Hydrodynamics (Physics)

Abstract
Three key improvements to a widely used numerical model for predicting depth-averaged shallow water flows in estuarine and coastal waters are outlined herein. They include the adoption of a new grid layout for calculating friction and viscosity, a new method for simulating flooding and drying processes and a better representation of irregular wall boundaries. Although these improvements are currently implemented in the Depth Integrated Velocities And Solute Transport (DIVAST) model, they can easily be extended to other numerical models in the framework of a finite-difference or finite-volume method on a space-staggered rectangular grid system. Much effort has been made to keep the improvements simple and efficient so that they can be used in long-term and large-area simulations of estuarine and coastal flows. Numerical tests have been undertaken to verify the performance of these refinements for idealised bed forms, different beach configurations and irregular shoreline boundaries. The results show that for all conditions these refinements produce either the same or better results than the original model. Finally, the refined numerical model was used to simulate the tidal flow in a natural coastal basin. On the whole, the predicted variations in the inundation areas and the velocity fields were reproduced more accurately for different stages of the tide. At field measurement sites, the predicted water levels and velocities agreed favourably with the measured data.

Le diagnostic technique est un meilleur moyen pour connaitre, suivre, et gérer l'état d'un système d'alimentation en eau potable, il contient des certains documents facilement accessible, classés et ordonnés d'une façon rationnelle permettent nous donner une vision globale sur le fonctionnement et la gestion de ce système d'alimentation en eau potable. Le diagnostic technique facilite de suivre l'évolution de la production et de la consommation des eaux potables qui varient au cours de la journée et au cours des saisons de l'année irrégulièrement, cet évolution dépend au qualité de comptage et sa méthode qui consiste à placer un compteur, en effet, elle n'a pas pu donner une bonne idée sur le volume consommé réellement à cause des défauts de comptage, afin d'éviter ces défauts et que chercher des données globales concernant le système d'alimentation en eau potable il doit faire des mesures spécifiques à connaitre le fonctionnement général de la production, de la consommation, et du réseau. Enfin ; on donne une appréciation globale sur l'état du réseau ou système et le mode de gestion, et on calcule un certain nombre du paramètre de distribution. En fonction des indications donnés et les résultats on va préciser des opérations qui appliqueront sur le système à court terme ou à long terme, et doit être poursuivi par certains nombre des mesures touchant la gestion et l'exploitation du service des eaux. Le but final est l'amélioration de cette mode de gestion qui sera plus efficace. Le diagnostic technique dans le système d'alimentation en eau potable doit être ajusté pour que ce dernier fonctionne dans la meilleure gestion et le meilleur rendement et avec le volume du débit requis et la bonne qualité des eaux potables. La méthodologie du diagnostic technique consiste à réaliser des analyses de l'existant et des analyses de sécurité et fiabilité pour vérifier et ajuster les enjeux

This work describes advanced numerical aero-hydro-servo-elastic simulations of a floating offshore wind turbine using a multi-body vortex-particle based solver. The floating offshore substructure considered in this study is the spar-buoy as described in Phase IV of the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration (OC3) project [1]. The wind turbine blades and rotor-wake aerodynamics are modeled using the lifting-line theory and particle-mesh approaches, respectively. The wind turbine structure and foundation are modeled using a finite-element and muti-body system approach. Last, hydrodynamics are modeled using
Airy wave theory. To calculate the forces acting on the structure, Morison’s equation is used for the floating spar-buoy. The developed aero-hydro-servo-elastic tool represents a more advanced approach to traditional tools used in industry based on blade-element momentum (BEM) for simulating floating offshore wind turbine performance.

A superluminal quantum-vortex model of the electron and the positron is produced from a superluminal double-helix model of the photon during electron-positron pair production. The two oppositely-charged (with Q = ±e sqrt (2/α) = 16.6e) open-helix spin-½ half-photons compose the double-helix photon. These half-photons separate and curl up their separated superluminal single-helical trajectories to form an electrically-charged superluminal closed-helix spin-½ quantum-vortex electron model and a corresponding positron model. The helical radius and the Dirac equation's zitterbewegung angular frequency of the quantum vortex electron and positron models equal the helical radius and zitterbewegung angular frequency of the two spin-½ half-photons, each of energy E = mc^2 , that composed the double-helix photon model of energy E = 2mc^2 from which the electron and positron models were produced. The photon and electron models are also compatible when a photon of energy E > 2mc^2 produces a relativistic electron-positron pair. Implications of the quantum vortex electron model for electron stability are discussed.

Abstract
Paper hypothesis. 
- There's a light beam its velocity (1.16 mkm/) moves in parallel to Mercury Motion.

Paper Hypotheses Explanation
- Planet Motion be a cover for a light motion found behind. The light motion uses Planet motion data for its own motion.
- The hypothesis creates one more universe in parallel to the universe of matter. And by that, The Planets be similar to ships sail over a sea. But the sea is light motions network.
- The hypothesis uses Mercury Motion as a examination point to prove that a motion of a light beam its velocity (1.16 mkm/s) be behind Mercury Motion. 
- The light motion causes to create the solar system distances in a network form and depends on one geometrical design. Because of that, the solar system distances analysis will prove the light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) existence.
Paper Conclusion
- The Solar System Distances Be Created in a network form and depend on one geometrical design which proves that these distances be created by a motion of a light beam its velocity =1.16 mkm/sec.
Paper Objective
- The paper proves The Light Supposed Velocity (1.16 mkm/sec) Existence.
- This proof disproves automatically Newton Theory Of The Sun Mass Gravity. 
- Because
- The sun rays velocity = 300000 km/sec.
- Where
- The solar system distances prove that they are created by a light beam its velocity =1.16 mkm/sec.
- means,
- The sun light velocity (300000 km/) is created as a side product from the light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s),
- means
- The Sun Is Created After All Solar Planets Creation And Motion
- Which disproves Decisively Newton Theory Of The Sun Mass Gravity.
Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty

3D printers allow researchers to produce parts and concept models rapidly at low-cost and allow rapid prototyping of many designs from the comfort of their desk. 3D printing technologies have been explored for a wide range of applications including robotics, automobile components, firearms, medicine, space, etc. Owing to lower costs and increased capabilities of 3D printing technologies, unprecedented opportunities in the world of oceanography research are being created. Some examples include 3D printed components being employed in autonomous underwater (or surface) vehicles; 3D printed replicas of marine organisms being used to study biomechanics, hydrodynamics, and locomotion; and 3D printed coral reef replicas being used to restore damaged coral reefs. To the author’s knowledge, currently there is no review covering the different 3D printing technologies applied in oceanography studies. Therefore, this review presents a summary of the different 3D printing technologies that have been used in fundamental studies or real-life applications related to oceanography. The diverse range of 3D printing applications in oceanography covered in this review has been categorized under the following sub-topics: Ecological Monitoring & Sample Collection, Hydrodynamics, Biomechanics & Locomotion, Tracking & Surface Studies, and Tangible Coral Props & Coral Reef Restoration. A detailed overview of the 3D printing technologies referred to within this review has been presented, and categorized under the following four general topics: Material Extrusion, Photopolymerization, Powder Bed Fusion, and Construction Printing. The broad impact of plastics on oceans and the specific impact of 3D printing materials on ocean life are also discussed. It is anticipated that this review will further promote the 3D printing technologies to oceanographers for a better understanding and restoration of fragile marine ecosystems.

