Network Theory

This article draws on the “transactional view” developed by John Dewey and Arthur Bentley in order to help us understand the images that circulate within our electronic networks beyond the representational figure appearing on the surface of our screens. To grasp their dynamics, one needs to take into account the multiple layers they are made of, from the materiality of electronic flows, through the strata of machine languages, the transfer protocols and the design of their interface. The image we identify and isolate in its representational features is a lure that obfuscates the multiple implications of the transactions that generate it. Taking stock of these transactions is a precondition to debunk some of the illusions carried by the images.

The Ordo Virtutum, Hildegard von Bingen’s twelfth-century music-drama, is one of the first known examples of a large-scale composition by a named composer in the Western canon. Not only does the Ordo’s expansive duration set it apart from its precursors, but also its complex imagery and non-biblical narrative have raised various questions concerning its context and genre. As a poetic meditation on the fall of a soul, the Ordo deploys an array of personified virtues and musical forces over the course of its eighty-seven chants. In this ambitious analysis of the entire work, Michael C. Gardiner for the first time examines how classical Neoplatonic hierarchies are established in the music-drama and considers how they are mediated and subverted through a series of concentric absorptions (absorptions related to medieval Platonism and its various theological developments) which lie at the core of the work’s musical design and text. This is achieved primarily through Gardiner’s musical network model, which implicates mode into a networked system of nodes, and draws upon parallels with the medieval interpretation of Platonic ontology and Hildegard’s correlative realization through sound, song, and voice.

A central tenet in sociology holds that positions in social structure influence the attitudes, behaviors, and outcomes of the actors occupying those positions. Though this proposition underlies much sociological thinking, perhaps the clearest instantiation of it appears in the literature collectively referred to as 'social network theory'. Research in this area investigates both the structure of the relations between social

Este artigo debate o conceito da inevitabilidade digital no contexto da ciberguerra e está organizado em quatro partes. Os quatro temas discutidos são: o enquadramento internacional do novo tipo de guerra, a contextualização histórica do Stuxnet, os conceitos e princípios da análise de redes em ciências sociais e, por fim, a apresentação do conceito de inevitabilidade digital.
O conceito de inevitabilidade digital envolve três princípios: a força dos laços fracos, a convergência das redes na rede e o poder motivador da curiosidade como motor do comportamento humano. A análise deste conceito é feita sobre o caso real da rede de disseminação do Stuxnet, desde a sua concepção até à entrada na rede privada e segura da central nuclear de Natanz.

This article argues about the concept of digital inevitability, in the cyber war framing, and it is organised in four parts. The four topics discussed are: the new kind of war in the international context, Stuxnet’s historical context, the concepts and principles of network analysis in social sciences and the introduction of the digital inevitability concept.
The concept of digital inevitability involves three main principles: the strength of weak ties, the convergence of networks into the network and the motivating power of curiosity as a drive for human behaviour. The analysis of this concept is made on the real case of Stuxnet’s network of dissemination, since its conception until its entrance in Natanz nuclear facility’s private and secure network.

