Irrigation Systems Design

Irrigation water conservation methods are strategies for reducing water demand and increasing its availability. This research assessed the level of farmers' awareness and practices of irrigation water conservation methods in Kano State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted in twenty (20) irrigation projects located at various local government area within the state. Structured questionnaire was used in collecting information from the farmers using Kobo collect application and descriptive statistic was used to analyses the data obtained. Based on the result obtained from the survey 85.68% of the respondent's uses dams as their source of irrigation water while 10.59% and 3.73% uses tube well and river as their sources of water, respectively. The survey revealed that 74.12% of the farmers do not experience decline in water supply while 25.88% of farmers encounter shortage of water supply, and this may result from seepage loses, present of weed or siltation of the conveyance canals at the upstream of the schemes. However, about 62.94% of the responded were unaware and do not practice any water conservation techniques while 27.84% and 9.22% were applying manure and rice straw, respectively to conserve moisture as a means of water conservation. It was concluded that the irrigation water conservation is poorly practiced by the farmers in Kano State and it is based on this note that government, water users' associations and other stakeholders should provide a policy that encourage farmers to adopt some water conservation techniques and concepts for optimum utilization of water resource.

Hallel. Carmel. Bezalel

The Exhibitions:
Halel. Carmel Winery
'Judaica Now!':
Goblets and Kiddush Cups
of the Bezalel School

These two exhibitions: "Halel. Carmel Winery" and
"'Judaica Now!': Goblets and Kiddush Cups of the Bezalel
School" focus on two pioneering phenomenon. Both of them,
each one in its own specific field, established a material
and cultural infrastructure for the renewal of the Jewish
settlement in Eretz Israel. The two integrated exhibitions
presented here show the primary aspects where these two
enterprises overlap. The principal point here is the fact that
their produce, wine in Rishon Le‑Zion and art in Bezalel,
symbolized the regenerated Jewish settlement. Moreover,
most of their products were purchased by Jews in the
Diaspora as an emotional gesture of love for Eretz Israel
together with a contribution for the realization of the idea
for its settlement.
The "Halel. Carmel Winery" exhibition tells the story of
the winery from its historical perspective. The winery
symbolized the realization of the dream of settling
Eretz Israel. Thus, it became a source of pride and a center
of attraction for the leaders of the people and the world
who pinned their hopes on it and visited the winery. The
historical exhibition aims to show how innovative the
Rishon Le-Zion winery was during its early years as it was
recognized as the prominent modern agricultural-industrial
plant in the Middle Eastern region. The winery played a key
role in the economic life of Rishon Le-Zion and the Jewish
settlements in the surrounding area. The exhibition displays
its development, achievements, challenges, transitions,
connections with the Diaspora and how it influenced
Rishon Le-Zion and the Yishuv in Eretz Israel. The exhibition
focuses mainly on the first few decades of the winery's
existence which were also the most momentous years in
its history, during which a modern industrial model was
developed leading to a breakthrough in the country.
The Bezalel exhibition 'Judaica Now'!: Goblets and
Kiddush Cups of the Bezalel School"is displayed from the
contemporary artistic standpoint. In this exhibition also
some 48 exhibits of contemporary wine and Kiddush cups,
handmade by artists and designers belonging to the Bezalel
School, are displayed. The philosophy and artistic language
of the School's members, men and women, were apparent as
expressed in the holy vessels and articles. The participants in
this group show had all attended Bezalel either as students
or teachers, some served as department heads. A large
group among these artists later became the elite of leading
Judaica artists, whose creations now enrich the collections of
important museums in Israel and throughout the world.