3D printers allow researchers to produce parts and concept models rapidly at low-cost and allow rapid prototyping of many designs from the comfort of their desk. 3D printing technologies have been explored for a wide range of applications including robotics, automobile components, firearms, medicine, space, etc. Owing to lower costs and increased capabilities of 3D printing technologies, unprecedented opportunities in the world of oceanography research are being created. Some examples include 3D printed components being employed in autonomous underwater (or surface) vehicles; 3D printed replicas of marine organisms being used to study biomechanics, hydrodynamics, and locomotion; and 3D printed coral reef replicas being used to restore damaged coral reefs. To the author’s knowledge, currently there is no review covering the different 3D printing technologies applied in oceanography studies. Therefore, this review presents a summary of the different 3D printing technologies that have been used in fundamental studies or real-life applications related to oceanography. The diverse range of 3D printing applications in oceanography covered in this review has been categorized under the following sub-topics: Ecological Monitoring & Sample Collection, Hydrodynamics, Biomechanics & Locomotion, Tracking & Surface Studies, and Tangible Coral Props & Coral Reef Restoration. A detailed overview of the 3D printing technologies referred to within this review has been presented, and categorized under the following four general topics: Material Extrusion, Photopolymerization, Powder Bed Fusion, and Construction Printing. The broad impact of plastics on oceans and the specific impact of 3D printing materials on ocean life are also discussed. It is anticipated that this review will further promote the 3D printing technologies to oceanographers for a better understanding and restoration of fragile marine ecosystems.

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Inverse fluidization is a technique in which solid particles having lower density
than that of the liquid are kept in suspension by the downward flow of continuous liquid
phase. Inverse fluidization has several advantages such as high mass transfer rates due to
reduced film thickness resulting from rotation due to low inertia, minimum carry over of
coated microorganisms due to less solids attrition, efficient control of bio-film thickness
and ease of re-fluidization in case of power failure. These significant advantages found
many applications of inverse fluidized beds in biochemical processes like ferrous iron
oxidation and aerobic and anaerobic biological wastewater treatment like treatment of
wine distillery wastewater. Even though, the applications of the inverse fluidized bed
technique to industrial processes are fast growing, much information on hydrodynamics,
mass transfer and chemical reaction is not yet available. Two phase (liquid – solid)
inverse fluidized beds are used for anaerobic biological processes due to their high mass
transfer potential.
The studies on the hydrodynamics and mass transfer of two-phase inverse
fluidization were performed only in the last few decades one of the most important recent
applications of inverse fluidized beds is in the field of bioreactor engineering. Inverse
fluidization is used in biotechnology as the basics of a new type of bioreactor, the so
called inverse fluidized bed bioreactor are among the most efficient application for
aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment Penicillin Production and Phenol
degradation.
The inverse fluidization system gained significant importance during the last few
decades in the field of environmental, biochemical engineering, and oil water separation.
The hydrodynamics of the inverse fluidization have been studies by Karamanev
and Nikolov (1996), Ulaganathan and Krishnaiah (1996), Ramos et al. (1998), Banerjee
et al. (1999), Vijaya Lakshmi et al. (2000), and Renganathan and Krishnaiah (2003, 2004,
2007) using water-solid system. They proposed empirical correlations to predict the
minimum inverse fluidization velocity. Fan et al. (1982), Karamanev and Nikolov (1992),
Biswas and Ganguly (1997), Bendict (1998), Lee (2001), Renganathan and Krishnaiah
(2005) reported the bed expansion characteristics in two phase downward fluidization
and predicted their bed expansion data in terms of Richardson and Zaki equation.
It is very much essential to study on hydrodynamic characteristics such as
pressure drop and minimum inverse fluidization velocity for successful analysis, design
and operation of inverse fluidization bed.
Experiments will be carried out using four polyethylene particles having different
densities, different diameter and sphericity with different concentrated aqueous solutions
of SCMC as fluidizing liquid. Minimum fluidization velocity will be estimated from the
experimental data. An empirical correlation will be developed for the minimum
fluidization velocity as a function of physical and dynamic variables of the system.

Paper Hypothesis
A Light Beam Its Velocity 1.16 mkm /Sec Be Found In The Solar System
Paper Hypothesis Explanation

-Matter and space are created out of light beam, but matter doesn't spate its parent light beam but moves with it by using different rates of time
- The Solar Planets Matters And Their Distances Be Created Out Of One Light Beam Its Velocity 1.16 million km per second
- The Solar Planets move one unified motion and use different rates of time for their motions – means- the second period of time is different from one planet to another
- The Solar Group be similar to a mechanical clock each planet motion defines part of Its Unified General Rate Of Time
- The planets orbital and internal distances be created in one network form depends on one geometrical design and not as individual distances. (The Solar System Distances Be Similar To A Chess Board)
- There's a continuum effect found through the solar system data as a result for its creation out of one light beam
- The light known velocity (0.3 mkm/s) is created based on the planets motions, later after the solar planets be created and moving –as a result we conclude – The Sun Is Created After All Planets Creation And Motion.
Paper hypothesis Proves 
- In following some planets data be provided which be a part of the paper basic data to prove the light supposed velocity (1.16mkm/sec) is a real one
- (1) Mercury Motion
- During 310.4s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 360 = 2π x 57.9 mkm
- During 310.4 s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 93.1 = 2π x 14.8 mkm
- Where
- 360 mkm    = Mercury Orbital Circumference
- 57.9 mkm  = Mercury Orbital Distance
- 88 days     = Mercury Orbital Period
- Mercury moves during 88 hours a distance = 14.8 mkm (error1.4 %)

