Lung Inflammation

The pathophysiological sequelae of oxidative/nitrosative stress are notoriously difficult to quantify. Despite these impediments, the medical significance of oxidative/nitrosative stress has become increasingly recognized to the point that it is now considered to be a component of virtually every disease. The level of oxidative stress can be quantified in blood by the measurement of the increase in glutathione disulfide (GSSG)

The purpose of this study was to detect lung cancer from CT-Scan images using the deep learning (DL) method, namely Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a deep learning neural network that has mimicked the network functions of the human brain. CNN is one of the deep learning algorithms which is a multi layer perceptron (MLP) development which is designed to process data, so that it can be used to detect and recognize an object in an image. The study was conducted by training the model on 2000 CT-Scan images by varying the epoch three times and giving a learning rate of 0.0001 for each variation. It can be seen that the greater the epoch given, the higher the accuracy obtained but it takes a long time. So that the best results given by the model are found in variation III with an accuracy value of 98.50%.

Inflammation is a biological process in response to infection, injury, or irritation. The increasing incidence and impact of inflammatory diseases have encouraged the search for new pharmacological strategies to face them. Jatropha curcas L. has been traditionally used as anti-inflammatory diseases, antipyretic, and wound healing. Therefore, we aimed to present a review regarding the current knowledge of the anti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha curcas L. This review provides the evidence in the literature of the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Jatropha curcas L. from 2010 to August 2020. Three bibliographical databases were used as information sources (PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar). The search terms were "Anti-inflammatory" OR "Antiinflammatory" OR "Inflammation" AND "Jatropha curcas." A total of 9 studies were included in this paper based on our eligibility criteria with 5 in vitro studies, and 4 in vivo studies performed to substantiate the anti-inflammatory. This review has demonstrated the importance of Jatropha curcas L. as the potential for the natural anti-inflammatory. The bioactivities of Jatropha curcas L. are exhibited through the downregulation of different types of inflammatory mediators. Jatropha curcas L. has been reported to be able to inhibit the activity of nitric oxide production, reduce edema, and reduce the recruitment of neutrophils.

After more than two decades of research into phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitors, roflumilast (3-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-difluoromethoxy-N-[3,5-di-chloropyrid-4-yl]-benzamide) may become the first agent in this class to be approved for patient treatment worldwide. Within the PDE family of 11 known isoenzymes, roflumilast is selective for PDE4, showing balanced selectivity for subtypes A-D, and is of high subnanomolar potency. The active principle of roflumilast in man is its dichloropyridyl N-oxide metabolite, which has similar potency as a PDE4 inhibitor as the parent compound. The long half-life and high potency of this metabolite allows for once-daily, oral administration of a single, 500-microg tablet of roflumilast. The molecular mode of action of roflumilast--PDE4 inhibition and subsequent enhancement of cAMP levels--is well established. To further understand its functional mode of action in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), for which roflumilast is being developed, a series of in vitro and in vivo preclinical studies has been performed. COPD is a progressive, devastating condition of the lung associated with an abnormal inflammatory response to noxious particles and gases, particularly tobacco smoke. In addition, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), significant extrapulmonary effects, including comorbidities, may add to the severity of the disease in individual patients, and which may be addressed preferentially by orally administered remedies. COPD shows an increasing prevalence and mortality, and its treatment remains a high, unmet medical need. In vivo, roflumilast mitigates key COPD-related disease mechanisms such as tobacco smoke-induced lung inflammation, mucociliary malfunction, lung fibrotic and emphysematous remodelling, oxidative stress, pulmonary vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension. In vitro, roflumilast N-oxide has been demonstrated to affect the functions of many cell types, including neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. These cellular effects are thought to be responsible for the beneficial effects of roflumilast on the disease mechanisms of COPD, which translate into reduced exacerbations and improved lung function. As a multicomponent disease, COPD requires a broad therapeutic approach that might be achieved by PDE4 inhibition. However, as a PDE4 inhibitor, roflumilast is not a direct bronchodilator. In summary, roflumilast may be the first-in-class PDE4 inhibitor for COPD therapy. In addition to being a non-steroid, anti-inflammatory drug designed to target pulmonary inflammation, the preclinical pharmacology described in this review points to a broad functional mode of action of roflumilast that putatively addresses additional COPD mechanisms. This enables roflumilast to offer effective, oral maintenance treatment for COPD, with an acceptable tolerability profile and the potential to favourably affect the extrapulmonary effects of the disease.