Curators:
"Hallel. Carmel Winery": Yona Shapira
"'Judaica Now!': Wine goblets and Kiddush cups of the
Bezalel School": Dr. Shirat‑Miriam Shamir, Ido Noy


הלַלֵּ. כרמל. בצלאל
התערוכות:
הַללֵּ. יקב כרמל
'יודאיקה עכשיו!':
כוסות וגביעי יין לקידוש
של אסכולת בצלאל

שתי התערוכות עוסקות בשני מפעלים חלוציים: יקב ראשון־לציון
ובית הספר לאמנויות "בצלאל". שניהם, כל אחד בתחומו, הניחו
תשתית חומרית ותרבותית ליישוב היהודי המתחדש בארץ ישראל.
שתי התערוכות המוצגות במשולב, מציגות את נקודות ההשקה בין שני
המפעלים. העיקרית שבהן היא העובדה שתוצריהם, היין ואמנות בצלאל,
היוו סמל ליישוב היהודי המתחדש ונרכשו על ידי יהודי הגולה כמחווה
רגשית של אהבת ארץ ישראל וכתרומה למען הגשמת הרעיון של
יישובה. היקב מוצג מן הזווית ההיסטורית ואילו בצלאל מוצג מנקודת
מבט אמנותית עכשווית.
היקב היה סמל להגשמת חזון יישוב ארץ ישראל, מקור לגאווה ואבן
שואבת למנהיגי עם ועולם שנשאו עיניהם אליו וביקרו בו. התערוכה
"הלל. יקב כרמל" מבקשת להציג את החדשנות של יקב ראשון־לציון
בשנותיו הראשונות כמפעל תעשיה חקלאית מודרני הבולט במרחב
המזרח התיכון ועומד במרכז חיי הכלכלה של ראשון־לציון ומושבות
הסביבה. בתערוכה מוצגים התפתחותו, הישגיו, אתגריו, גלגוליו,
קשריו עם הגולה והשפעתו על ראשון־לציון ועל הישוב בארץ־ישראל.
עיקר התערוכה עוסק בעשורים הראשונים לקיום היקב שהיו השנים
המשמעותיות בתולדותיו שבמהלכן עוצב בו מודל תעשייתי חדשני
ופורץ דרך בארץ.
התערוכה, "׳יודאיקה עכשיו!׳: כוסות וגביעי יין לקידוש של אסכולת
בצלאל" מציגה 48 גביעי יין וקידוש עכשוויים מעשה ידיהם של אמנים
ומעצבים השייכים לאסכולת בצלאל. מהתערוכה ניבטת תפיסת העולם
ושפתם האמנותית של חברי וחברות האסכולה כפי שאלו מקבלות ביטוי
בתשמישי קדושה. משתתפי התערוכה הקבוצתית, עברו כולם בבצלאל:
בין שלמדו או שלימדו בו או בין שהובילו אותו כראשי המחלקות. חלק
נכבד מאמנים אלה נעשו לאמני היודאיקה המובילים, שיצירותיהם
מעטרות את אוספי המוזיאונים החשובים בישראל ובעולם.

אוצרים:
הלל, יקב כרמל: יונה שפירא
'יודאיקה עכשיו!': כוסות וגביעי יין לקידוש
של אסכולת בצלאל: ד"ר שירת־מרים שמיר ועידו נוי

