International Strategy

In June 2016, the European Union launched its new ‘Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy’. In less unusual times, it would have been received as merely the latest iteration of the main tenets and ambitions of EU external action, this time with an enhanced dose of pragmatism to respond to a more challenging international environment. However, with the contours of ‘Brexit’ becoming clearer and the start of the Trump Presidency in the United States, the EU’s Global Strategy has acquired a whole new level of significance. This paper argues that while meant to express a largely uncontroversial consensus, it now needs to be recontextualized as a distinctive vision in the face of trends of anti-globalism and Euroscepticism. This concerns in particular its emphasis on rules-based global governance. Challenged by both President Trump ‘America First’ policy and the British government’s course for a ‘hard Brexit’, the Global Strategy represents a blueprint and rallying point for a continued pursuit of a liberal world order based on the rule of law.

Yeni savaşlar tartışmasından yola çıkarak Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemde karşımıza çıkan farklı çatışma türevleri, bunların dinamikleri, etkilenen aktörler ve ortaya çıkan sonuçlar, vaka etüdü çalışmalarıyla, bu derleme kitap çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Vekalet savaşlarından hibrit savaşlara, siber güvenlik tartışmalarından özel askeri şirketlere değin yeni savaşlar tartışmasının birçok farklı boyutu bu kitap çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.

Esta obra nasce, inegavelmente, daquele que vem sendo considerado o mais emblemático caso de lawfare da atualidade: a persecução penal contra o ex-presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
Disso resultam aspectos positivos e negativos. Por um lado, tem- se acesso a um extraordinário universo empírico que, a um só tempo, inspira e confirma hipóteses teóricas. Por outro lado, entretanto, em função da repercussão do caso e das disputas políticas, comerciais e geopolíticas a ele subjacentes, o debate teórico é frequentemente interditado por distorções e vulgarizações.
O lawfare não é um mero rótulo, nem um modismo e muito menos um joguete a serviço de determinada ideologia política. Trata-se, em verdade, de um fenômeno complexo, multifacetado e que ocupa um lugar central na reflexão sobre as combalidas democracias constitucionais contemporâneas, na medida em que é capaz de solapar, de um só golpe, o princípio majoritário e o Estado de Direito.
Também se enganam aqueles que pensam que o lawfare se restringe ao domínio político, confundindo-o com o tema do ativismo judicial.
Como veremos ao longo desta obra, o lawfare pode vitimar todo e qualquer sujeito de direito e, aliás, não faltam casos contra grandes grupos empresariais.
A literatura especializada, por sua vez, tem oscilado, via de regra, entre análises circunscritas a apenas alguns ângulos do fenômeno ou amplos estudos de casos. Eis a razão pela qual empreendemos um grande esforço para oferecer, ainda que de maneira introdutória, um quadro teórico abrangente do tema, aplicável à multifária e contingente forma mediante a qual o lawfare se apresenta na realidade.
Não nos anima, naturalmente, mero diletantismo. Neste momento histórico decisivo, em que se colocam em xeque conquistas civilizatórias inegociáveis, urge desvelar o fenômeno do lawfare e também indicar os meios de enfrentá-lo, de modo a restabelecer o verdadeiro significado do Direito. É exatamente isso que a querida leitora e o querido leitor encontrarão nas páginas deste livro.

The period when corporate social responsibility (CSR) only referred to corporate philanthropic donations has passed. Present day CSR is intimately intertwined with sustainable development, and its growth in the last several decades has been evident in Canada. The recent appearance of “hybrid” corporate legal structures on the international stage marks a growing trend toward enabling the dual pursuit of economic and social mandates for businesses. It suggests that the next significant stage in the CSR movement will be in the reformation and creation of corporate legal models that not only enable, but require, CSR concepts to be embodied within corporate governance practices.

While the US shareholder primacy model is often presumed to be the model that is dominant in modern Canadian corporations, this presumption is flawed. This article identifies some of the fundamental legal features that set Canada apart from US shareholder primacy, and attempts to demarcate a path for Canada to attain transformational corporate governance through its laws. The term “transformational” is borrowed from the business sector to help identify a tangible goal for corporate governance reform in Canada. Highlights include having a sustainable purpose, long term vision, and multi-stakeholder collaboration. Canada is poised to become a leader in corporate governance reform on two fronts: through the reformation of its existing laws regulating mainstream corporate governance practices, and in the creation of hybrid laws that can meet growing demands to legally house and govern social purpose businesses and enterprises.