- (2) Venus Motion
- During 586s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 680 = 2π x 108.2 mkm
- During 586s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 175.8 = 2π x 28 mkm
- Where
- 680 mkm    = Venus Orbital Circumference
- 224.7 days = Venus Orbital Period
- Venus moves during 224.7 hours a distance =28 mkm (error1%)

- (3) Earth Motion
- During 810s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 940 = 2π x 149.6 mkm
- During 810s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 243 = 2π x 38.7 mkm
- Where
- 940 mkm =Earth Orbital Circumference
- 149.6 mkm= Earth Orbital Distance  
- 365.25 days = Earth Orbital Period
- Earth moves during 365.25 hours a distance   = 38.7 mkm (error 1.2%)
- (4) Mars Motion
- During 1235s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 1433 = 2π x 227.9 mkm
- During 1235s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 370.6 = 2π x 59 mkm
- Where
- 1433 mkm = Mars Orbital Circumference
- 227.9 mkm= Mars Orbital Distance
- 687 days  = Mars Orbital Period
- Mars moves during 687 hours a distance  = 59 mkm (error 1%)
- (5) Jupiter Motion
- During 4222.6s light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/) travels 4900=2π x 778.6 mkm
- During 4222.6s light known velocity (0.3 mkm/) travels 1267 = 2π x 201.7 mkm
- Where
- 4900 mkm  =Jupiter Orbital Circumference
- 778.6 mkm = Jupiter Orbital Distance
- 4331 days  = Jupiter Orbital Period
- 4222.6 h     = Mercury Day Period
- Jupiter moves during 4331 hours a distance  = 201.7 mkm    (error 1.3%)
- The Rest Planets Data Be Discussed In The Paper Discussion similar calculations. Paper Conclusion 
- The light supposed velocity 1.16 mkm/s is a fact and real light beam where the solar planets data be built on it and because of that it be found in all solar planets motions data. Shortly The planets data proves this light beam existence


Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 
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In this study, a high-order compact scheme for 2D Laplace and Poisson equations under a non-uniform grid setting is developed. Based on the optimal difference method, a nine-point compact difference scheme is generated. Difference coefficients at each grid point and source term are derived. This is accomplished through the consideration of compatibility between the partial differential equation and its difference discretization. Theoretically, the proposed scheme has third-to fourth-order accuracy; its fourth-order accuracy is achieved under uniform grid settings. Two examples are provided to examine performance of the proposed scheme. Compared with the traditional five-point difference scheme, the proposed scheme can produce more accurate results with faster convergence. Another reference scheme with the same nine-point grid stencil is derived based on the five-point scheme. The two nine-point schemes have the same coefficients for each grid points; however, their coefficients for the source term are different. The overall accuracy level of the solution resulting from the proposed scheme is higher than that of the nine-point reference scheme. It is also indicated that the smoothness of grids has significant effects on accuracy and convergence of the solutions; efforts in optimizing the grid configuration and allocation can improve solution accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, with the proposed method, solution under the non-uniform grid setting with appropriate grid allocation would be more accurate than that under the uniform-grid manipulation, with the same number of grid points.

Bubbling fluidized beds are commonly used for small to medium scale capacities. Gasification being order of magnitude slower than combustion process, handling it in fluidized bed gasifier pose many challenges as it may lead to loss of efficiency, unburnt carbon and so on. Hence study of fluidized bed gasifier is important from aspects like gas-solid hydrodynamics, reaction kinetics and inter-phase mass transfer that control the overall performance of the gasifier unit. In this paper, the objective of the study is to develop method for predicting the performance of the bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. This will critically evaluate the various correlations/methods available in literature which enables the research/ process designer to predict the performance of bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. The overall methodology will be to perform cold flow experiments with appropriate representative particles and generate the related information. Numerical model will be developed for bubbling fluidized bed gasifier and its validation will be performed based on experimental data.

This report describes the modelling of an appended yacht hull that is free to heave and pitch with CFX v15.0, a finite volume Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) code developed by ANSYS. The model is validated against experimental towing tank data, and is compared with predictions made using the Delft Systematic Yacht Hull Series (DSYHS) regression equations, and the results of a panel code.

Рассматривается теоретическое обоснование вихря Тейлора. Предлагаемая математическая модель позволяет построить структуру течения между цилиндрами, где возникают правильно чередующиеся вихри с правым и левым вращением и с осями, параллельными направлению окружной скорости вращающегося цилиндра.

Although Maxwell’s most important equations had already appeared throughout his seminal paper entitled “On Physical Lines of Force” , which was written in 1861, it was not until 1864 that Maxwell created a distinct listing of eight equations in his follow up paper known as “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field” . This was in a section headed as ‘General Equations of the Electromagnetic Field’. While Maxwell refers to twenty equations at the end of this section, there are in fact only eight equations as such. Maxwell arrives at the figure of twenty because he splits six of these equations into their three Cartesian components. Maxwell’s eight original equations,

Jtotal = Jconduction + ∂D/∂t                                                                        (A)
∇×A = μH                                                                                                          (B)                                                                             
∇×H = Jtotal                                                                                                      (C)                                                                       
E = μv×H − ∂A/∂t − ∇ψ                                                                                    (D)                                                               
D = eE                                                                                                                (E)                                                                                   
E = RJconduction                                                                                            (F)                                                                             
∇∙D = ρ                                                                                                              (G)                                                                                   
∇∙J + ∂ρ/∂t = 0                                                                                                  (H)               

will be discussed in depth in individual sections throughout this paper.

Fluidized bed gasifiers have been adopted for gasification of solid fuels like coal and biomass along with other gasification technologies like moving bed and entrained flow gasifiers. Fluidized bed gasifiers offers better mixing, uniform temperature and have ability to handle low quality fuels. Such units are industrially proven for combustion of solid fuels. Bubbling fluidized beds are commonly used for small to medium scale capacities. Gasification being order of magnitude slower than combustion process, handling it in fluidized bed gasifier pose many challenges as it may lead to loss of efficiency, unburnt carbon and so on. Hence study of fluidized bed gasifier is important from aspects like gas-solid hydrodynamics, reaction kinetics and inter-phase mass transfer that control the overall performance of the gasifier unit. In this paper, the objective of the study is to develop method for predicting the performance of the bubbling fluidized bed gasifier. This will critically evaluate the various correlations/methods available in literature which enables the research/ process designer to predict the performance of bubbling fluidized bed gasifier.

