Mousterian

Ce travail de mémoire se propose de définir l’occupation humaine dans la grotte du Baré à partir des vestiges fauniques. Pour cela nous avons entrepris la détermination de l’ensemble des vestiges à l’exception des grands carnivores, afin de caractériser les populations et ainsi déterminer les différentes phases d’occupation animale de la grotte au cours du temps. Ensuite, nous avons qualifié la phase d’occupation humaine à partir des restes fauniques portant des traces anthropiques laissées sur les os par les Néandertaliens lors des phases d’acquisition et de consommation. Pour finir, la grotte du Baré est placée dans un contexte régional, par comparaison avec les assemblages fauniques et les diverses marqueurs anthropiques avec les grottes et abris voisins.

The existence of a knapped stone industry using several volcanic and metamorphic rocks during the Late Neolithic south of the Upper Rhine plain (first half of the 4th millennium), in particular in Basse Alsace (Michelsberg and Munzingen cultures), has long been emphasized. Particular production was made of artefacts in pale hyperacidic rhyolite found in deposits in the valley of the Nideckbach affluent of the River Bruche in Bas-Rhin. Currently, 47 chronologically certain Neolithic pieces in pale rhyolite have been found on the sites of six settlements in Basse Alsace. Use of this material increased from the mid-to late Michelsberg/Munzingen transition, then fell off at the time of the Munzingen B and C. Production revolved around the extraction of splinters that are clearly longer than they are wide. The supports produced are relatively standardized and display the same simplified and technically sophisticated operating modes. The pieces created seem to have been strongly conditioned by the morphology of the fragments and constraints imposed by the knappability of the rhyolite. Whatever their morphology, the fragments were mostly turned into scrapers. The thinnest may have been sought for their cutting edge. The exploitation of volcanic and metamorphic rocks, associated with a more frequent use of local Muschelkalk flint, may have been the result of a strong reduction in the importation of good quality flint in this region at the start of the Late Neolithic.

Том содержит публикацию свода памятников среднего палеолита Донбасса. Рассчитан на специалистов в области первобытной археологии и истории, студентов и преподавателей ВУЗов, краеведов.

Утвержден к печати Ученым советом Института археологии НАН Украины.
Рекомендован к печати Ученым советом Донецкого областного краеведческого музея.

Desde el punto de vista de la tecnología el inicio del Paleolítico medio se caracterizó por la aparición del Modo técnico 3. La aparición de este Modo técnico tuvo lugar en Europa hace alrededor de 300 ka. El paso del Modo 2 al Modo 3 fue un proceso gradual de cambio tecnológico, de manera que la aparición del Modo 3 no implicó la desaparición del Modo 2. Durante el Pleistoceno medio final coexistieron en Europa grupos que practicaban un Modo 3 inicial y grupos que continuaban utilizando una tecnología de Modo 2. El registro arqueológico de los niveles superiores del yacimiento de Gran Dolina puede contribuir a conocer mejor el proceso de transición entre estos dos Modos técnicos. En otros yacimientos europeos, como Orgnac 3 y La Micoque 3, se observa un fenómeno similar. Para algunos investigadores las semejanzas entre el Modo 2 y el Modo 3 a nivel conceptual son más signficativas que las diferencias, y por lo tanto piensan que no es conveniente marcar límites entre estos dos Modos técnicos. En realidad, el Modo 3 no implicó la aparición de grandes innovaciones técnicas, sino que se caracterizó por la mayor utilización de algunos métodos de talla ya identificados en conjuntos del Modo 2. En este sentido, destaca la progresiva generalización de métodos de producción de Bases Positivas con predeterminación de su morfología final. También hay una tendencia hacia una mayor estandarización en el tamaño y la morfología de los artefactos. La novedad tecnológica más significativa a nivel conceptual fue la aparición de los instrumentos compuestos (artefactos enmangados). No obstante, la tecnología lítica de Modo 3 es solamente un aspecto del Paleolítico medio. La tímida aparición de una serie de elementos como el control del fuego, la utilización de un lenguaje articulado, las manifestaciones simbólicas relacionadas con la muerte, señalan un incremento de la complejidad en el comportamiento humano hace entre 400 y 300 ka. En ese momento se gestó el origen el Paleolítico medio. Uno de esos elementos fue el cambio tecnológico que se manifiestó en la transición del Modo 2 al Modo 3. Por lo tanto, este cambio tecnológico es un aspecto que forma parte de un proceso global de creciente complejidad en el comportamiento humano.