Attention network theory suggests that there are three separate neural networks that execute the discrete functions of alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Previous research on the influence of mood on attention has shown subtle and inconsistent results. The attention network theory may aid in clarifying the influence of mood on attention. The present study investigated the influence of mood on attentional networks in a normal population. Participants performed the Attention Network Test (ANT), which provides functional measures of alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Positive or negative mood was induced by listening to music with a positive or negative valence, respectively; neutral mood was induced by reading a collection of basic facts about China. The results revealed that negative mood led to a significantly higher alerting efficiency relative to other moods, while there were no significant mood effects on orienting or executive attention efficiency. According to the algorithm underlying the ANT, the higher alerting efficiency in the negative mood condition can be attributed to relatively greater benefits of cueing effects. The findings are discussed in the context of the noradrenergic system and of evolutionary significance. Specifically, the increase in the alerting function during negative mood states may be due to the modulation effect of negative mood on the noradrenergic system, and/or to the survival benefit resulting from an increase in automatic vigilance towards negative information. The current results suggest that as the influence of negative mood on attention appears to specifically consist in an enhanced alerting function, it may not be found in studies where the three attentional networks are not dissociated. La théorie du réseau attentionnel propose l’existence de trois réseaux neuronaux séparés pour accomplir les fonctions distinctes d’alerte, d’orientation et de contrôle exécutif de l’attention. La recherche antérieure sur l’influence de l’humeur sur l’attention a donné des résultats ténus et inconsistants. La théorie du réseau attentionnel pourrait aider à comprendre l’influence de l’humeur sur l’attention. La présente étude porte sur l’influence de l’humeur sur les réseaux attentionnels dans une population normale. Les participants ont effectué l’Attention Network Test (ANT) qui permet une mesure fonctionnelle de l’attention au plan de l’alerte, de l’orientation et du contrôle exécutif. L’humeur positive ou négative a été induite par l’écoute de musique associée à une valence positive ou négative selon le cas. Une humeur neutre a été induite par la lecture de données de base à propos de la Chine. Les résultats révèlent que l’humeur négative s’accompagne d’une alerte significativement plus élevée comparativement à ce qui est observé avec les autres humeurs. Il n’y a pas d’effet significatif de l’humeur sur l’attention d’orientation et de contrôle exécutif. Selon l’algorithme sous-jacent à l’ANT, l’efficacité plus grande de l’alerte dans la condition de l’humeur négative peut être attribuable au bénéfice relativement plus grand des effets du signal. La discussion des résultats invoque le système noradrénergique et de leur portée en regard de l’évolution. Plus précisément, l’accroissement de la fonction d’alerte lors des états d’humeur négative pourrait être dû à la modulation de l’humeur négative sur le système noradrénergique et au bénéfice accru du point de vue de la survie résultant d’une plus grande vigilance automatique à l’égard de l’information négative ou, encore, à une seule de l’une ou l’autre de ces explications. Les présents résultats suggèrent que, alors que l’influence de l’humeur négative sur l’attention semble expressément produire une fonction d’alerte plus élevée, cette dernière pourrait ne pas être détectée dans les recherches où les trois réseaux attentionnels ne sont pas dissociés.La teoría sobre redes atencionales sugiere la existencia de tres redes neuronales distintas que ejecutan las funciones discretas de alertar, orientar y la atención ejecutiva. Las investigaciones previas sobre la influencia del ánimo en la atención ha tenido resultados muy discretos e inconsistentes. La teoría sobre redes atencionales puede ayudar a aclarar la influencia que tiene el ánimo sobre la atención. El presente estudio investigó la influencia del ánimo sobre las redes atencionales en una población normal. Los sujetos completaron el Test de Redes Atencionales (TRA) [Attention Network Test], que mide las funciones de alerta, orientación, y atención ejecutiva. Se indujo un ánimo positivo o negativo por medio de música con valencia positiva o negativa, respectivamente; se indujo un ánimo neutro al leer un conjunto de datos básicos de la China. En los resultados se observó que el ánimo negativo conducía a una eficacia de alerta significativamente más alta en relación con otros estados de ánimo, mientras que no se observaron efectos del ánimo respecto de la eficacia en la orientación o la atención ejecutiva. Según el algoritmo subyacente al TRA, la mayor eficacia en la función de alerta con el ánimo negativo puede ser atribuida a los relativamente mejores beneficios de dar pistas. Se analizan los hallazgos dentro del contexto del sistema noradrenérgico y de significado evolucionista. Específicamente, el aumento en la función de alerta durante un estado de ánimo negativo puede deberse al efecto de modulación del ánimo negativo en el sistema noradrenérgico, y/o al beneficio de supervivencia, consecuencia del aumento de la vigilancia automática hacia la información negativa. Los resultados actuales sugieren que dado que la influencia del ánimo negativo sobre la atención parece estar relacionada específicamente con una función mejorada de alerta, es posible que no se pueda observar en las investigaciones donde no estén disociadas las tres redes atencionales.

This paper study the relation between International Trade and Foreign
Direct Investment (FDI) in the world economy. First we study the prob-
lem in a multiple-network perspective, showing that the two networks
are strongly correlated and that such correlation can be mostly explained by country economic/demographic size and geographical distance. Then, using the Heckman selection model with a gravity equation, we conrm this result and also nd that the industry position in the Global Supply Chain (GSC) and countries distance give rise to non-linear corrections: in particular we nd that the more goods are downstream or countries are further away, the more trade and FDI tend to be complements. Next we investigate the eects of Regional Trade Agreements and the special case of Asian countries. Finally we distinguish the cases of the three main economic macro-sectors, nding that trade and FDI are complements in manufacturing, but substitutes in services.