There has been much fanfare surrounding the possible implementation of a hybrid similar to the US “benefit corporation” in Canada in order to address growing for-profit sector needs to pursue social value in addition to profit-making. However, some of the fundamental legal characteristics within the benefit corporation actually parallel existing common laws in Canada regarding mainstream corporate governance practices. Canada does not need to adopt American solutions to American problems. During these formative years of Canada’s corporate legal development, it is critical that the nation’s progressive legal stance is properly understood and taken into account when establishing hybrid laws so as not to confuse and/or jeopardize that stance. An ongoing stream of thoughtful and intelligent commentary is needed to address and advance Canadian corporate legal needs for social progress, as well as the establishment of innovative new hybrid laws that can bridge the gap between for-profit and non-profit sectors.

The article attempts a comprehensive review of the human security concept in order to question its utility for both research and policy-making. It notes the term’s interdisciplinary and extensively normative content that have facilitated its evolution into a successful security discourse. On the other hand, human security’s wide appeal has as a side-effect an extended conceptual polysemy inhibiting the cumulation of knowledge and the development of a relevant theory. Absence of conceptual clarity has also complicated its policy implementation. The article attempts to break the deadlock and move the debate forward by using the work of John Gerring and Paul A. Barresi on concept formation as an organizing device.

Call your parlamentarians, Write to the Social Ministries, Informthe local TV and radios, Invite the Newspaeprs to interviews. Comunication, Confidence, Colaboration Coordination, basis for Social Networking Promoter, Positive, Proactive basis for transfoemational leadership.  Communications platform is the unique consequence in this opportunities. Codimusas now, Right to Health for Latinamerica. The Americas caucus against TB is an opportunity and in Peru th flags are on Advocacy and Accountability. Social communication and Community mobilization has begun. Against corruption Against inequity For health and peace.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to comprehensively explore marketing issues for foreign industrial companies of large, small and medium size entering emerging markets (EMs), particularly transition economies in Eastern Europe. The vast majority of current studies about emerging markets focus only on defining suitable strategies related to large consumer goods corporations.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopted a multiple case study approach. Five Italian companies belonging to different business-to-business industries that have entered emerging countries in Eastern Europe were selected for investigation.

Findings
Empirical analysis uncovered recurring issues related to: institutional factors causing market uncertainty and instability; difficulties in building a sales network; a need for product adaptation to guarantee satisfactory performance; choices related to communication, branding and trade fairs; and considerations about competition and first mover advantage. Results can be interpreted as an extension of the analysis of institutional voids by Khanna and Palepu (1997).

Research limitations/implications
The study is based on the analysis of five case studies of companies operating in specific emerging markets, namely in Eastern Europe Countries (EEc) Further research based on different samples and different emerging countries is needed before generalizing results.

Practical implications
The study shows that the main institutional void affecting business-to-business companies entering emerging markets (EEc) is the lack of locally developed sales and after-sales networks. This institutional void slows the entry process of business-to-business companies in EMs. Given these constraints, from the perspective of business-to-business SMEs, it may be fruitful to pursue niche positioning in EMs.

Originality/value
The study analyzes emerging markets opportunities and entry strategies from the business-to-business marketing perspective, uncovering the most critical issues.

최근의 경제문제를 해결하는 핵심정책으로 고용창출의 중요성이 크게 부각되면서 해외 생산기지를 국내로 되돌려 해외고용을 줄이고, 국내고용을 늘려야 한다는 주장이 대두되고 있다. 그러나 국내고용과 해외고용은 제로섬(Zero-sum) 관계가 아닌 포지티브섬(Positive-sum) 관계에 있다. 본 논문은 삼성전자 휴대폰 부문 사례연구를 통해 이와 같은 관계를 입증하였다. 이는 근본적으로 경쟁구도가 바뀌었기 때문이다. 오늘날의 경쟁체제 하에서는 국내에서 대기업과 중소기업이 서로 경쟁하는 것이 아니라 글로벌 차원에서 ‘대기업과 중소협력업체들’이 ‘다른 대기업과 관련 중소협력업체들’과 경쟁하는 것이 더 일반적이기 때문이다. 예를 들어, 휴대폰 사업에서 삼성전자와 국내의 중소업체가 경쟁하는 것이 아니라 삼성전자는 애플과 기술 및 디자인 측면에서, 그리고 삼성전자의 협력업체는 애플의 협력업체와 인건비 및 제조기술 측면에서 경쟁하고 있다. 즉, 삼성전자와 협력업체는 서로 협력하면서 하나의 시스템으로 운용되고 있으며, 이 전체 시스템이 커짐에 따라 삼성전자와 협력업체 모두 고용을 늘리면서 성장하고 있다. 본 연구는 삼성전자의 휴대폰 부문 사례를 통하여 국제화 전략에 대한 올바른 이해를 도모하면서 기업과 국가경제정책의 올바른 방향성에 대한 시사점을 제시하였다.

