Latin American and Caribbean History

I propose a rich theoretical understanding on Afro-Latino student development based on critical race theory, culturally responsive pedagogy and practice. Addressing racial disparities is about engaging students thereby making their lives better. I believe that creating Afro-Latino pedagogy will create a community of practice in which inquiry is a cornerstone of continuous student self-redefinition through improvement in culturally responsive systems.
We need educators to get involved with Afro-Latino students, our history and the way we occupy space in the Americas in order to address this gap in education.

This paper will provide an overview of the fundamental changes that the cruise ship business has undergone with the emergence of capitalist globalization and in the context of the Caribbean region. Rising profits and investments in tourism during the later decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century have been an important part of the globalizing economy. This has been a consequence of both the major technological and organizational developments of global capitalism, but also, and most importantly, of the global system's changing social and class relations. The shifting social relations and productive activities that undergird the cruise ship business have meant gains for some involved, most especially, transnational capitalists, and exploitative and contradictory dynamics for many others. Annually millions of tourists from high consuming sectors worldwide partake in brief holiday escapes aboard cruise ship vessels. At the same time, the cruise ship business has become an oligopoly, controlled by a handful of large companies, that has driven many competitors out of business or acquiried them. Labor in the business has become more flexibilized, with low-wage workers (from a variety of nationalities) whose activities are increasingly standardized, monitored and micro-managed. While moving away from indicative development planning (with an eye to national goals), state policymakers in the Caribbean, for their own social reproduction, increasingly promote the interests of transnational capital such as with the cruise ship business. Importantly, labor and environmental protections have been stymied as the cruise ship companies, adept at public relations and skirting regulations, remain largely unaccountable.

This article contributes to the reassessment of Scottish history and identity in light of the recovery of its connections with black Atlantic issues such as slavery and empire. The ‘paradox’ of the national bard seeking employment as a book-keeper on Jamaica remains an uncomfortable area for modern Scotland. This article considers Burns's biographical and textual (dis-)entanglement with the Caribbean in relation to the subsequent competition over his memory. It reads Robert Burns as a lieu de mémoire (Pierre Nora) that opens up a conflicted account of the nature of free labour ideology, slavery and abolition in the late eighteenth century.

If, according to turn-of-the-twentieth-century observers, black Puerto Ricans were destined to become racially white in a few generations, how did 12.4 per cent of the population manage to remain black in 2010? And how did they survive in the face of both national and everyday forms of racism? How is the persistence and even increase in black identity in Puerto Rico supported? This article argues that there is a covert and largely unexplored social current at work in regard to how black Puerto Ricans live and reproduce their blackness. This is the desire to maintain and celebrate blackness. Using ethnographic data gathered during nearly two decades, the article illustrate that many Puerto Ricans have chosen not to engage in blanqueamiento, instead affirming their blackness, marrying within their communities, and valuing their own cultural practices and beliefs.

"Guavas for Dummies, American Jíbaras, & Postnational Autonomy: When I Was Puerto Rican in the Hemispheric Turn" (2019) re-engages this text after I taught it in Puerto Rico four years. In this 2009 essay, Santiago’s memoir is said to bridge U.S. and Caribbean lit. WIWPR begins with a remembered Puerto Rico, and ends in the author’s adulthood in the USA. Studying Santiago’s text within a trajectory of immigrant narratives familiarizes the text to readers who are often processing their own entries into the US / its cultural orbit. This essay examines Santiago’s representation of jibaros, a subculture whose place in in Puerto Rico parallels the conflicted relationship many Jamaicans have with Rastafarians. Also, the theme of “Translating and Resisting Imperialism” is developed through a close reading of the chapter “The American Invasion of MacÚn.” Santiago’s treatment of gender roles in her family is also explored.