The retouching bone tools are characteristic items from european middle Paleolithic assemblages, so are they related with stone knapping. They are present in many sites from France, central-east Europe, and also the Iberian Peninsula. These tools have a wide chronological spawn, whose examples cover from the oldest european middle Palaeolithic, until the final stages of this period (c. 40.000 BP). The bone tools came from Middle Paleolithic sites, but also are present in recent prehistory ambients. An experimental approach is taken, that includes all the stages of bone processing: obtaining of the bone blanks (from fresh bones and/or old bones), using them, and discarding the tools. We got the archaeological reference of the retouching tools obtained in Axlor site’s modern excavations. This Mousterian site has levels with Quina-type side-scrappers and knapping techniques, and also other levels with really different kinds of stone tools. The site has provided an extensive assemblage of retouching bone tools. This paper describes the main lines of experimental program, and the results of the first phase, the one about  blank obtaining.

The last ten years progresses in characterization and cartography of the Mediterranean northwestern corner lithic resources open new perspectives for the study of the regional Mousterian through the development of techno-economic approaches. Proposing a first overview of the procurement strategies, this paper underlines no matter the distance the diverse forms of flint transport especially illustrated by the frequent circulation of cores upon 80 to 100 km. The multiplication of case studies shows a recurrent exploitation of the same materials which, besides the central role played by some of them in the human groups economy, mark out a circulation area between sea and mountains. This territorial homogeneity also confirmed on a technological plan by a massive use of the recurrent Levallois system suggests the existence of Mediterranean area specific cultural characters.

Persistence and change are necessary for the stability and development of both the human individual and the human society, since the beginnings of human history. Man needs a static framework, which, related to his self-awareness, defines a topocentric system of perception, evaluation, order, and meaning. He also requires a dynamic impetus, which allows exceeding the limits of special world views, shifting of perspectives and transformations of individual as well as social approaches to life. Travelling especially helped to broaden man’s horizon and mind. Accross cultures voyages guided by the skies are linked with practical concepts of exploring and domesticating time and space, but also figuratively with the life’s journey and with other worlds, being expressed by mythic, ritual and later scientific language.

The last decade has seen a significant growth of our knowledge of the Neandertals, a population of Pleistocene hunter-gatherers who lived in (western) Eurasia between ∼400,000 and 40,000 y ago. Starting from a source population deep in the Middle Pleistocene, the hundreds of thousands of years of relative separation between African and Eurasian groups led to the emergence of different phenotypes in Late Pleistocene Europe and Africa. Both recently obtained genetic evidence and archeological data show that the biological and cultural gaps between these populations were probably smaller than previously thought. These data, reviewed here, falsify inferences to the effect that, compared with their near-modern contemporaries in Africa, Neandertals were outliers in terms of behavioral complexity. It is only around 40,000 y ago, tens of thousands of years after anatomically modern humans first left Africa and thousands of years after documented interbreeding between modern humans, Neandertals and Denisovans, that we see major changes in the archeological record, from western Eurasia to Southeast Asia, e.g., the emergence of representational imagery and the colonization of arctic areas and of greater Australia (Sahul).

The southwest of France is framed by two important mountains massifs, the Central Massif and the Pyrenees. Its erosion resulted in enormous quantities of rough fraction, easily accessible on the detritic formations and floodplains. These deposits were raw material sources massively exploited by prehistoric craftsmen during Lower and Middle Palaeolithic, mainly searching for quartzite. Within this unique category are included groups of rocks with different petrography’s and mechanic properties. Moreover, beyond the intrinsic characteristics, the same rock can be available in the shape of blocs or pebbles with specific constraints and qualities. Actually, inside an apparent monotony of several lithic assemblages, we can identify a varied raw material economy and circulation, for example, in the Acheulean of the Pyrenees and the Tarn bassin, as well as in the Pyrenees Mousterian. In fact different reduction sequences are adapted to the nature and morphology of the different available or transported blocs of the same raw material.