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is a reliable and promising technology for wastewater treatment and reclamation applications. In spite of more than a decade of significant advances in developing fouling mitigation methods, different physical and cleaning protocols are still necessary to be developed to limit the membrane fouling. The use of scouring agents in MBR applications has been paid attention as a new approach as an energy-efficient way to control membrane fouling. Recently, mechanical cleaning by scouring agents is becoming as intense research area considering high efficiency of fouling reduction while requiring low energy consumption. In this review, fundamental and comprehensive assessments of the mechanical cleaning concepts and their applications with porous and nonporous scouring agents for MBR system are critically reviewed. The existing challenges and future research prospects on the mechanical cleaning technology associated with scouring agents for the MBR applications are also discussed.

In accordance to studies by G.S.Hawkins, the author of this paper continued decoding of ancient monument Stonehenge in Great Britain. The method of decoding by J.-F.Champollion was used with success. The author discovered mathematical code and several images which look like Egyptian hieroglyphs. The author worked out the vocabulary of Stonehenge. It became possible to decode several words and short message with the help of the vocabulary. Mathematical theory of Hydrogen atom and atomic mass (1.0079...) were coded in Stonehenge. A part of message looks like the phrase: "Eternally living Atom". Where Atom (or Atum) is well-known name of Egyptian solar god. Also knowledge of partial differential equations is demonstrated by builders of Stonehenge. The author considers that Stonehenge was distant Egyptian solar temple and ancient center of science and higher education simultaneously. Probably Stonehenge was used for military purposes and for forecasting of results of wars with the help of mathematical modeling too. It explains military power of ancient Egypt. Also the author describes process of building of Stonehenge with the method of hydraulics.

Energy is unarguably the key factor for today's economic and social development within nations. Electricity as one of many energy forms is a critical input to developing countries in the struggle to the national self-satisfaction in all domains. Rural electricity supply involved institutions have recently recommended the pump as turbine (PAT)-based micro hydropower plant (MHP) schemes for remote off-grid electrification, mostly from their economic advantages. However, from different published research findings, PAT-based MHP is not only simple and economically feasible, but has presented bottlenecks in the move to its full understanding. Moreover, compared to other clean energy technologies, PAT technology has not found much literature in academic published researches, thus contributing to its limited understanding within the community. Therefore, the PAT literature availability is one way to level up its understanding, which can be helpful to academic and professional communities. In the present study, a literature review on the two most challenging PAT aspects, namely pump-turbine selection and performance prediction, is presented; where a summary about energy sources history leading to the actual MHP global

PENDAHULUAN Hidrodinamika merupakan salah satu mata kuliah oseanografi yang merupakan lanjutan dari mekanika fluida. Hidrodinamika dapat didefinisikan sebagai salah satu cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang mempelajari gerak liquid atau gerak fluida cair khususnya gerak air. Ruang lingkup cabang ilmu ini cenderung untuk mengkaji gerak partikel air sehingga disebut kajian skala makroskopik. Skala makroskopik disini disebabkan karena air itu terdiri dari partikel-partikel fluida, sedangkan seperti kita tahu bahwa skala terkecil air itu adalah atom bukan partikel. Selain itu hidrodinamika merupakan cabang ilmu pengetahuan yang mencoba untuk mengaplikasikan persamaan matematika. Hal ini terjadi karena kajian hidrodinamika banyak berhubungan dengan perlakuan matematik dari persamaan-persamaan dasar fluida kontinyu yang berbasis hukum-hukum newton. Sehingga objek utama yang dijadikan bahan kajian dan analisa adalah fluida newton. Dalam pikiran kita mungkin terlintas pertanyaan mengapa kita harus mempelajari hidrodinamika? Ada beberapa alasan kita harus mempelajari hidrodinamika yang berkaitan dengan keilmuan oseanografi, yaitu untuk: 1. Mengetahui dan memahami kejadian atau fenomena-fenomena fisis yang terjadi di laut, seperti terbentuknya arus, gelombang, ombak, pasang surut, dan sebagainya. 2. Memahami dasar gerak fluida yang melibatkan gerak fluida yang kompleks seperti ombak. 3. Membangun daya analisa dan berpikir logis dalam meneliti mengapa suatu fenomena itu terjadi. Hal ini sangat-sangat dibutuhkan oleh seorang peneliti untuk menganalisa fenomena yang kompleks. Sebenarnya hidrodinamika yang dipelajari dalam kelautan itu bermacam-macam. Ada hidrodinamika arus laut, hidrodinamika pasang surut, hidrodinamika gelombang, hidrodinamika transport sedimen, dan hidrodinamika polutan. Namun pada semester ini kita hanya mempelajari hidrodinamika secara umum. Di lihat dari sejarahnya, cabang ilmu ini pertama kali dirumuskan oleh para pakar matematika yang mencoba menganalisa gerak air dan fenomena alam lainnya dengan formulasi matematika. Sehingga tidak salah jika pada cabang ilmu ini lebih mengedepankan pendekatan persamaan matematika dan fisika.

(Download untuk interface yang optimum).

Merupakan susunan murni dari penulis, untuk pembaca yang masih awam dengan mekanika fluida dan sebagai pengantar untuk ilmu hidrodinamika dasar.

Minus Bernoulli dan Navier-Stokes Equations. Akan diterangkan pada bagian 3.

James Clerk Maxwell is credited with having brought electricity, magnetism, and optical phenomena, together into one unified theory. The details of what exactly he did were however seriously distorted in twentieth century physics textbooks. Maxwell is most famous in connection with a set of equations which bear his name, but these equations have been totally removed from the physical context within which Maxwell was working, and outside of that physical context the full meaning of these equations is lost. Maxwell was working within the context of a sea of tiny aethereal vortices pressing against each other with centrifugal force. The centrifugal force bit was crucial for explaining magnetic repulsion, yet both centrifugal force and aether are stringently denied by modern physicists who nevertheless continue to hail Maxwell for the equations that he derived by using these very concepts which they deny. This irony seems to be explained at least in part because they think that the equations can be re-derived using Einstein's special theory of relativity. Such an erroneous belief stems from the fact that one of the most important of Maxwell's equations has been wrongly credited to Lorentz and referred to as the Lorentz force law and treated as 'supplementary' to Maxwell's equations. Einstein, being ignorant of Maxwell's original equations and the fact that they contained the Lorentz force law, hence wrongly believed that the equations contained no convective term, and so he made the erroneous conclusion that Maxwell's equations mean that the speed of light must be frame independent in contradiction of classical principles of vector addition of velocities. This erroneous conclusion led Einstein to his special theory of relativity in 1905, and it subsequently led to the erroneous belief amongst both relativists and many anti-relativists, that Einstein's special theory of relativity follows naturally from Maxwell's theory, when in fact Maxwell and Einstein were not even remotely working along the same lines.