Xymedix, Inc. is a supplier of in-vitro medical testing located in California. The company’s objective is to provide high-quality medical testing in the United States and worldwide. In February 2020, Xymedix’s s management faced challenges from the COVID-19 pandemic, including customers shifting demand, lack of raw material, changing laws and regulations, and new competitors. To solve Xymedix’s s lack of operational performance and market position loss, this comprehensive paper is designed to conduct a change management process based on Porter’s competitive theoretical framework. I performed various analyses to examine the company status quo, identify the issue, recognize the need for change, design, planning for a change, implement the change, and evaluate the change to resolve its problem in the organizational change framework. This comprehensive paper describes how I led a change in business operations using the SWOT analysis, Porter's Competitive advantage, the SPELIT power matrix, McKinsey 7-S, and eight-step Kotter accelerators change models. I also used the balanced scorecard model to evaluate the change process. This paper provides practitioners and researchers with Porter’s theory’s implications based on the corporate change models. This document summarizes the overall process and includes thoughts on the importance of theoretical foundations and models for complex change initiatives.

On peut comprendre la soft law en distinguant le caractère obligatoire des règles de leur force contraignante. Des exemples pris du droit économique international montrent qu’on ne peut pas simplement qualifier les règles de «contraignantes» ou «non contraignantes». La contrainte existe toujours «dans une certaine mesure», dont l’évaluation est une des missions politiques du juge.
Ainsi,  l’analyse  de  la  jurisprudence  de  la  Cour  de  justice  des  Communautés européennes relative à l’invocabilité du droit de l’OMC, plus particulièrement à son caractère  «inconditionnel»,  révèle  l’existence  d’une  politique jurisprudentielle modulant la force contraignante des règles juridiques.
D’autre part, les références à des textes de soft law présentes dans les Accords de l’OMC relatifs aux mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires (SPS) et aux obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC) sont un exemple de « reprise » de la soft law par le droit positif et, dès lors, de modification de la contrainte dont il est assorti. De nouveau, cette contrainte dépend en grande partie de l’appréciation du juge.

This paper investigates the effect of eco-labeling on rental rates, sale prices and occupancy rates. The consensus emerging from previous studies appears to be that investors in and occupiers of eco-labeled buildings obtain a bundle of benefits related to lower operating costs, reputation benefits and productivity higher. In this study, a hedonic model is used to test whether the presence of an eco-label has a significantly positive effect on rental rates, sale prices and occupancy rates of commercial office buildings in the US. The results suggest that office buildings with Energy Star or LEED eco-labels obtain rental premia of approximately 3–5%. Dual certification produces an additive effect with rental premia estimated at 9%. Respective sale price premia for Energy Star and LEED labeled office buildings are 18% and 25%. The sale price premium for dual certification is estimated at 28–29%. An occupancy premium could not be confirmed for LEED labeled office buildings and only a small positive occupancy premium was found for Energy Star.► Eco-labeling premiums are tested in rents, prices & occupancy of US office buildings. ► Energy Star or LEED commands a 3–5% rental premium, 9% for dual certified buildings. ► Sale price premium is 18% and 25% for Energy Star and LEED, 28–29% for dual certified. ► No occupancy premium for LEED buildings but a small positive effect for Energy Star.