Population dynamics between and within Pleistocene groups are vital to understanding wider behavioural processes like social transmission and cultural variation. The late Middle Palaeolithic (MIS 5d-3, ca. 115,000–35,000 BP [years before present]) permits a novel, data-driven assessment of these concepts through a unique record: bifacial tools made by classic Neanderthals. Previously, studies of late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tools were hampered by a convoluted plethora of competing terms, types and regional entities. This paper presents a large-scale intercomparison of this tool type, and bridges typo-technological and spatio-temporal data from across Western Europe (Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, France and Germany).

Results indicate a high level of variation among individual bifacial tools and assemblages. Each bifacial tool concept is correlated with various methods of production, resulting in large degrees of morphological variation. Despite such variation, a distinct three-fold, macro-regional pattern was identified: the Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition (MTA) in the southwest dominated by handaxes, the Keilmessergruppen (KMG) in the northeast typified by backed and leaf-shaped bifacial tools, and, finally a new unit, the Mousterian with Bifacial Tools (MBT), geographically situated between these two major entities, and characterised by a wider variety of bifacial tools.

Differing local conditions, such as raw material or function, are not sufficient to explain this observed macro-regional tripartite. Instead, the MTA and KMG can be viewed as two distinct cultural traditions, where the production of a specific bifacial tool concept was passed on over generations. Conversely, the MBT is interpreted as a border zone where highly mobile groups of Neanderthals from both the east (KMG) and west (MTA) interacted.

Principally, this study presents an archaeological contribution to behavioural concepts such as regionality, culture, social transmission and population dynamics. It illustrates the interpretive potential of large-scale lithic studies, and more specifically the presence of regionalised cultural behaviour amongst late Neanderthal groups in Western Europe.

"Neanderthals in Western Europe are associated with a plethora of stone tool assemblages and their internal variation has been linked to different causal factors and behavioural interpretations.  This thesis presents a new contribution to the study of Middle Palaeolithic variability by focusing specifically on the Late Middle Palaeolithic period (MIS 5d-3) and the typo-technological, spatial and temporal differences amongst bifacially worked tools.

  Currently, in Western Europe distinct types of Late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tools are associated with two macro-regional entities, the Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition (MTA) and the Keilmessergruppe (KMG). These two entities, centred in Southwestern France and Germany, also link to two different research traditions which use a variety of competing terms, typologies and definitions. This study uses a new classificatory approach to overcome these epistemological issues and facilitates for the first time wider-scale comparisons, incorporating the regions located in between the MTA and KMG core areas.

  Bifacial tools from 14 key assemblages were analysed through an extensive attribute analysis, creating a database with primary data for 1,303 bifacial tools. This data was then incorporated with other published site information allowing for a detailed assessment of both the typo-technological characteristics of the bifacial tools and their variability.

  Firstly, the results indicate that genuine differences exist among Late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tool assemblages regardless of the classificatory framework. Secondly, exploration of the data using three different scales of analysis allowed for the recognition of different variation patterns and interpretations. At a micro-scale, it is clear that a large amount of typo-technological variability exists among Late Middle Palaeolithic bifacial tools, which can mainly be attributed to differences in local conditions, such as raw material and function.

  At a macro-scale the MTA/KMG dichotomy was confirmed by a distinct divide between classic handaxes and backed bifacial tools west and east of the Rhine. Additionally, a third entity, the Mousterian with bifacial tools (MBT), is located in between the MTA and KMG core areas and contains a wide variety of bifacial tools, including MTA and KMG types. At a meso-scale, several previously identified regional entities were merged into the MTA and MBT, but specific spatio-temporal units do exist, e.g. bout-coupé handaxes in MIS3 Britain.

  At both this meso- and macro-scale the observed patterns cannot be explained merely by referring to differences in local settings, but require an additional sphere of interpretation, argued here to be culture. The MTA and KMG can be seen as two distinct cultural traditions, reflecting different lines of learned behavior, as expressed by different ways of making bifacial tools. The sporadic spread of KMG elements across Western Europe is indicative of Neanderthal population dynamics and the MBT is interpreted as the results of MTA-KMG interactions in an overlap zone where foreign influences were more easily absorbed. Finally, the distinct presence and absence of certain bifacial tool types in specific regions allow to argue for the presence of a collective cultural capacity among Neanderthals. "