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Merupakan susunan murni dari penulis mengenai pembahasan mengenai dasar-dasar dari aliran fluida dan macam-macam aliran fluida. Sebagai pengantar untuk ilmu mekanika fluida dan ilmu hidrodinamika dasar.

External morphology (eidonomy) of marine creatures, developed by the evolution process over the course of millions of years, plays a crucial role in their locomotion and swimming performance. In this paper, hydrodynamic impacts of the cephalofoil tip eidonomy (tip bump) in the eye bulb region of a scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini, are studied with the aid of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In this regard, two separate geometries are designed here; one corresponding to the real geometry of the hammerhead shark's cephalofoil with a tip bump (eye bulb region) and another one, a modified version with a flat tip without the aforementioned bump. Turbulent flows encountered in the problem are simulated using the Lam-Bremhorst turbulence model at different angles of attack (AoA) and a sideslip angle, at high Reynolds number, 10^6 , corresponding to the swimming of a juvenile hammerhead shark with a speed of 1 m/s. The results show that the strength (circulation) of the wing tip vortices reduces by the external geometry of the hammerhead's cephalofoil tip; in this sense, 'cephalofoil tip' with its unique morphology behaves as a winglet.

Paper hypothesis
-The Solar System Be Created Out Of One Light Beam Its Velocity = 1.16 million km per second

The hypothesis explanation
-The hypothesis tells, The solar planets matters and their distances be created out of one light beam its velocity = 1.16 mkm/s, means, the planets matters and their distances be created out of the same one source of energy
-This hypothesis should be proved before to analyze it because it supposes many points can create serious effects on the solar system vision

The hypothesis Proves 
-If the solar system be created out of one light beam, what logical result can be produced? The Planets Data Should Be Created Depending On One Another.  this sentence means, If we know that (Mercury orbital distance =57.9 mkm) we should be able to predict all other planets orbital distances- NOT ONLY-
- Instead
- We should be able to predict all planets orbital distances, periods, and velocities as well as all planets diameters, masses, orbital inclinations and axial tilts 

- Shortly
- We need a data system – its input one data only (Mercury orbital distance =57.9 mkm) and its output be the planets fact sheet data completely be predicted based on this only one data.
- Why should this system be found?
- Because the solar planets and their distances be created out of one light beam by that the solar system be similar to one building be consisted of stories and each story depend on the others where the building all data can be concluded from one another.
- Let's provide in following 7 parts of proves to prove this fact:

- PROOF NO. 1
- (A) Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) travels a distance = The Planet Orbital Circumference in a period (T seconds)
- (B) Light known velocity (0.3 mkm/s) travels during this period (T) a distance = D
- (C) Planet moves a distance d in a period (=Ph) where D = 2π d
- And
- Ph = The Planet Orbital Period (in hours units and not solar days)

- A Conclusion
- If Planet Orbital Distance Be Known, Planet Orbital Period Can Be Predicted
- Notice
- (1.16/0.3) x 2π = 24  (error 1.3%)

- Example
- Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs 310 s to pass 360 mkm = Mercury Orbital Circumference
- Light known velocity (0.3 mkm/s) passes during 310s a distance = 93 mkm = 2π x 14.8 mkm (Mercury passes 14.8 mkm in 88 hours) (error 1.3%)
- (Mercury orbital period =88 solar days)
- PROOF NO. 2
- We know the period of time (T), and the planet orbital period, so Planet velocity per a solar day can be defined by this equation 

(T/P) = (V/1.16)

- T= The Period Of Time Be Required By Light Supposed Velocity (1.16 mkm/s) To Pass A Distance = Planet Orbital Circumference
- P = Planet Orbital Period
- V = Planet velocity per a solar day
- 1.16 mkm = Light Supposed Velocity (1.16 mkm/s) Motion In One Second
- The Periods use the same units (seconds)

- A Conclusion
- If Planet Orbital Distance Be known, Planet Orbital Period And Its Velocity Can Be Predicted.


- Example
- Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs (T= 310s) to pass 360 mkm= Mercury Orbital Circumference
- and
- (P = Mercury Orbital Period = 88 days)

- (T/P) = (V/1.16) that means (310/88) = (V/1.16)

- 4.095 mkm per solar day = Mercury Velocity

- PROOF NO. 3
- Now we know that, the period (T) is the backbone of the planets data definition, the next equation defines the period (T) among the planets 
- T2 = 4T0 (T-T0)
- Where
- T = The period of time Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs to pass a distance = Planet Orbital Circumference
- T0 = the period of time Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs to pass a distance = The Previous Planet Orbital Circumference

- The equation tells simply each planet period of time (T) depends on its previous direct neighbor planet period of time (T0) –
- The equation has 3 exceptions which are
- Earth depends on Mercury and doesn't on Venus 
- Mars depends on Venus and doesn't on Earth
- Pluto depends on Uranus and doesn't on Neptune
- We note that, The data considers the planet Ceres between Mars and Jupiter
- A Conclusion
- If One Planet Orbital Distance Be known, All Planets orbital distances, periods and velocities can be defined simply

- Example
- T2 = 4T0 (T-T0) based on that (586 s)2 = 4x 310s (586 s – 310s)
- Where
- T = 586 s = The period Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs to pass 680 mkm = Venus Orbital Circumference
- T0 = 310 s = The period Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs to pass 360 mkm = Mercury Orbital Circumference

- Another Example
- T2 = 4T0 (T-T0) based on that (7765 s)2 = 4x 4222.6s (7765 s – 4222.6s)
- Where
- T = 7765 s = The period Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs to pass 9007 mkm = Saturn Orbital Circumference
- T0 = 4222.6 s = The period Light supposed velocity (1.16 mkm/s) needs to pass 4900 mkm = Jupiter Orbital Circumference

- PROOF NO. 4
- Planets velocities be complementary one another 

Example.
- Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves during 6.8 hours a distance = 1.16 mkm and
- Uranus (6.8 km/s) moves during 47.4 hours a distance  = 1.16 mkm and
Example.
- Earth (29.8 km/s) moves during 2 x 5.4 hours a distance     = 1.16 mkm and
- Neptune (5.4 km/s) moves during 2 x 29.8 hours a distance  = 1.16 mkm and

- Means, the planets velocities are defined as velocities for one system members and by that the solar group be seen as one machine of gears. 