" The impediments in the level of productivity of most organizations are ever increasing due to several factors, yet the management is saddled with the responsibility of achieving corporate objectives and goals attainment. Amidst this dilemma, comes the role of a strong organizational culture orientation among employees and managers. Over the years, organizational culture has been described as an embodiment of norms, shared values, beliefs and assumptions; it is therefore fundamental to employees and managers behaviour at work and this in turn influence their level of productivity. Hence, this study seeks to identify the different organizational culture types and their significance in organizational productivity. The respondents included a sample of 212 people drawn from a population of 475. A total number of 152 questionnaires were collected and analysed using the SPSS pearson correlation analysis. Findings revealed that market culture has a significant relationship with effectiveness and this implies that the efforts put in place by organizations in a bid to improve their market share translates into higher productivity levels. This was revealed at r=0.489, sig. level 0.19, p < 0.001 However, findings also revealed that the relationship between hierarchy culture and efficiency is weak and not statistically significant at r=0.328, sig. level 0.005,p < 0.001. This suggests that the hierarchy culture does not facilitate effective productivity among employees. The relationship between clan culture and efficiency revealed that efforts concentrated towards building relationship among employees such as reward for team efforts or success has a positive impact on organizational productivity at level r=0.778, sig. level 0.341,p < 0.001. The researcher recommended openness in communication to managers. Further recommendation includes managers to adequately reward employees for creativity at work especially when productivity is increased through innovation " .

This paper explores the relationship between tourism and the challenges of governance in the Arctic region. Recently, both political and academic interest in the Arctic has been on the rise as a result of the increasing geopolitical importance of the region. Changes of the climatic conditions and melting of the Arctic ice caps have resulted in increased access to the “world´s last wilderness”. The increased access and interest are contributing to a growing number of tourists visiting the North. As yearly arrivals continue to rise, a number of problematic issues need to be addressed. This paper reviews the main instruments relevant to the discussion of tourism currently employed in the governance of the Arctic, and critically evaluates the insufficiencies of the current legal framework for Arctic governance and regulation of tourism in the Arctic. It concludes that although tourism in the Arctic has a number of advantages, particularly for the indigenous populations, the current legal and regulatory framework in the region lacks the scope and authority to minimize the potential (and increasing) environmental, economic, and social risks associated with increased tourism and other human activity in the region.

This Impact Report identifies and summarises the diverse impacts, resulting from the £500m of UK funding of Science and Technology in 2013, using numerous quantitative metrics and short case study extracts.  It shows how the varied impacts of a national science and technology organization and its many funded programmes can be annually identified, captured, tracked, and summarised in a public document.

The report was produced for, and by, the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) -  the UK Research Council responsible for funding: (1) all UK astronomy, particle and nuclear physics research, (2) related UK science and technology facilities (e.g. as Harwell and Daresbury), (3) the UK contribution to international science (e.g. CERN, international telescopes and space missions), (4) innovation and business spin-off programmes, and (5) UK public engagement activities.

The Report was co-researched and co-authored by the STFC Impact Team, including myself while Impact Evaluation Manager in 2013, with Dr. Claire Dougan-McCallie (lead author/Head of Impact) and Jenny Beard, with additional input from senior managers, and many data and case study contributions from other key managers across STFC.

Varied key impacts are identified and reported including:

• Research amongst the best (by citation impact) in astronomy, nuclear and particle physics.
• Supported research of 226 Principal Investigators in 70 universities, led to 1,100 peer-reviewed papers in 2012.
• Facilities (the Diamond Light Source, ISIS and CLF) were used in 2012/13 by over 4,200 unique users , in over 2,400 experiments, producing over 1,000 papers in peer-reviewed journals.

• Technology from CERN benefited the UK economy by over £100 billion every year.
• Funding the development of the UK’s space, internet and computer animation industries, returned over £500 billion to the UK economy per annum.
• Funded Innovation Campuses hosted over 230 enterprises and supported over 5,000 jobs.
• UK industry won £43 million in contracts from the international subscriptions funded, and had accumulated a total of £150 million since 2005.

• Funded research inspired future generations to study STEM subjects, attracting 90% of UK undergraduates to study physics, funded 782 PhD students  and 16,800 student training days.
• Between 2009 to 2012 public engagement programmes engaged people on 58 million occasions, with 2 million people engaged in face-to-face activities in 2013 alone.

This chapter proposes a new conceptual framework of university website design as a communication tool in marketing higher education to international students. It provides some perspectives as to why current web advertising may not be an effective marketing strategy and offers a few website design as an effective marketing tool to reach out to international students across the globe. The author proposes that in addition to the standard information on academic programs and tuition fees, university websites could be customized to provide specific information for different regions regarding country affiliations, cultural needs and admission requirements.