Having thrived in Eurasia for 350,000 years Neandertals disappeared from the record around 40,000±37,000 years ago, after modern humans entered Europe. It was a complex process of population interactions that included cultural exchanges and admixture between Neandertals and dispersing groups of modern humans. In Europe Neandertals are always associated with the Mousterian while the Aurignacian is associated with modern humans only. The onset of the Aurignacian is preceded by ªtransitionalº industries which show some similarities with the Mousterian but also contain modern tool forms. Information on these industries is often incomplete or disputed and this is true of the Uluzzian. We present the results of taphonomic, typological and technological analyses of two Uluzzian sites, Grotta La Fabbrica (Tuscany) and the newly discovered site of Colle Rotondo (Latium). Comparisons with Castelcivita and Grotta del Cavallo show that the Uluzzian is a coherent cultural unit lasting about five millennia, replaced by the Protoaurignacian before the eruption of the Campanian Ignimbrite. The lack of skeletal remains at our two sites and the controversy surrounding the stratigraphic position of modern human teeth at Cavallo makes it difficult to reach agreement about authorship of the Uluzzian, for which alternative hypotheses have been proposed. Pending the discovery of DNA or further human remains, these hypotheses can only be evaluated by archaeological arguments, i.e. evidence of continuities and discon-tinuities between the Uluzzian and the preceding and succeeding culture units in Italy. However , in the context of ªtransitionalº industries with disputed dates for the arrival of modern humans in Europe, and considering the case of the Cha Ãtelperronian, an Upper Paleolithic industry made by Neandertals, typo-technology used as an indicator of hominin authorship has limited predictive value. We corroborate previous suggestions that the Middle-to-Upper

Na lokalitetu Kručevići u dolini rijeke Neretve, jugoistočno od Čitluka, na prostranim aluvijalnim terasama s kvartarnim sedimentima, u periodu posljednje dvije godine pronađeno je više tisuća komada kamenih alatki, od kojih najveći udio pokazuje jasne tipološke osobine tipične za srednji paleolitik ili musterijen. Osim izuzetno brojnih pronađenih kamenih alatki, na prisustvo popularnog neandertalskog čovjeka – neandertalca na ovom području, upućuju mnogobrojne špiljske reljefne forme unutar doline i kanjona Neretve južno od Mostara pa do Čapljine. Iako je ovo otkriće od velikog značaja s obzirom na ogroman broj i karakter pronađenog kamenog oruđa paleolitske starosti, ovo je tek malo zagrebavanje po površini cjelokupnog, a još uvijek neistraženog, paleontološkog, paleoantropološkog te arheološkog bogatstva ovog dijela doline Neretve i regije.    -- 
At Kručevići site in the Neretva River valley, southeast of Čitluk, on extensive alluvial terraces filled with Quaternary sediments, during last two years, thousands of stone tools have been discovered most of which show clear typological features typical for the Middle Paleolithic age or Mousterian. Apart from the extremely numerous stone tools found here, the presence of the popular Neanderthal man in this area is indicated by numerous cave relief forms within the Neretva valley and Neretva canyon south of Mostar towards Čapljina. Although this discovery is of great importance because of the huge number and specific character of discovered Paleolithic stone tools, this is only a small surface scratching of the entire, and still unexplored, paleontological, paleoanthropological and archaeological treasure of this part of the Neretva Valley and region.