The telecom regulator in Guyana, with the backing of the Government, introduced competition in the mobile market sector in the year 2006. However, the fixed-line market and the international telecom sector in Guyana has been dominated by a 40-year (monopoly) license that holds exclusivity over landline voice, data connectivity (internet) and international voice and data access.
The telephone company, GT&T has, over its life, made contributions to the national economy while creating the opportunity for its own expansion and growth as well as the international expansion of its parent company.
This quantitative correlational study analyzed the results of a web based and face-to-face survey to quantify the value of the telecoms monopoly (i.e. fixed-line market and international telecom sector) to Guyana, a developing country.
This research found that there is no significant relationship between telecom monopoly in the country and Guyana’s economy. The study has shown that the impact of liberalization will neither negatively impact the economic well-being of the national economy of Guyana nor that of the incumbent, GT&T.
This study also supported the hypothesis that there is significant impact of telecoms market liberalization on the satisfaction of the telecoms subscribers in Guyana. The study further concluded that there is significant difference in the satisfaction experienced from telecom services between the male population and the female population of Guyana.
This study also concludes that customers’ acceptance of and satisfaction with liberalization is directly correlated to their satisfaction with the company’s products, its customer care and quality of service – which are usually the factors that influence customers’ willingness to pay higher prices with the converse being true for lower prices.

The focus of this article is the hagiographies and novenas to San Benito de Palermo that circulated in the territories of New Spain, most of which were produced locally in the 18th and 19th centuries. While these devotional books can be used as a means of taking the measure of official holiness during the years of their publication, upon closer analysis this body of religious literature reveals the virtues and attributes of this Sicilian Saint that descended upon, among others, people of African descent. For this reason, the discussion surrounding his «skin color» constituted the principal obstacle against which this Negro Franciscan found himself struggling constantly. In the final section, the paper highlights the role of the Franciscans in New Spain during the colonial period in America as the community that, through the medium of the printing press, most strongly promoted the cult of this illustrious figure.

For Puerto Ricans, World War I provided the opportunity to test and challenge the linkages between military service, manhood, citizenship and decolonization.  During the war Puerto Rican political leaders, elected officials, and opinion makers sought to advance the socio-economic and political standing of their communities by demanding access to, and encouraging participation in the U.S. military.  In particular, Puerto Rican elites were interested in mobilizing the Puerto Rican peasantry thinking that training would transform them into modern men worthy of self-determination in the eyes of the metropolis.

Generations of scholars have studied the multifaceted experiences of the Franciscans in Mexico and how the Franciscan order shaped New Spain and the early Mexican republic. Recent scholarship has given long-overdue attention to the evangelized natives. Most of these works focus on a specific region or period, or on a particular aspect of Franciscan ministries in New Spain. A comprehensive account of the Franciscans in Mexico over the long term has been missing, until now.

This book analyzes the Franciscans’ engagement with native peoples, creole populations, the viceregal authorities, and the Spanish empire as a whole in order to offer a broad picture of Catholic evangelization in North America while keeping the Franciscans at the center of the story. Published in 2021, during commemoration of the quincentenary of the Spanish—and thus the Franciscan—presence in Mexico, the book brings together the research of junior and senior scholars from Mexico, Spain, and the United States on the long-enduring and far-reaching Franciscan presence in Mexico.

Who was Catalina de Erauso, the Lieutenant Nun? Swashbuckler, brawler, hard-headed businessperson, soldier, gallant, celebrity, transvestite, nun? How can one fail to be fascinated by her? A woman, yet a man; a soldier, yet a nun; Spanish, yet Basque. Catalina de Erauso embodied the contradictions and conflicts of the Early Modern Period, but she also transcended them in her own way. She became a stage on which we see how tensions between different identities played out in sixteenth-and seventeenth-century Spain, particularly the tensions between two sexual identities, male and female, and between the competing and multiple national "identities" already defined and being defined within that new thing that was "Spain." This book explores the different facets of Erauso's persona: her sexual identity and the factors that determined her choice of gender roles; and her Basque origin and its impact on her life and her self-image.

This article analyzes how khipus, Andean knotted cords for communication, indicated their subject matter.  Spanish chroniclers attested to the existence of different genres of khipus; however, scholars have not known how or if khipus indicated the genre of data they stored.  Ethnographic testimony reveals that needlework bundles -- kaytes -- attached to primary cords served as subject indicators.  This article surveys post-Inka kaytes, examining one from colonial Huarochiri through an interdisciplinary methodology that provides a model for kayte interpretation.  This new evidence about subject indicators supports the hypothesis that khipus encoded information through hierarchical levels of significance.

