.

This paper reports on an investigation into the online visibility of work undertaken in South Africa in the field of poverty alleviation. An experiment with
Google searches was undertaken, motivated by concerns about the visibility of South African research and development work, particularly in a context where social
inequality is extreme and poverty such a critical issue. Aware that much attention – through research and the practice of development work – is being paid to
poverty alleviation1
, the authors set out to examine whether that work could be found easily, and what the nature of the search results would be. Significant sums
of public money are invested in research, which should result in the production and dissemination of locally generated knowledge as a public good grounded in
local realities. A great deal of national and international funding is also spent. Thus, research published online should inform and reflect on national and regional
development practice, while contributing perspectives from the South to the global corpus of poverty research. Research to understand poverty and inform the design
and targeting of poverty alleviation programmes needs to be freely available and actively shared in order for it to accumulate value. In this regard it is argued that
there are exponentially beneficial linkages between research, scholarly publication and social development, which originate with local knowledge production and
are amplified by the availability and discoverability of that research. Availability and discoverability add breadth and depth to the potential use, value and impact
of the knowledge produced

The Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of Indonesia has introduced several national and international indexers of scientific works. This policy becomes a guideline for lecturers and researchers in choosing the reputable publications. This study aimed to describe the understanding level of Indonesian lecturers related to indexing databases, i.e. SINTA, DOAJ, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This research used descriptive design and survey method. The populations in this study were Indonesian lecturers and researchers. The primary data were obtained from a questionnaire filled by 316 lecturers and researchers from 33 Provinces in Indonesia recruited with convenience sampling technique on October-November 2017. The data analysis was performed using frequency distribution tables, cross tabulation and descriptive analysis. The results of this study showed that the understanding of Indonesian lecturers and researchers regarding publications in indexing databa...

A field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the Department of Agronomy, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, from November 2011 to May 2012 to find out the growth pattern and optimum sowing date of tropical sugar beet in Bangladesh. The tropical sugar beet genotypes were Cauvery, Shubhra and EB0616, and sowing dates were 01 November, 15 November, 01 December and 15 December. The interaction effect of sowing dates and sugar beet genotypes was statistically significant in growth
parameters like leave number, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), root weight per plant, root yield. The highest root yield was obtained from genotypes EB0616 when sown on 01 November (103.5 t/ha) and 15 November (100 t/ha). The genotypes Cauvery and Shubhra gave identical root yield i.e., 90.27 t/ha and 92.86 t/ha, respectively on 01 November sowing. Root yield significantly decreased in all the three genotypes with the advancement of sowing dates from 01 November onwards. For high root yield the optimum sowing date for tropical sugar beet in Bangladesh seems to be in early November. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-1-july-2015-ijaar/

RESUMEN En el presente documento se analizan las Sociedades de la Información y del Conocimiento (SIyC) en lo global, así como sus elementos constitutivos enfatizando en el valor e influencia que tiene la información como parte de dichas sociedades y para diversos beneficios sociales. También, se realiza un marco de la situación de las SIyC en América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC) y el avance de la región a tales estadios sociales en relación con las tendencias de acceso a la información. En segunda instancia, se analiza el acceso abierto en lo conceptual, así como la influencia del mismo como pilar de las SIyC, se estudian sus fundamentos y problemáticas contemporáneas, así como su vinculación y pertinencia para con Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) sobre la disponibilidad y visibilidad de información científica y humanística, y se prioriza en el acceso abierto. En tercer lugar, se plantea y propone el concepto de patrimonio informativo para referirse a las manifestaciones, expresiones y documentos elaborados en las IES, los cuales poseen valores sociales y patrimoniales contemporáneos, y fundamentar la razón para que sean disponibles en acceso abierto. Finalmente, en la óptica y metodología del campo bibliotecológico se plantean dos beneficios del acceso abierto para las SIyC; primero, fundamentar el concepto de " Derecho de acceso abierto " al patrimonio informativo de IES para su inclusión en legislaciones bibliotecarias para regular, tutelar y precisar su operación en las instituciones; y en segunda instancia, se realizan aportes de una propuesta para operar y procesar en acceso abierto el patrimonio informativo de IES con la intervención del campo bibliotecológico como teoría y la gestión de bibliotecas universitarias especializada como praxis. INTRODUCCIÓN En el contexto social actual el tratamiento de la información requiere de mecanismos, procesos e instrumentos para mejorar el flujo, la distribución, el acceso y la comunicación de información para propiciar valorar la misma ante la constitución de Sociedades de la Información y del Conocimiento (SIyC) En la última década en el ámbito académico se han realizado debates sobre el fenómeno " abierto " , principalmente sobre la necesidad y pertinencia para que la sociedad tenga " acceso abierto " a la información científica y humanística que se realiza en Universidades públicas (UP) e Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES); misma información que en conjunto para el presente documento se propone denominar como patrimonio informativo. La relación entre acceso abierto, UP e IES tiene su punto de inicio en que en las últimas es donde se realiza la investigación científica y humanística, dicha información y/o conocimientos son objetivados en diversos recursos,