Η μελέτη αυτή επικεντρώνεται στην αρχαιολογική μαρτυρία της Κρήτης κατά την Παλαιολιθική εποχή, εξετάζοντας τα ευρήματα από την Νότια Κρήτη και την Γαύδο. Ασχολείται με την υπόθεση για μετακινήσεις μέσω θαλάσσης κατά το Πλειστόκαινο στο Αιγαίο ή την Μεσόγειο με κριτική ματιά επιχειρώντας την αξιοποίηση των αρχαιολογικών, παλαιοανθρωπολογικών και παλαιογεωγραφικών δεδομένων. Συγκεκριμένα, γίνεται σύγκριση των παλαιολιθικών ευρημάτων από την Κρήτη με θέσεις της Μέσης Εποχής του Λίθου από τη Βόρεια Αφρική, και της Κατώτερης και Μέσης Παλαιολιθικής από την Δυτική Ασία και το Αιγαίο. Η προσέγγιση του θέματος γίνεται μέσω αφενός της ενδελεχούς βιβλιογραφικής επισκόπησης της ‘σύγχρονης συμπεριφοράς’ και αφετέρου της αναλυτικής παρουσίασης της τυπολογίας αλλά και της πρώτης ύλης των λίθινων ευρημάτων. Συγκεκριμένα, καταγράφονται οι διαφορετικές τάσεις της σύγχρονης έρευνας για τον ορισμό της ‘σύγχρονης συμπεριφοράς’, όπως ορίζεται το σύνολο των δεξιοτήτων τις οποίες έχει αποκτήσει το είδος μας. Η εκτενής παρουσίαση των λιθοτεχνιών από τις σχετικές δημοσιεύσεις δεν περιορίζεται στην καταγραφή των ευρημάτων αλλά προχωρά σε μία σύγκριση και αντιπαραβολή της τυπολογίας τους με αντίστοιχα από παλαιολιθικές θέσεις της Μεσογείου καθώς και μια καταγραφή των θεωρητικών τάσεων για την Αχελαία τεχνοπολιτισμική παράδοση. Επίσης, εξετάζει τις ιδιαιτερότητες της πρώτης ύλης των λίθινων ευρημάτων, αξιοποιώντας την σχετική βιβλιογραφία της πειραματικής αρχαιολογίας για τις ιδιότητες λάξευσης του χαλαζία. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο στέκεται κριτικά απέναντι στην πρόταση σχετικής χρονολόγησης των ευρημάτων μέσω της τυπολογίας, την χρήση όρων όπως ‘ατυπική’ και ‘οπορτουνιστική’ για την γενική περιγραφή της λιθοτεχνίας της Παλαιολιθικής Κρήτης και προχωράει σε μια νέα διατύπωση για την ταυτότητά της. Τέλος, αξιοποιώντας όλα τα παραπάνω, επαναδιαπραγματεύεται την υπόθεση για πιθανή μετακίνηση μέσω θαλάσσης προς την Κρήτη κατά το Πλειστόκαινο ειδικά σε ό,τι αφορά την ικανότητα ειδών Homo αρχαιότερων του sapiens να πραγματοποιήσουν τέτοιου είδους μετακινήσεις. This study focuses on the archaeological record of Crete during the Palaeolithic era, examining the finds from South Crete and Gavdos. It is an overview of the archaeological, paleoanthropological and paleogeographical bibliography on the possible Pleistocene marine dispersals in the Aegean and the Mediterranean. In particular, the Palaeolithic finds from Crete are compared with the Middle Stone Age sites from North Africa, and the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic from Western Asia and the Aegean. The bibliographic review of 'modern behaviour and the typology and raw material of stone finds are utilized to address the question of the identity of the initial human presence on the islands of Crete and Gavdos. In particular, the different trends of modern research on the definition of ‘modern behaviour’ are presented, as defined by the set of behavioural and cognitive skills acquired by our species. The lithic assemblages from the relevant publications are compared in terms of typology with similar finds from Palaeolithic sites of the Mediterranean. It also examines the specifics of the raw material of the lithic finds from southern Crete, utilizing the relevant literature of experimental archaeology for quartz knapping properties. In this way, typology is used to suggest an alternative chronology for the finds, while addressing the problematic use of terms such as 'atypical' and 'opportunistic' for the general description of the assemblage of Palaeolithic Crete. Finally, taking under consideration all of the above, the case for possible Pleistocene seaward dispersals to Crete and Gavdos is re-iterated especially in terms of the ability of hominin species other than Homo sapiens to successfully carry out such movements.

Le massif de l’Estérel est marqué par de nombreuses occupations du Paléolithique moyen. Pourtant la ressource locale, la rhyolite, est remarquablement mal connue : autant dans les aspects de caractérisation que dans les processus de diffusion au cours de la Préhistoire. Ce travail s’intéresse à la composante en rhyolite des industries lithiques moustériennes de l’arc Liguro-Provençal dans une perspective techno-économique.