ABSTRAK Daerah Irigasi Gadungan Lambuk mengairi 23 subak dengan luas fungsional 1.483 Ha, yang berada di Kecamatan Kerambitan dan Kecamatan Selemadeg Kabupaten Tabanan, yang termasuk ke dalam sub wilayah sungai (SWS) 03.01.02. Permasalahan yang terjadi di area studi adalah semakin langkanya ketersediaan air (water scarcity) pada waktu-waktu tertentu dan selain itu di dalam meningkatkan hasil produksi pertanian diperlukan pengelolaan jaringan irigasi yang efektif dan efisien. Dari permasalahan yang muncul maka dirasa perlu melakukan penelitian untuk mengevaluasi kinerja jaringan irigasi Gadungan Lambuk. Hasil penelitian merupakan pedoman untuk meningkatkan manajemen pengelolaan air irigasi secara tepat. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis ketersediaan air irigasi, analisis kebutuhan air irigasi, analisis imbangan air, analisis efisiensi dan efektifitas. Objek penelitian dilakukan pada Daerah Irigasi Gadungan Lambuk di saluran sekunder Gadungan sampai dengan saluran sekunder Lambuk. Dari hasil pengamatan dan analisis terhadap evaluasi kinerja jaringan irigasi Daerah Irigasi Gadungan Lambuk dapat disampaikan beberapa hal yaitu berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan bahwa kondisi eksisting saluran sekunder DI Gadungan dari Bendung Gadungan (BG.1a) s/d Bendung Lambuk (BL.2) masih dalam kondisi yang cukup baik. Tetapi ada beberapa bagian saluran yang mengalami kerusakan dikarenakan lubang yang dibuat secara illegal oleh oknum petani. Imbangan air (water balance) pada DI Gadungan Lambuk untuk setiap periode terjadi fluktuasi debit yang sangat signifikan dimana dalam setahun terjadi surplus sebesar 23,3818 m 3 /dt dan defisit sebesar 16,4897 m 3 /dt. Untuk tingkat efektifitas jaringan irigasi sebesar 96,68% yang berarti tingkat efektifitas jaringan irigasi Daerah Irigasi Gadungan memiliki kinerja yang baik karena dari seluruh target area yang akan diairi hanya ada sekitar 3,32% saja yang tidak terairi. Sedangkan untuk tingkat efisiensi saluran irigasi primer, diperoleh efisiensi rata-rata saluran primer Gadungan Lambuk sebesar 81,684%. Jika dibandingkan dengan kondisi normal efisiensi untuk saluran primer yaitu 90% maka irigasi ini masih cukup efisien tingkat penyalurannya namun perlu ada peningkatan dengan cara perbaikan-perbaikan di beberapa bagian saluran.

Most available water resources in the world are used for agricultural irrigation. Whilst this level of water use is expected to increase due to rising world population and land use, available water resources are expected to become limited due to climate change and uneven rainfall distribution. Recycled stormwater has the potential to be used as an alternative source of irrigation water and part of sustainable water management strategy. This paper reports on a study to investigate whether a sustainable urban drainage system (SUDS) technique, known as the pervious pavements system (PPS) has the capability to recycle water that meets irrigation water quality standard. Furthermore, the experiment provided information on the impact of hydrocarbon (which was applied to simulate oil dripping from parked vehicles onto PPS), leaching of nutrients from different layers of the PPS and effects of nutrients (applied to enhance bioremediation) on the stormwater recycling efficiency of the PPS. A ...

The aim of the paper is to determine the best agricultural production planning in the territory of Agios Athanasios irrigation network, which is located in the northern region of Greece. The goal is to determine the minimum possible usage of the available water resources. This aim can be accomplished by combining economic science and hydrology for the development of a suitable method. In this paper the proposed method is based on a linear programming model, which gives the optimal cropping patterns of the irrigation area. The records of annual flow, irrigated areas, crop water requirements, evapotranspiration and effective rainfalls of the region were used for this application. The constraints were formulated taking into consideration several economic factors such as water costs, production costs and agriculture prices. Results showed that the proposed linear programming model gives the optimum crop pattern for the region, obtaining the highest profit both for the ...

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of applying different irrigation levels and soil mulches on vegetative growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) valor cultivar. The experiment was carried out during two successive seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 under open field conditions in El-Bossily farm, Agricultural Research Center, El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. The experimental design was split plot and consisted of three irrigation levels as main plots and three soil mulches as sub-plots with three replicates. Drip irrigation was practiced at 50, 75 and 100% of irrigation requirements (IR). The soil mulches consisted of black (PE-B) and transparent (PET) polyethylene as well as rice straw (RS). In both seasons, the application of different irrigation levels and mulch treatments affected significantly potato vegetative growth, tuber yield and nutrients content (N, P and K). The use of PE-B mulch resulted in significantly higher values of plant height, number of leaves, canopy fresh and dry weight per potato plant. Increasing IR of potato from 50% to 100% enhanced total and marketable yield. The highest WUE was obtained under PE-B mulch followed by RS and both of them were superior compared to the PET and bare soil. Regarding the interaction between irrigation and mulching treatments, the highest vegetative and tuber yield were obtained by PE-B treatment combined with 100% IR. However, the highest WUE was obtained by 75% IR combined with PE-B mulch.