Spanish American countries exhibited during the nineteenth century many of the features Koselleck associated with the Sattelzeit, the transitioning period into our contemporaneity. However, the region's history was marked by social instability and political upheaval, and contemporaries referred to such experiences of time as precarious. In this article I explore the connection between this precarious time and the emergence of the sociopolitical concept of morality in New Granada (present-day Colombia) during the fi rst thirty -fi ve years of the republic (1818–1853). I focus on two conceptual moments as exemplifi ed by the refl ections put forth by Simón Bolívar (1783–1830), military and political leader of the independence period, and José Eusebio Caro (1817–1853), publicist, poet, and political ideologue of the Conservative Party.

Para celebrar os cem anos da independência do Brasil, o governo de Epitácio Pessoa organizou a Exposição do Centenário, realizada no Rio de Janeiro entre setembro de 1922 e julho de 1923. Um sucesso, a exposição atraiu mais de três milhões de visitantes e vários expositores estrangeiros.

At the end of the nineteenth century, Brazil, Mexico, and Peru were among the countries participating in the most important world's fairs in Europe and North America. These mass gatherings focused on national self-images as well as technological development and commodities, but the Latin American exhibition organizers also understood them to be transnational spaces that contributed to the mobility of persons, objects, and knowledge. In this context, the scientific display of pre-Columbian 'antiquities' was regarded as being as important as the participation in archaeological and anthropological congresses. By understanding the world's fairs as 'spaces of global knowledge', this article highlights the agency of Latin American scientists, intellectuals, and collectors in the transnational endeavour to create a 'Latin American antiquity' at the fairgrounds. Although most fair attendees sought to study and display the pre-Columbian past in an objective manner, the older dream of reconstructing the splendour of America's ancient civilizations never completely vanished.

This essay examines the historiography of international exhibitions, seen as geopolitical phenomena of modernity to which are associated the rise of middle classes, nationalist and colonialist movements, as well as an exhibitionary network connecting distinct spaces and times. Most of the recent studies analyses the repertoire and the pattern associated to these expositions, and their relationship with political, economic, social and cultural issues. This study stresses, among ongoing approaches, the Latin American work – still barely visible or integrated into a field which is already consolidated –, and suggests how its visibility can be improved.

Este trabajo pone en relieve una labor desempeñada por la Sociedad de Amigos de la Educación Popular (SAEP) que, si bien no es desconocida, tampoco ha recibido suficiente atención por parte de historiadores y académicos. Se trata de los esfuerzos traductores desplegados por los integrantes de la SAEP en su celo por introducir en el Estado Oriental del Uruguay nuevas e innovadoras ideas en cuanto a la educación y su función social. El trabajo contextualiza esta labor dentro del papel histórico de la traducción en el continente americano, para luego dar paso la descripción de los esfuerzos traductores llevados a cabo por los primeros integrantes de la SAEP. Para ello el trabajo presta especial atención a ciertos textos redactados originalmente en inglés y su apropiación por parte de los traductores que los pusieron en castellano. Todo esto facilita llegar a ciertas conclusiones sobre la función de la traducción en la reforma educativa y el gran mérito detrás de estas traducciones.

Caballeros del Mar es una obra que trata sobre el pasado y el pre-sente de uno de los pueblos indígenas del nororiente sudamericano y sus islas, los Guaiquerí, y consecuentemente sobre el pasado y presente de las islas de Margarita, Coche y Cubagua, así como, parte de la costa de tierra firme que va del Golfo Paria al Golfo de Cariaco. Esta obra se construye a partir de un enfoque multimétodos que incluye investigación de fuentes documentales en el archivo, análisis de colecciones arqueológicas e historia oral, los cuales se entrelazan en proporciones variables a lo largo de los 12 capítulos que lo componen.