How did the ‘Fall of the Roman Empire’ change social and economic networks in eastern Gaul, and how did new ‘barbarian’ political frontiers shape those changes? Synthesising historical and archaeological approaches, this interdisciplinary study combines text-based prosopography with distribution analysis of ceramics and ‘pseudo-imperial’ coins in Burgundy and beyond. The study reveals that the frontiers of the second Burgundian kingdom (5th-6th centuries) curtailed traditional movements along one of Europe’s key riverine corridors and reshaped, temporarily, the mental geographies imagined by local Gallo-Romans, until Merovingian princes conquered the region. The book includes the most thorough assessment to date of the distribution of Burgundian coins found across France. Illuminating the Burgundian kingdom’s internal dynamics and its foreign relations, this assessment revises current understandings of the circulation of gold money across sixth-century Gaul, correcting over-generalisations that can obscure the importance of political frontiers at the end of antiquity.

Although networked movements have often been described as leaderless, I propose that they not only display different kinds of leadership phenomena but, when understood in their own terms, also function in a similar way to the " societies against the state " described by Pierre Clastres: as systems whose functioning controls leadership, power, and (formal) organization by maintaining them in a fragile state. Whereas primitive societies aim to prevent change, however, networked movements exist in shifting conjunctures in which they must intervene and thus are under the imperative to act. The distributed leadership that characterizes them at once inhibits the autonomization of leadership and presupposes its emergence as a condition for action. Rather than choosing between centralized leadership and total leaderlessness, therefore, networked movements must balance two demands (controlling and eliciting leadership) in tension with one another—inhabiting a non-disjunctive space that I describe as " between Clastres and Machiavelli. "

The Majorcan mystic and philosopher Ramon Llull (c. 1232-c. 1315) is best known for his Art, a universal method of combinatory reasoning supposedly permitting comprehension of all fields of knowledge. Llull's Arbre de Ciència or Tree of Science (1295-1296) is an encyclopedic presentation of the Art, which figures sixteen branches of learning as a series of sixteen trees. Each tree represents a different aspect of the singular Tree of Science: just as the book of the Arbre de Ciència is made up of sixteen shorter books, so the Arbre itself is a single tree from which a portable forest unfolds. Thinking through Llull's Tree of Science, this paper examines mental space(s), including the spaces of thought and knowledge, and asks: what kind of space do thoughts and knowledge occupy? Why are spatial paradigms such as tree diagrams so commonly used to organise knowledge, and how are they constructed and comprehended? Further, this paper probes the limits of spatial thinking. The mental stage is at once the site of the most elementary sketches of ideas, and of the most advanced elaborations of myriad infinitesimal connections between concepts. Llull's meticulously-described diagrammatic trees, however, have proved an insoluble challenge to generations of illustrators, indicating the difficulty of translating the spatial configurations which are available to thought into graphic representations. Are these spaces of knowledge accessible and comprehensible enough to function as the didactic tools as which they are offered? Or is the space of thought a mental space only, impossible to display in any other format? Ramon Llull's recursive and intricately-conceived Arbre de Ciència tests the limits of both intellectual and graphic figurations of the spatial formulations of knowledge which it presents.

Abstract
Purpose – This study, a systematic review, focuses on the internationalisation of small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) originating in developing countries. It critically analyses, evaluates and synthesises studies
featuring formal and informal institutions, embedded in social and business networks, as a marketing solution
for institutional voids. The review shows that current international marketing studies downplay the role of
informal institutions in the internationalisation of SMEs. Thus, the authors set a new research agenda for
advancing the institutional theory to account for the impact of informal institutions and networks on firm
internationalisation.
Design/methodology/approach – This review followed five structured stages, including framing the
research questions, identifying relevant studies, assessing their quality, summarising the evidence and
interpreting the findings. Based on the systematic approach, 434 papers (374 from Web of Science, 60 from
Scopus) were generated. Following that, the authors applied the qualitative inclusion/exclusion criteria, which
yielded 63 papers. Their analysis involved three authors, with the fourth author focusing on ensuring quality in
the analysis.
Findings – The study findings invite a different line of theorising market structures and processes focusing on
the role of networks as an alternative to formal institutional systems. The outcome of our review suggests that
there is scope for developing the institutional theory that account for the role of informal institutions and
networks.
Originality/value – Based on the analysis, we call for new theorisation, in the international marketing
literature, which accounts for informal networking amongst internationalising SMEs in the light of
institutional voids. Thus, the authors promote novel participatory, bottom to top understanding of relationship
between institutions and enterprises.
Keywords SMEs, Networks, Internationalisation, Barriers, Institutional voids, Systematic review
Paper type Literature review

Existing research stops short of explaining why nonprofit organizations develop certain forms of collaborations instead of others. In this article, the authors combine resource dependency, institutional, and network theories to examine the factors that influence the likelihood that nonprofit organizations develop formal types of collaborative activities
vis-à-vis informal types. Based on the survey data of 95 urban charitable organizations,the study has found that an organization is more likely to increase the degree of formality of its collaborative activities when it is older, has a larger budget size, receives government funding but relies on fewer government funding streams, has more board linkages with other nonprofit organizations, and is not operating in the education and research or social service industry.