Purpose The aim of the research is to analyze sustainability in energy companies in terms of financial innovation, innovation strategy and organizational innovation. Design/methodology/approach The analysis of this research was done by using the Mplus 7 package program, and the research model was tested using the existing latent variables and their expressions. Data from 298 administrative staff (white collar) working in companies operating in the energy sector were analyzed. Findings Both independent and mediation effects of financial innovation and innovation strategy positively affect sustainability performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that in order for sustainability performance to be positive, importance should be given to financial innovation, innovation strategy and organizational innovation activities. Research limitations/implications As the data were collected from energy companies in this research, it is not correct to generalize the evaluations. Therefore, in term...

Note: Plot Politics is now defunct. See second PDF file for the original article.

McDougall outlines eight US traditions of diplomacy and foreign policy, which he identified in the process of reviewing previous conceptions of these and the primary source they drew from. Given my ongoing reflections on US grand strategy [for Plot Politics] and the fact that I am a sucker for attempts at comprehensive thematic frameworks, I thought I would outline and compare the traditions he identified. Thus, as a book summary, this article will take a modest amount of time to read but is certainly shorter than reading the book. While I do not fully agree with some of his characterizations of, or issues with some of these traditions, I do believe that the eight traditions are a valid way of conceptualizing the history of U.S. diplomacy and foreign policy. More importantly, they are invaluable for those attempting understand the many contradictions of U.S. rhetoric and policy. I also throw in my two cents at the end regarding the third century of US diplomacy and foreign policy.

Il ´Cyber Strategy & Policy Brief´ si pone come scopo quello di sensibilizzare ogni mese il vertice politico e i lettori sui temi legati alla cyber-security, analizzando i principali avvenimenti a livello internazionale, al fine di desumere i trend della ‘minaccia cibernetica’ e le lezioni apprese utili alla salvaguardia della nostra sicurezza nazionale.

Le parole chiave di questo numero sono: Active Cyber-Defence, Cina, Cyber Warfare, Deterrenza, GCHQ, Israele, NSA, People’s Liberation Army, Regno Unito, Russia, Stati Uniti, Strategia, U.S. Cyber Command, Ucraina.

This article examines five common misunderstandings about case-study research: (a) theoretical knowledge is more valuable than practical knowledge; (b) one cannot generalize from a single case, therefore, the single-case study cannot contribute to scientific development; (c) the case study is most useful for generating hypotheses, whereas other methods are more suitable for hypotheses testing and theory building; (d) the case study contains a bias toward verification; and (e) it is often difficult to summarize specific case studies. This article explains and corrects these misunderstandings one by one and concludes with the Kuhnian insight that a scientific discipline without a large number of thoroughly executed case studies is a discipline without systematic production of exemplars, and a discipline without exemplars is an ineffective one. Social science may be strengthened by the execution of a greater number of good case studies.

The BlackBerry case study provides an excellent example of the types of challenges global managers face when competing in countries around the world.  BlackBerry’s challenges are very typical for a MNC (Multinational Corporation) and “involve politics, cultural differences, global competition, terrorism, and technology” (Deresky, 2014, p. 4).  In this particular case, BlackBerry must weigh human rights that are provided within their home country (Canada) such as freedom of speech and privacy rights with the cultural norms, values and laws of the countries they are looking to compete in.  The answers to these dilemmas are not black and white and are not easily found in an internationally agreed upon set of standards that all global managers can draw upon.

India’s relation with UAE has flourished since the Federation of UAE in 1971 when trade was the primary source of their relation. From the very beginning, UAE has shown interest in maintaining relation with India as one of the growing and emerging economy throughout the world. India has also been trying to regain International power in whole West Asia which has resulted increasing number of visits of the ministers to UAE, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Palestine. Although, India has engaged with a number of West Asian Countries but established a significant strategic relation with UAE. Relation has further blossomed since the visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to UAE in 2014 and return visit of UAE’s crown Prince to India in 2016 and in 2017 on the occasion of Republic Day. During these visits, many agreements were signed related to security, defence, trade, investment, and infrastructure, combat terrorism as relation has moved towards strategic from bilateral. UAE has assumed chairmanship of India Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) immediately after India; therefore, greater understanding was developed on the maritime issues as well. It is important to note that with shrinking markets in Europe and the USA, UAE is looking towards India for trade and investment. The aim of this paper is to highlight factors and interest of both countries to come closer in region as well in international arena.