Los acuerdos tomados por los gobiernos de Raúl Castro y Barack Obama, el 17 de diciembre de 2014, aceleran definitivamente los cambios económicos en la isla y tal vez, se reflejarán en su vida política. Esta transformación, sin embargo, aparte de las herramientas estructurales e institucionales, tendrá que disponer de un apoyo de la sociedad. Además del ánimo y de la esperanza por una mejora en la calidad de vida, debería haber lugar para el diálogo, el perdón y la comprensión. Esta reflexión se basa en la diversidad de reacciones que provocó el anuncio del acercamiento cubano-estadounidense.

Entre los propios cubanos, habitantes de la isla, los comentarios fueron muy diversos. Junto a actitudes moderadas o negativas, se escuchan en su gran mayoría frases optimistas, de buena recepción, llenas de alivio, como las expuestas, el mismo 17 de diciembre, en la revista Convivencia (dirigida por Dagoberto Valdés) que “saluda el restablecimiento de las relaciones diplomáticas entre la República de Cuba y los Estados Unidos de América. Deseamos que este clima de diálogo y negociación también se establezca entre el Gobierno de la República de Cuba y la sociedad civil cubana independiente...”. El reconocido cantautor Silvio Rodríguez , por su parte, añadía: “A mis hermanos cubanos a mis abuelos a los que están allá. Dios nos bendiga esto es muy grande”.

Neste artigo abordamos as chamadas escolas internacionalistas criadas na Ilha da Juventude, em Cuba, nos anos 1970, voltadas especialmente para alunos/as estrangeiros/as provenientes de países com os quais o governo cubano possuía relações de solidariedade internacional e interesses de cooperação militar e política. A partir da análise de reportagens do cinejornal cubano Noticiero ICAIC Latino­americano produzidas nos anos 1970 e 80, de testemunhos publicados de ex-alunos/as e do diálogo com a historiografia sobre o tema, buscamos entender as condições em que estudantes, muitos deles/as africanos/as, viveram e estudaram em Cuba, experienciando o que o governo cubano propagava como uma formação revolucionária. Situamos essa experiência no contexto da política educacional implantada após a revolução de 1959, mediante a qual educação e trabalho eram tratados como atividades complementares, amparadas nos princípios de formação do “homem novo”. Constatamos que esse programa de cooperação integrou de forma importante as estratégias de diplomacia internacional cubana, especialmente no tocante às relações com a África. Analisamos, também, algumas implicações advindas dessa presença estrangeira em Cuba, em um contexto de gradual crise econômica proveniente da desintegração da URSS. Texto publicado na revista Varia Historia, e disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/vh/a/w6FCMhdk8NQT46mNcK6XX3G/?lang=pt#.

Hosts the Cluster of Excellence “Beyond Slavery and Freedom”, which aims to overcome the binary opposition of “slavery versus freedom”. For that we approach the phenomenon of slavery and other types of strong asymmetrical dependencies from methodologically and theoretically distinct perspectives.

The Bonn Center for Dependency and Slavery Studies holds the “Dependency and Labor in Latin America” Workshop. The guests are based in Universities in Europe and the Americas, and the papers cover different spaces and periods.

The intention of the Workshop is to stimulate the debate on several aspects of dependency and labor in Latin America. The event has been organized along the following axes: “The Process and Impact of Abolition”, “Social Categorization and Work-related Dependency”, “Migrations, Borderlands, Colonization”, and “Dependencies, Transculture and Labor”.

Presentation: "Mondays at the Square: On the Domestic Mita Service in La Plata, Charcas (Sixteenth-Seventeenth Centuries)".

From the immediate post-independence period to the Great Depression, Colombia went from having a mining-based export sector to being a mono-exporting coffee country. In the meantime, several relatively short export cycles were based on agricultural and forestry products. Although the different export cycles occurred in specific regions that combined different agricultural structures, socio-economic stratifications, and production systems, none of them survived the fall in prices resulting from growing globalization pressures, except in those cases were production could be adapted to forms of production based on peasant workforce. Based on this idea, Ocampo and Colmenares analyze the evolution of exports for a century, and its contribution to industrialization and economic modernization.