- PROOF NO. 5
A RULE
(Planet (A) orbital circumference / Planet (B) orbital circumference) = (VB/VA)2
- This rule be used sufficiently for all planets distances and velocities
Example.
- (940 mkm/360 mkm) = (47.4/29.8)2 (error 1.6%)
- Where
- 940 mkm = Earth Orbital Circumference 
- 360 mkm  = Mercury Orbital Circumference 
- 47.4 km/s = Mercury Velocity
- 29.8 km/s = Earth Velocity
- PROOF NO. 6
- (v1/v2) = (s/r)

- v1 = planet velocity in second
- v2 = neighbor planet velocity in second
- r  = Planet Diameter
- s  = The Planet Rotation Periods Number In Its Orbital Period 
- A Conclusion
- If One Planet Orbital Distance Be known, All Planets orbital distances, periods and velocities as well as their diameters and rotation periods can be defined.
- Example
- (v1/v2) = (s/r)
- v1 = 9.7 km/s = Saturn Velocity
- v2 = 5.4 km/s = Neptune Velocity
- r  = 49528 km = Neptune Diameter
- s  = 89143 Neptune rotation periods be found in Neptune orbital period
- And (59800 days = Neptune orbital period and 16.1 h = Neptune rotation period)

- Another Example
- v1 = 24.1 km/s  = Mars Velocity
- v2 = 9.7 km/s = Saturn Velocity
- r  = 120536 km = Saturn Diameter
- s  = 24106 Saturn rotation periods be found in Saturn orbital period
- And (10747 days = Saturn orbital period and 10.7 h = Saturn rotation period)
- Notice/ the  equation uses (2) by that (2 x 24106/ 120536) = (9.7/24.1)
- Notice/ The equation needs some modifications with each planet because the velocities rate produces planets orbital inclinations –for example – 9.7/5.4= 1.8 (Neptune orbital inclination =1.8 degrees) also – 24.1/9.7 =2.5 (Saturn orbital inclination =2.5 deg) - The planets orbital inclinations be used as rates between the planets  masses.
- Notice/
- The equation works from Mars to Pluto because the moon rotation period = its orbital period –that tells this data depends on a geometrical design takes the moon motion into consideration – that may explain the question why
- The moon apogee radius =406000 km = The Solar Planets Diameters Total 
- The moon perigee radius = 363000 km =The Outer Planets Diameters Total  (-1%)

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 
Curriculum Vitae http://vixra.org/abs/1902.0044
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Prinsip Bernoulli adalah sebuah istilah di dalam mekanika fluida yang menyatakan bahwa pada suatu aliran fluida, peningkatan pada kecepatan fluida akan menimbulkan penurunan tekanan pada aliran tersebut. Prinsip ini sebenarnya merupakan penyederhanaan dari Persamaan Bernoulli yang menyatakan bahwa jumlah energi pada suatu titik di dalam suatu aliran tertutup sama besarnya dengan jumlah energi di titik lain pada jalur aliran yang sama. Prinsip ini diambil dari nama ilmuwan Belanda/Swiss yang bernama Daniel Bernoulli.

This review evaluates computational fluid dynamic applications to analyze solid suspension quality in stirred vessels. Most researchers typically employ either Eulerian-Eulerian or Eulerian-Lagrangian approach to investigate multiphase flow in stirred vessels. With sufficient computational resources, the E-L approach simulates flow structures with higher spatial resolution for dispersed multiphase flows. Common turbulence models such as the two-equation eddy-viscosity models (k-ε), Reynolds stress model, direct numerical simulation, and large eddy simulation are described and compared for their respective limitations and advantages. Literature confirms that k-ε is the most widely used turbulence model, but it suffers from some inherent shortcomings due to assumption of isotropy of turbulence and homogenous mixing. Subsequently, the importance of different forces concerning solid particle flotation is concluded. Studies on dilute systems take into account only drag and turbulence forces while other forces have always been ignored. The simulations of off-bottom solid suspension, solid drawdown, solid cloud height, solid concentration distribution, and particle collision are considered for studies involving solid suspension. Different models and methods applied to investigate the abovementioned phenomena are also discussed in this review.

Paper Discovery 
-Planets Data Be Created Based on Exact Equations
Paper Discovery Explanation
-(Point No. 1)
-What does mean (Planets Data Be Created Based on Exact Equations)?
- It means
- If we know that (Mercury orbital distance =57.9 million km), based on this one data and by using my (3 equations) we can conclude All Planets orbital distances, periods, velocities, inclinations, rotation periods, diameters, masses and axial tilts
- This data we can conclude Theoretically without observation – the paper proves this fact by testing my (3 equations) – let's refer to them in following:
- (My 1st Equation)
- d2= 4d0 (d- d0) where (d =planet orbital distance) and (d0 = previous planet orb. dis.)
- by this equation if we know (Mercury orbital distance = 57.9 million km) we can conclude Theoretically all planets orbital distances –
- Kepler laws tell, a planet orbital velocity be defined based on this planet orbital distance –means-
- (Mercury orbital distance = 57.9 million km) based on this one data and by using (My 1stequation) we can conclude Theoretically all planets orbital distances, periods and velocities (27 data)
- (My 2nd Equation)
- v1/v2 = s/r = I
- (v= planet velocity),
- r  = A Diameter of one planet of the 2 planets
- s  = The Planet Rotation Periods Number In this planet Orbital Period 
(s be a value belonged to the planet whose diameter be "r" )
- I= Planet orbital inclination (of the planet its diameter be "r") 
- By this equation we can conclude also planets diameters, rotation periods and orbital inclinations in addition to its orbital distances and velocities
- These 2 equations can enable us to conclude more than (54 data) based on data only which is (Mercury orbital distance be = 57.9 million km) 
- (My 3rd equation) 
- v1v2 = 322, 
- The equation tells planet velocity be created complementary with one another.

- The paper tests and discusses the 3 equations and proves that, all planets data can be concluded theoretically because these data (originally) be created based on exact equations..