Abstract This paper introduces a new dataset from 100 Dutch institutional investors in respect of their domestic and international investments. We focus on institutional investor private equity allocations and provide comparisons to public equity, and show similarities in the determinants of socially responsible investment for different asset classes.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are the most widespread and most reliable international operations in the strategic market. Theoretically, they can respond to a certain amount of conventional goals like creating intrinsic value and performance. Integrating an organizational culture in an M&A process can help top management from both organizations understand cultural differences as fast as possible, in order to reduce consequences. The question remains as to whether we can go from a theoretical case to a practical one and achieve results beyond expectations. In this 2015 study we took into account cultural changes, communicated them to the members going into the process, and demonstrated the fundamental role that organizational culture plays. By comparing several approaches surrounding organizational culture, we conclude that this concept should extended to further perspectives, such as the importance of acculturation, cultural tolerance and organizational identity, all present before, during, and after the M&A process.

This essay aims to clarify the definition of the area of Strategic Studies in what concerns its approach and methodology. The fact that Strategic Studies are not exclusively focused in military problems is underlined. In peacetime competitive reality is much more a “non-armed conflictuality” situation stimulated by political, economic and cultural factors. In this context there is a vivid debate on the interdisciplinary condition of Strategic Studies and its connections with Security Studies and other area studies. Therefore this essay finishes with a proposal for an interdisciplinary framework of Strategic Studies and a strategic logic approach that sees Strategy as a cross-cut phenomenon of social reality used both as science and art by social actors whose goals are the acquisition and consolidation of Power. 
Keywords: strategic studies; competitivity; interdisciplinary convergence; non-armed conflictuality; strategic logics.

The problem of contemporary piracy has led to the rise of a complex organizational field. A myriad of organizations have become active in counter-piracy. This chapter sets out to disentangle the field of counter-piracy. A systematic mapping of the different practices and actors engaged in counter piracy is presented. Counter-piracy activities are captured as organized in different functional streams or categories of practice, including governance, epistemic, military, law enforcement, development stream, and humanitarian streams. The intention behind this mapping is that in the meantime it has become very difficult to navigate through the complex organizational jungle of counter-piracy. Coordinating the diverse counter-piracy actors is an ongoing challenge not the least to avoid contradictory projects, and duplication. It is also important to guarantee a better management of knowledge about piracy and counter-piracy and to ensure that lessons learned by one agency are recognized and considered by another. The chapter reviews over fifty organizations and their contribution to the counter-piracy field.

That talk is never disinterested complicates the relationship between the environment and the claims people make about it. Talk about place, and one's self in it, is particularly complex when the environment poses risk or is otherwise problematized. This study, a secondary analysis of interview data, seeks to extend discursive work on place-identity by examining the ways in which 14 residents of a small English village talk about themselves and their locale. The locale accommodates an active quarry, and many residents had lodged complaints to the quarry about dust, noise and vibrations from blasting. Attention to the interactional context of the interviews illustrates the ways in which (simply) interviewing people about their locale can threaten self- and place-identity. When asked about life in the village, interviewees oriented to two main dilemmas in protecting self- and place-identity: (1) how to justify continued residence in a challenging environment and (2) how to complain about the locale whilst maintaining positive place-identity. Discursive responses to these dilemmas drew upon typical identity processes, such as self- and place distinctiveness and the formulation of out-groups, as well as upon constructions of localized power-sharing and morally obligated tolerance of risk. We suggest that research on problematical places, and of environmental risk, needs to be sensitized to how it may constitute a threat to self- and place-identity, and how this may mediate formulations self and place, as well as of environmental risk.

"Purpose: Our research fulfills three purposes: 1) introduce practitioners to the appropriate use of measures of unethical behavior; 2) evaluate the use of integrity related assessments for use in personnel selection; and 3) determine the validity of the MCI instrument using standard validation procedures.

Methodology: Content, construct, convergent and discriminant approaches are applied to establish the relative validity of the assessment tool.

Findings: The results of the MCI purport to align with one’s moral values and behaviors. We establish face validity of the MCI measure, but fail to establish: 1) an appropriate simple factor structure, 2) convergent validity, 3) discriminant validity, and 4) support for the lack of impact of demographic factors on the purported measure of Moral intelligence.

Research limitations: An acceptable but constrained (working students) sample was used in the validation.

Practical implications: Researchers and practitioners should be familiar with psychometric principles to ensure the use of valid tools in a predictive and defensible manner. New measures can be developed, but should be validated before used for developmental or personnel decision making purposes.

Originality/value: 1) The lack of validity associated with the MCI instrument is established; 2) Researchers and practitioners are exposed to considerations in the appropriate use of measures of unethical behavior, and 3) exposed to several previously validated integrity related assessments for use in personnel decision making."