In Caribbean Discourse in Inclusive Education, Stacey Blackman and Dennis Conrad respond to traditional notions of inclusive education that omit individuals of African-Caribbean origin and provide a premise for discussing emerging concepts in inclusive
education in the Caribbean context. This premise allows them to move beyond limited notions of inclusive education, such as those that focus exclusively on special education in the region (e.g., Johnstone, 2010). Their comprehensive approach to inclusiveness across countries within the English-speaking Caribbean, emphasis on the complexity of exclusivity as a force that instantiates inclusivity, and explicit focus on special education as an inclusive practice are all elements that allow this book to move discussions of inclusive education forward in ways that reflect a “broad equity agenda for all students” (Waitoller & Artiles, 2013, p. 321).

By employing sugar as a social metaphor, whether in narrative foreground or as backdrop, Caribbean writers confronted the oppressive histories and dark human institutions that arose together with the region’s sugar economy.  This proto-metaphor of sugar appealed to the legacy of a generational psychology as much as it did to a contemporary public conscience over the social travail that the industry generated.

Desde o início da colonização, o trabalho compulsório dos indígenas esteve entre as questões mais debatidas na Espanha e em suas possessões americanas. Nos anos finais do século XVI, os repartimientos, instituição de recrutamento de mão-de-obra nativa, estiveram sob o julgamento de franciscanos e jesuítas. Teólogos dessas duas ordens religiosas foram chamados a dar seus pareceres a respeito da licitude e legitimidade do repartimiento no México. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar e confrontar as duas visões sobre aquela instituição, avaliando e enumerando os seus respectivos argumentos.

Depuis le début de la colonisation, le travail forcé des indigènes a été largement discuté en Espagne et ses possessions américaines. Dans les dernières années du XVIe siècle, les repartimientos, institution de recruter la main-d’oeuvre indigène, ont été examiné et jugés par les jésuites et franciscains. Les théologiens de ces deux ordres religieux ont été invités à donner leurs avis sur la légalité et la légitimité des repartimientos dans le Mexique. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser et de comparer les deux points de vue sur cette institution, en train d’évaluer et d’énumérer leurs arguments respectifs.

Young, poor men and women migrated from the countryside and swelled the ranks of the unemployed and underemployed in Mexico City during the eighteenth century. With this rapid growth in population came an increase in street crime--thefts, assaults, and murders--along with moral crimes--prostitution, adultery, and vagrancy. These transgressions provided a steady flow of inmates to the city's six jails. This pioneering social history of crime and punishment in late colonial Latin America plunges us directly into the daily life and experiences of its lawbreakers. Women typically represented 30 percent of all criminals, and by the eighteenth century concern for their welfare resulted in Mexico City's first attempts at rehabilitation. This Enlightenment-era experiment in social re-education took the form of placing women in separate facilities or in private homes to serve as maids to "respectable" families, which often amounted to little more than exploitation of unpaid laborers. For men, jail was a way-station followed by severe corporal punishment and then years of forced labor. Many male criminals were assigned to clean rubbish-filled streets and open canals of Mexico City. Others went into factories, mines, or military service. All were expendable and frequently died before completing their term of confinement. "A superior work of scholarship."--Colin MacLachlin, Tulane University

La aprobación de la Constitución de 1901 que instauró la República de Cuba privó a las mujeres, tanto blancas como afrocubanas, del derecho a participar en el sistema electoral. En un contexto marcado por la primera ola feminista en los EEUU, las mujeres cubanas fundaron las primeras agrupaciones sufragistas y feministas para crear un estado de conciencia favorable a sus demandas y promover cambios legislativos que favoreciesen su acceso a las instituciones y una mayor igualdad en el código civil. Además de la lucha por el derecho al voto, las mujeres demandaron mayor protección laboral, se movilizaron en campañas educativas y por la paz, crearon ligas benéficas y asistenciales y participaron en los movimientos insurreccionales de 1933 y 1952. Su creciente activismo político y social fue generando entre las mujeres un mayor compromiso con los problemas nacionales y facilitó su expansión hacia el espacio público en los años previos a la revolución y la llegada de la segunda ola femin...