Despite its long research history and particular palaeogeographic context, the British Late Middle Palaeolithic (LMP) of Marine Isotope Stage 4 and 3 has not been fully integrated in broader discussions of Neanderthal behavioural adaptations. This is due not only to the lack of a comprehensive account of the archaeological record, but also to perceptions that the numerically small character of the record itself, and its position at the margins of the Neanderthal world, are unpromising research contexts. This paper addresses the first problem by reporting results from a study of the British LMP lithic assemblages most securely assigned to late MIS-4 and MIS-3, using a technologically-focused approach designed to derive the maximum information from the available material. The results suggest a coherent and broadly uniform techno-economic system characterised by clear raw material selectivity and high levels of mobility. Bifaces and scrapers are common and show strong evidence for curation, transportation and maintenance. Discoid, centripetal and alternate core reduction methods occur alongside more informal approaches, with virtually no evidence for Levallois. This new data equally demonstrates the relevance of the British LMP to current questions about the diversity of later Neanderthal techno-economic organisation. Additionally, as this record is the only clearly defined example of a Middle Palaeolithic colonisation in Europe, this study provides an opportunity to examine associated behavioural adaptations within the mammoth steppe ecosystem of MIS-3.

"Les recherches menées en Belgique depuis 1829 ont mis au jour d’importantes traces du Paléolithique moyen, majoritairement sous forme de témoins lithiques, parfois accompagnés de vestiges enmatière dure animale porteurs d’une action anthropique (ossements brûlés, découpés ou fracturés, retouchoirs). Certains de ces sites bénéficient de données paléoenvironnementales. Les restes humains relatifs à cette période sont quant à eux beaucoup plus rares, quoique le karst du Bassin mosan belge compose une des zones européennes majeures en la matière, tant sur le plan historique que par l’intérêt des sites qui permettent le développement de programmes interdisciplinaires modernes.

Dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat (Di Modica, 2010), dont cet article constitue une version légèrement résumée et actualisée de l’un des aspects, un inventaire des sites du Paléolithique ancien a été réalisé grâce surtout à une recherche bibliographique à visée exhaustive. à ce jour, 442 points de découvertes rapportables au Paléolithique ancien ont été identifiés sur l’ensemble du territoire belge (fig. 1). Cet aspect essentiellement livresque de l’investigation constitue la limite de cet inventaire puisque les données non publiées et dont nous n’avons pas eu connaissance y ont échappé. Le décompte s’appuie notamment sur des inventaires partiels réalisés auparavant et a pour vocation de s’enrichir avec le temps.

Un minutieux travail de collecte directement dans les réserves des musées et dans les collections d’amateurs, notamment, s’imposerait afin de compléter le panorama. Par cet inventaire, nous souhaitions présenter la totalité de la documentation disponible car les sites principaux ne recouvrent pas nécessairement toute la variabilité des productions lithiques. Ainsi, certaines pièces isolées, habituellement non prises en compte en raison d’un potentiel informatif limité, revêtent-elles parfois un intérêt particulier en fonction de la nature du matériau dans lequel elles sont façonnées, de leur contexte chronologique ou de leurs caractéristiques techno-typologiques."

The origin and development of the graphic expression are currently topics of scientific debate. The present work analyzes and evaluates the context of portable art before the Solutrean (~50.000 to ~24.000 cal BP) in the western Pyrenees and Cantabrian region. In this paper we assess the available information regarding first graphic evidences, the origin of figurative depictions, their morpho-stylistic variability and the diversification of the non-figurative depictions. These are evaluated through records and up-to-date documentation. Key chronological and/or cultural contextualization of the evidence is taken into account while evaluating the available information. The resulting data set allows to define a framework for portable and cave art ensembles that currently do not have enough chronological information.

El origen y el desarrollo de la expresión gráfica son temas de gran actualidad en el debate científico. En el presente trabajo se analiza y valora el contexto del arte mueble anterior al Solutrense (~50.000 a ~24.000 cal BP) en el Pirineo occidental y la Cornisa Cantábrica. Este estudio aporta información sobre cuándo y qué características presentan las primeras grafías, y se discute el origen de la figuración, la diversificación del componente lineal/geométrico y la variabilidad morfo-estilística de las figuraciones. Se plantea sobre una revisión bibliográfica exhaustiva y actualizada, y se considera clave la contextualización cronológica y/o cultural de las evidencias, discutiendo el valor de la información disponible. Las conclusiones permiten plantear hipótesis de contextualización de conjuntos tanto mobiliares como parietales para los que no se disponga de información cronológica.