- (Point No. 2)
- Why Be The Planets Data Created Based On Exact Equations?
- Because the solar system depends on One Geometrical Design –
- Let's consider a triangle – As An Example - 
- This triangle all dimensions and angles be defined based on exact equations – similar that – the planets data be created based on exact equations –
- Let's – also – consider any creature body
- This creature body members be in proportionality in its dimensions – by that we can distinguish between the rabbit heart and the cow heart – because the members dimensions be defined in proportionality and can be expressed by exact equations. 
- Shortly
- One Geometrical Design Be Found Behind The Solar System Creation And Motion
- How that can be possible?
- If the Earth moon – for example – be created by a collision between 2 planets how the moon data can be created based on Exact Equations or according to a geometrical rule?
- We don't refuse the historical records of the planets creation – we accept them –
- Indeed the moon be created by a collision be done for The Earth – but even after this collision – a geometrical force still works and create the planet data based on exact equations- 
- The mistake here is the conclusion tells (because the planet be created by a collision this produced planet data be created by random process and unknown factors) – this conclusion is the mistake we should correct

- (Point No. 3)
- How The Solar System Data Be Created? 
- The planets (matters) and their distances be created of energy provided by one light beam – that means – the solar system be created based on one light beam and this light beam creates the planets and their distances of its energy – by that – this light beam energy be registered in the planets and distances data
- As in the double production experiment – from Gamma ray one electron and one positron be created – The produced particles data be known and defined even before the process –
- It's a collision but the produced particles data isn't defined by random process but based on exact equations –
- (Point No. 4)
- A Light beam its velocity 1.16 million km per second be found. 
- Because the planets matters and distances be created of energy and this energy be registered in these planets data – this energy features be registered in these planets and distances data –
- As a result
- A velocity 1.16 million km per second be registered in the planets matters and distances data
- The paper proves this fact also

Paper hypothesis
- The Solar Planets Matters and Distances be created of one energy, this energy be provided by one light beam and this light beam velocity be = 1.16 million km/s

Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty 
Curriculum Vitae http://vixra.org/abs/1902.0044
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Inspired by topology of humpback whale flippers, a meta-model is designed for wing planform design. The net is trained based on experimental data using cascade-forward artificial neural network (ANN) to investigate effects of the amplitude and wavelength of sinusoidal leading edge configurations on the wing performance. Afterwards, the trained ANN is coupled with a genetic algorithm method towards an optimum design strategy. Finally, flow physics of the problem for an optimized rectangular planform and also a real flipper geometry planform is simulated using Lam-Bremhorst low Reynolds number turbulence model with damping wall-functions resolving to the wall. Lift and drag coefficients and also details of flow are presented along with comparisons to available experimental data. Results show that the proposed strategy can be adopted with success as a fast-estimation tool for performance prediction of wing planforms with wavy leading edge at preliminary design phase.

The mechanism of wake-induced vibrations (WIV) of a pair of cylinders in a tandem arrangement is investigated by experiments. A typical WIV response is characterised by a build up of amplitude persisting to high reduced velocities; this is different from a typical vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) response that occurs in a limited resonance range.
We suggest that WIV of the downstream cylinder is excited by the unsteady vortex-structure interactions between the body and the upstream wake. Coherent vortices interfering with the second cylinder induce fluctuations in the fluid force that are not synchronised with the motion. A favourable phase lag between the displacement and the fluid force guarantees that a positive energy transfer from the flow to the structure sustains the oscillations. If the unsteady vortices are removed from the wake of the upstream body then WIV will not be excited.
We introduce the concept of wake stiffness, a fluid dynamic effect able to sustain a body without any structural stiffness into oscillatory motion. The role played by the unsteady wake is central to this idea and contributes to the understanding of WIV as a wake-excited and wake-sustained mechanism. A simple analytical model predicts the frequency of response rather well, but fails to model the displacement because important nonlinear effects are not taken into account. We conclude that while unsteady vortex-structure interactions provide the energy input to sustain WIV, it is the wake stiffness effect that defines the character of the response.
Suppression of cross-flow and in-line VIV, with resulting drag coefficients less than that for a static plain cylinder, is achieved using two-dimensional control plates free to rotate around the body. Devices based on parallel plates show great potential to suppress VIV and WIV of offshore structures with considerable reduction in drag.

Nowadays, several stern devices are attracting a great deal of attention. The control surface is an effective apparatus for improving
the hydrodynamic performance of planing hulls and is considered an important element in the design of planing hulls. Control
surfaces produce forces and a pitching moment due to the pressure distribution that they cause, which can be used to change the
running state of high-speed marine boats. This work elaborates a new study to evaluate the hydrodynamic performance of a
planing boat with a trim tab and an interceptor, and optimizes them by using an optimization algorithm. The trim tab and the
interceptor have been used to optimize the running trim and motion control of semi-planing and planing boats at various speeds
and sea conditions for many years. In this paper, the usage of trim tab is mathematically verified and experimental equations are
utilized to optimize the performance of a planing boat at a specificd trim angle by using an optimization algorithm. The genetic
algorithm (GA) is one of the most useful optimizing methods and is used in this study. The planing boat equations were
programmed according to Savitsky’s equations and then analyzed in the framework of the GA-based optimization for performance
improvement of theplaning hull. The optimal design of trim tab and interceptor for planing boat can be considered a multiobjective
problem. The input data of GA include different parameters, such as speed, longitudinal center of gravity, and deadrise
angle. We can extract the best range of forecasting the planing boat longitudinal center of gravity, the angle of the trim, and the
least drag force at the best trim angle of the boat.

This thesis deals with the dynamics of irreversible processes within the context of the general theory of relativity. In particular, we address the problem of the 'infinite' speed of propagation of thermal disturbances in a dissipative fluid. The present work builds on the multi-fluid variational approach to relativistic dissipation, pioneered by Carter, and provides a dynamical theory of heat conduction. The novel property of such approach is the thermodynamic interpretation associated with a two-fluid system whose constituents are matter and entropy. The dynamics of this model leads to a relativistic generalisation of the Cattaneo equation; the constitutive relation for causal heat transport. A comparison with the Israel and Stewart model is presented and its equivalence is shown. This discussion provides new insights into the not-well understood definition of a non-equilibrium temperature. The variational approach to heat conduction presented in this thesis constitutes a mathematically promising formalism to explore the relativistic evolution towards equilibrium of dissipative fluids in a dynamical manner and to get a deeper conceptual understanding of non-equilibrium thermodynamic quantities. Moreover, it might also be useful to explore the more fundamental issues of the irreversible dynamics of relativity and its connections with the time asymmetry of nature.

FOR CITATIONS:
Salem, Hilmi S. "A Budget of the Surface and Underground Water in Northern Jordan (Pages: 135-162)" in "Water and Peace in the Middle East", Studies in Environmental Science 58., J. Isaac & H. Shuval (Eds.), 1992, Elsevier.

ABSTRACT:
The motivation for this study is the great requirement for water expected in the future to satisfy the increasing demands of accelerated growth, and development programs in Jordan. This fact, in addition to the recent migration of hundreds of thousands of people after the Gulf War, should encourage more intensive studies of the quality and quantity of water
resources in Jordan. The aim of this study is to carry out a comprehensive assessment and evaluation of the water resources-potential of the northern area of Jordan. This work required hydrological,
hydrogeological, hydrodynamical and hydrochemical analyses and interpretations. The rates of precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff and infiltration were calculated. The regional recharge sources and directions of the groundwater movements were mapped. The recharge-discharge mechanisms should provide an improved understanding of the water resources in the study area, which covers about 6,000 km of northern Jordan.