A flexible, efficient and secure networking architecture is required in order to process big data. However, existing network architectures are mostly unable to handle big data. As big data pushes network resources to the limits it results in network congestion, poor performance, and detrimental user experiences. This paper presents the current state-of-the-art research challenges and possible solutions on big data networking theory. More specifically, we present the state of networking issues of big data related to capacity, management and data processing. We also present the architectures of MapReduce and Hadoop paradigm with research challenges, fabric networks and software defined networks (SDN) that are used to handle today's idly growing digital world and compare and contrast them to identify relevant problems and solutions.

“Ruralize the urban: urbanize the rural:… Replete terram [fill the earth].” Alluding to a passage in Genesis, these words appear on the frontispiece of Spanish Civil Engineer Ildefonso Cerdá’s colossal General Theory of Urbanization (1867). They capture the fervor with which he sought to construct a spatial order which would replace both city and territory and would overcome all historical boundaries and spatial distinctions. This new domestic template, the urbe, was to stretch across the earth, spanning both land and sea and uniting civilizations in a single spatial entity of private property and perpetual circulation. While more a biographer than the inventor of this new space unfolding across Europe, Cerdá’s frequent reference to the sea in describing the urbe (‘mare magnum’) extends beyond simple metaphor; it serves as an ontological model for constructing a fluid space whose power lies in its transcending of limits. In its oceanic pretensions, the birth of the urban, Cerdá imagined, would see the distinction between city and territory as a relic of the past, yielding in its place a hybrid spatiality that would erode the specificity of both. While recent scholarship has begun to theoretically address the urban (Brenner, Schmidt, Merrifield, et. al.), the historical, social and political construction of this spatiality has yet to receive much attention, and its ontological relation to ocean space, even less. This paper seeks to examine the urban in this context: if today we know the spaces the territorialization of the ocean has produced, what kinds of spaces may have resulted from a ‘maritimization of the land’? How does this help us to grasp the spectacle of our present as we extend urban spaces and technologies of circulation outward into the ocean? This essay will explore the question of ‘maritimization of land’ to show a history in which, some 200 years ago, territory, understood as a political technology, was fundamentally reformed through its augmentation by a spatiality that developed over the course of three centuries of maritime activities. The resulting adaptation of territory gave it the ability to mediate, shape and control spaces and processes across multiple scales simultaneously. The outcome of this territorial reform was the construction of a wholly new spatial order that we’re only recently beginning to grasp: the urban.

(Full paper delivered at Association of American Geographers (AAG) 2015 )
“Ruralize the urban: urbanize the rural:… Replete terram [fill the earth].” Alluding to a passage in Genesis, these words appear on the frontispiece of Spanish Civil Engineer Ildefonso Cerdá’s colossal General Theory of Urbanization (1867). They capture the fervor with which he sought to compose a spatial order which would replace both city and territory, overcoming all historical boundaries and spatial distinctions. This new domestic template, the urbe, was to stretch across the earth, spanning both land and sea and uniting civilizations in a single spatial entity of private property and peaceful circulation. The birth of the urban would see the distinction between city and territory as a relic of the past, yielding in its place a hybrid spatiality that would erode the specificity of both. Instead, the infinite and mobile qualities of space experienced in the early modern Atlantic voyages would reemerge in the perpetually expansive process of ‘urbanización’. This paper examines the urban in this context: as a spatial order predicated on limitless circulation (vialidad) and endless expansion, I will examine how certain maritime ontologies and the orders projected onto the sea have been silently reterritorialized in the constitution of this modern spatial order. Exploring the urban in this way opens new questions about its present status: while today it may increasingly appear as a banal extension of urban space, I will reflect on how, in the face of climate change, the sea has also paradoxically reemerged as a kind of absolute limit condition to the urban.