In this book we formulate and prove the variational extremum principle for viscous incompressible and compressible fluid, from which principle follows that the Navier-Stokes equations represent the extremum conditions of a certain functional. We describe the method of seeking solution for these equations, which consists in moving along the gradient to this functional extremum. We formulate the conditions of reaching this extremum, which are at the same time necessary and sufficient conditions of this functional global extremum existence.
Then we consider the so-called closed systems. We prove that for them the necessary and sufficient conditions of global extremum for the named functional  always exist. Accordingly, the search for global extremum is always successful, and so the unique solution of Navier-Stokes is found.
We contend that the systems described by Navier-Stokes equations with determined boundary solutions (pressure or speed) on all the boundaries, are closed systems. We show that such type of systems include systems bounded by impermeable walls, by free space under a known pressure, by movable walls under known pressure, by the so-called generating surfaces, through which the fluid flow passes with a known speed.
The book is supplemented by open code programs in the MATLAB system – functions realizing the calculation method and test programs. Links on test programs are given in the text of the book when the examples are described.

Le diagnostic technique est un meilleur moyen pour connaitre, suivre, et gérer l'état d'un système d'alimentation en eau potable, il contient des certains documents facilement accessible, classés et ordonnés d'une façon rationnelle permettent nous donner une vision globale sur le fonctionnement et la gestion de ce système d'alimentation en eau potable. Le diagnostic technique facilite de suivre l'évolution de la production et de la consommation des eaux potables qui varient au cours de la journée et au cours des saisons de l'année irrégulièrement, cet évolution dépend au qualité de comptage et sa méthode qui consiste à placer un compteur, en effet, elle n'a pas pu donner une bonne idée sur le volume consommé réellement à cause des défauts de comptage, afin d'éviter ces défauts et que chercher des données globales concernant le système d'alimentation en eau potable il doit faire des mesures spécifiques à connaitre le fonctionnement général de la production, de la consommation, et du réseau. Enfin ; on donne une appréciation globale sur l'état du réseau ou système et le mode de gestion, et on calcule un certain nombre du paramètre de distribution. En fonction des indications donnés et les résultats on va préciser des opérations qui appliqueront sur le système à court terme ou à long terme, et doit être poursuivi par certains nombre des mesures touchant la gestion et l'exploitation du service des eaux. Le but final est l'amélioration de cette mode de gestion qui sera plus efficace. Le diagnostic technique dans le système d'alimentation en eau potable doit être ajusté pour que ce dernier fonctionne dans la meilleure gestion et le meilleur rendement et avec le volume du débit requis et la bonne qualité des eaux potables. La méthodologie du diagnostic technique consiste à réaliser des analyses de l'existant et des analyses de sécurité et fiabilité pour vérifier et ajuster les enjeux

The Ukranenland – Historische Werkstätten
e.V.1 in Torgelow Germany planned to build a
cog which reflects the shipping and seafaring at
Medieval ages embedded in a regional perspective.
Due to the fact that most of the people only
know the Hanseatic League reflected in the history
of Hanseatic towns like Lübeck, Hamburg
and Bremen, the maritime determinations of
smaller Hanseatic towns like Anklam and
Demmin (neighbour towns of Torgelow) are not
well known. To find a cog shape which reflects
this regional perspective was one of the main
tasks when preparing the project.

Paper hypothesis
- The Solar Planets Motions Use Different Rates Of Time
Paper hypothesis Explanation
- The solar planets motions data analysis shows that the planets motions use different rates of time. As a result (for example) 1 h of Mercury motion = 24.6 h of Jupiter motion. 
- The planets motions use different rates of time because they revolve their revolutions around the sun in equal periods of time.
- They need to revolve around the sun in equal periods of time because the planets motions be integrated into one unified general motion and the equal periods of time is necessary for the planets motions timing adjustments.
- This Vision Is Different From Newton Theory
- Based on that, we have a reason to refute Newton theory of the sun mass gravity.
- The situation is a complex because
- Newton theory is lived since four centuries and has a great effect.
- On the other side, The Planets Motions Data Analysis Shows A Complete Different Vision From Newton Theory And Ideas.
- I have used this paper Introduction to put the theoretical comparison between the 2 visions, trying to make them as clear as possible.
- The Paper Is Divided Into 3 Basic Subjects
- (1st Subject)
- The Theoretical Comparison Between The 2 Visions Of Newton Theory Of The Sun Mass Gravity And The Planets Motions Data Analysis – This Comparison Is Provided In This Paper INTRODUCTION. And This Comparison Summarizes The Paper Theoretical Argument
- (2nd Subject)
- The Planets Motions Data Analysis Be Provided In Part No. (I) Of This Paper
- (3rd Subject)
- The Solar Planets Creation Theory Be Provided In Part No. (II) Of This Paper
Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292
Physics Department-  Physics & Mathematics  Faculty

We make use of an effective field-theoretical approach to derive post-Newtonian equations of motion of hydrodynamical inhomogeneities in cos-mology. The matter Lagrangian for the perturbed cosmological model includes dark matter, dark energy, and ordinary baryonic matter. The Lagrangian is expanded in an asymptotic Taylor series around a Friedmann-Lemeître-Robertson-Walker background. The small parameter of the decomposition is the magnitude of the metric tensor perturbation. Each term of the expansion series is gauge-invariant and all of them together form a basis for the successive post-Newtonian approximations around the background metric. The approximation scheme is covariant and the asymptotic nature of the Lagrangian decomposition does not require the post-Newtonian perturbations to be small though computationally it works the most effectively when the perturbed metric is close enough to the background metric. Temporal evolution of the background metric is governed by dark matter and dark energy and we associate the large-scale inhomogeneities of matter as those generated by the primordial cos-mological perturbations in these two components with δρ/ρ ≤ 1. The small scale inhomogeneities are generated by the baryonic matter which is considered as a bare perturbation of the background gravitational field, dark matter and energy. Mathematically , the large scale structure inhomogeneities are given by the homogeneous solution of the post-Newtonian equations while the small scale inhomogeneities are described by a particular solution of these equations with the stress-energy tensor of the baryonic matter that admits δρ/ρ 1. We explicitly work out the field equations of the first post-Newtonian approximation in cosmology and derive the