В статье представлен обзор социологических концепций начала 20 века, рассматривающих взаимодействие как предмет социологического изучения. Обзор основан на работе П.Сорокина «Человек. Индивид. Общество». Делаются выводы о важности понятия взаимодействия для сетевого подхода в социологии.

It is well known that Olympic victors received “only” an olive wreath – a fact that classified them as “amateurs” in the perspective of the modern Olympic movement. But the reality of ancient sports was far more complex: At many competitions, the victors’ awards were objects of value (amphorae filled with olive oil, weapons and other bronze objects, living animals) or cash. In some cases, victors were not allowed to do with the prize what they wanted to, but were obligated to dedicate it in a sanctuary, to sell it to the polis officials, to deliver it to a king etc. So what was the nature of athletic prizes? They have been analyzed as cult objects or in the context of gift exchange (according to Marcel Mauss). This paper offers a new approach taking into account network theory and theories about the convertibility of capital: Athletic prizes – wreaths as well as value prizes – are considered as objects with both an economic and symbolic dimension. Their function was to construct and strengthen networks in the Greek world, while the structure of those networks changed according to political developments.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the HEC Degree of Executive MSc in Consulting and Coaching for Change. 2004.

The paper presents a contingent and scaleable Framework for Leadership activities built around a set of organizing principles – Envision, Enable, Empower and Energize. This reflects literature review, best practices from the corporate world and practical experience in both business and non-profit Leadership positions. The Framework is designed to provide both a measurement method and a process for improvement. It is not a test of absolute Leadership ability, skill, behaviour or performance.

The 4E’s Framework includes both operational and organizational aspects of Leadership, and can be used either by individuals or teams, underlining its scaleability.

Data from self assessments is evaluated, suggesting face, content, internal, and divergent validity of the Framework. The analysis also identifies differences in self-perception of Leadership activities across the world and at various experience levels.

A global case study with one of the world’s leading NGO’s provides an example of practical utility of the 4E’s Framework, and forms the basis for future analysis of predictive validity.

Advancements in the digital domain, for example, in blockchain technology, big data, and machine learning, are increasingly shaping the lives of individuals, groups, organizations, and societies. These developments call for effective governance to protect the basic interests and needs of these actors. Simultaneously, the very nature of governance is also changing. Policy-making is increasingly moving away from top-down governance by the state toward more horizontal modes of governance. This paper reviews the literature on governance theory in order to conceptualize governance as a mode of decentralized, networked regulation. We argue that the current dominant modes of governance are inadequate in understanding governance in the digital domain and are poorly equipped to conceptualize novel forms of governance such as decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Therefore, this study proposes a new mode of governance based on the regulation of new power relationships between the state and actors in the digital domain. This model further explores the role that blockchain technology can play in what we term decentralized network governance.

This thesis exemplifies, through the exploration of a specific case study, how the design of an online professional development resource is capable of penetrating, disrupting, and fostering innovation in online teaching practices within a wide range of existing professional education networks.

Following its release in 2009, the ‘Learning to Teach Online’ (LTTO) project spread rapidly around the world via conduits such as Twitter, Facebook, blogs, institutional links and word of mouth — throughout K-12, vocational, higher education and private consultancies across 146 countries and territories. This thesis investigates how the design of LTTO facilitated its discovery, dissemination and integration in a range of educational contexts. There was a large volume of data collected from Web 2.0 activity surrounding LTTO. Using data visualisation techniques, patterns and hidden relationships between individuals sharing and using the resources were revealed, that provided insight into previously invisible relationships between individuals within vastly different established professional networks all over the world. The concept of the rhizome is at the core of this thesis, inspired by the observation of the growing patterns of connection between seemingly disparate educational communities globally, in a manner that was neither precisely controlled nor predictable.

Key outcomes include a detailed analysis of the design of an online professional development resource that was effective across a range of disciplines and education sectors; the determination of an effective method of researching the spread and use of similar initiatives; and observations and strategies that can help others to improve the design process for future online professional development resources.

Показаны современные версии заложенной Г. Зиммелем традиции считать предметом социологии взаимоотношения людей. Это - сетевая теория («реляционная социология») и теория «актор-сеть». Под воздействием «культурного поворота» в этих социологических теориях обнаруживаются сходства и отличия, становится возможным сближение обоих подходов.

The Blockchain has evoked the interest of practitioners and academics alike. Frequently only being perceived as the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, various innovative applications have highlighted its potential to disrupt, revolutionize, and restructure many industries, including the whole supply chain (SC) and logistics sector. Although major industry players are already investing huge amounts of money to build, test, and deploy disruptive solutions that bear the potential to substantially transform existing supply chains, there remains a dearth of literature in leading academic journals which closely investigates the Blockchain and uses theory to analyze, explain, and predict current as well as future developments. This conceptual paper strives to close this research gap and presents a framework that is built on four established economic theories (principal agent theory, transaction cost analysis, resource-based view, network theory) that can be used to derive relevant theory-based research questions. Additionally, the functionality of the Blockchain is briefly explained and some use cases are presented. This paper is intended to initiate and stimulate academic discussion on the potential impact of the Blockchain and introduces a framework for middle-range theorizing together with several potential research questions.

This chapter focuses on how social media give voice to critics who demand higher corporate social responsibility (CSR) standards and question organizations’ and industries’ willingness and abilities to meet those standards. Supporters of CSR standards and organizational performance also have access to social media. This dialogue increases the dimensionality of traditional media by adding networks of supportive and critical voices that otherwise may not be heard in traditional discourse networks. This participatory complexity of social media networks increases the turbulence organizations experience as they navigate the straits of stakeholder judgments.

A kánonfogalomnak a kánonkutatás megélénkülésétől kezdve van egy strukturális eleme is: a "kánonba bekerülni" azt jelenti, hogy az adott szerző, mű, probléma, jelenség nehezebben évül el, téma marad, kapcsolódási pont, illetve biztos pozíciót nyer az archiváló-publikáló rendszerekben, ami által gazdasági viszonyítási ponttá is válván tovább erősödik kanonikus pozíciója. Ennél azonban hagyományosan jóval többet foglalkozunk a kánon értékelméleti, úgymond "tartalmi" aspektusaival, aminek természetesen szintén megvan a létjogosultsága, ám számos problémát megoldatlanul hagy.
Az újabb hálózatelméleti kutatások (mindenekelőtt Barabási Albert-László vizsgálatai) fényében ugyanis a kánont tekinthetjük hálózati csomópontnak is, a kérdés pedig az lesz, hogy mi eredményezheti a hálózati csomóponttá válást a különböző esetekben, és mi tekinthető "élnek" ebben az értelmezésben. Előadásomban amellett érvelek, hogy a csomópontosodás előfeltétele nem elsősorban a fontosság, az értékesség, a tartalmi relevancia, hanem sokkal inkább a fókusz, a figyelem megszületése. Ha valami fókuszba kerül, hatványozódik az esélye, hogy figyelem övezze, értelmezések, idézetek, utalások kiindulópontjává, vagyis (hálózati) csomóponttá váljon. Ez nem nagy újdonság: hasonló jelenség régóta ismert a médiaelméletben, egyrészt a hírérték és az agenda, másrészt a keresőoptimalizálás jelenségének vizsgálatában. Irodalomtörténetileg nézve pedig a figyelem felkeltésének és megtartásának, az érdeklődés, az „interessze” kiemelkedő szerepének kérdése már az irodalom modern intézményrendszerének kialakulásakor is középpontban állt a 18. század közepétől-végétől fogva.
Ami azonban talán még érdekesebb, az az, hogy a kiinduló figyelem, az, hogy a pásztázó tekintet megragad-e egy "él", egy kapcsolódás létrehozásának erejéig valamin, az mitől függhet és befolyásolható-e. Enélkül ugyanis az adott célpontnak nincs esélye hálózati csomóponttá válni. E kérdés megközelítéséhez szeretném újragondolni a szűrés, a "filter" alapjainak számító szelekció és redukció (rendszerelméleti) fogalmait a mikroelbeszélések és a látens narratívák szerepének vizsgálata segítségével. Különösen fontos lehet ez a jelenben, amikor az internetes megjelenés, a neten való jelenlét, bár sokszor a kánon új, modern formájaként említődik, mégsem tűnik vizsgálhatónak a kánon hagyományos irodalomtörténeti fogalma(i) segítségével.

This article investigates Fernanda Piv- ano’s work of dissemination of Amer- ican counter-culture literature in Italy by focussing on the main networks of collaboration that the translator and cultural broker established with key literary figures in Italy and in the Unit- ed States. Drawing on the most recent synergies between network theory and cultural sociology, this contribution aims at shedding light on the mechanisms of accumulation of social capital through the creation of professional connections, and on how the creation of strategic net- works shaped the translator’s agency and trajectory across the literary field, consequently affecting the reception and diffusion of Beat literature in Italy from the 1960s onwards.