Hunting

1. Recent national and international policy initiatives have aimed to reduce the exposure of humans and wildlife to lead from ammunition. Despite restrictions, in the UK, lead ammunition remains the most widespread source of environmental lead contamination to which wildlife may be exposed. 2. The risks arising from the use of lead ammunition and the measures taken to mitigate these have prompted intense and sometimes acrimonious discussion between stakeholder groups, including those advancing the interests of shooting, wildlife conservation, public health and animal welfare. 3. However, relatively little is known of the perspectives of individual ammunition users, despite their role in adding lead to the environment and their pivotal place in any potential changes to practice. Using Q-methodology, we identified the perspectives of ammunition users in the UK on lead ammunition in an effort to bring forward evidence from these key stakeholders. 4. Views were characterised by two stat...

Cette contribution étudie les références au paysage dans les épigrammes de Léonidas de Tarente sous trois angles principaux : quelles sont les techniques d'enargeia employées par le poète tarentin dans ses épigrammes évoquant un paysage ? Comment inclut-il dans ces textes des références au regard d'un éventuel spectateur ? Comment expliquer la fortune de certaines de ses épigrammes à Rome et leur reprise, sous forme de traduction, dans une élégie de Properce ou encore dans des inscriptions peintes destinées à accompagner des décors du Ier s. av J.-C. (Maison des épigrammes à Pompéi et fragment d'enduit retrouvé à Suasa) ?

The international outcry and indignation which followed the killing of “Cecil the Lion” in Zimbabwe in July 2015 opened a Pandora’s Box on the ethical and economic implications of trophy hunting, especially in African countries. Private trophy hunting operators such as Hunters Namibia Safaris, a Namibian company, more than ever before, had to justify their business. No easy task when your trade is often described as being controversial, unsustainable and, in many instances, cruel. While the debate on trophy hunting was always intense internationally and locally, the death of “Cecil the Lion” only escalated it. Governments, trophy hunting operators, professional hunters, communities impacted by trophy hunting, and national and international NGOs all had a point of view in the heated debate over whether or not trophy hunting is indeed a sustainable and worthwhile activity. Some countries such as South Africa and Namibia tout the success of the industry in terms of economic gain and wildlife conservation. Botswana took another direction and banned trophy hunting in 2013. But now the country faces the loss of income that hunters provided, as well as growing instances of wild animals such as lion and elephant threatening rural communities. So who is right and who is wrong about the sustainability of the industry? Some say that a well-regulated trophy hunting industry plays an important role in the conservation of wildlife and guarantees immediate and long-term economic benefits for communities (as well as the country as a whole). Others say the opposite – according to this view, trophy hunting is an unsustainable and unethical practice which wreaks havoc amongst big cat populations, elephants and endangered species such as black rhino.

Should landholders be allowed to make commercial gain or profit from animal pests? This is an issue not only with wild pigs but also with other pests, and there are different opinions about the effect of commercial use of a pest. Two broadly opposed views exist:
(a) Commercial use of a pest results in its conservation (or reduced control) by landholders, because they can profit from the pest population.
(b) The possibility of commercial gain results in greater harvesting or hunting pressure on a species, thus reducing its population.
Either effect is possible, depending upon the identifiable circumstances. Under some circumstances, commercial use leads to greater conservation of a pest, but under other circumstances – circumstances that seem to be more likely in the case of pigs – commercial use results in increased control of a pest population. Commercialization is an important strategy to consider in managing a pest.
Landholders have two main ways in which they can make commercial gain from wild pigs:
(a) Landholders may obtain income from fees charged to amateur pighunters for hunting, camping, accommodation, etc.
(b) By selling the rights to hunt pigs to commercial hunters, or by hunting pigs themselves and selling their harvest to meat producers, landholders can gain if wild pigs are used in the meat trade.
This chapter concentrates on the first possibility – an income from amateur pighunters' fees – and the next chapter deals with the second possibility.

This article traces the history of big game hunting and the evolution of wildlife conservation efforts in Park County, WY. From market hunters to resident subsistence hunters, Wyoming wildlife has always been an important commodity. As game became increasingly scare both the state and local stake holders began to enforce rudimentary game laws. These new laws created new crimes out of what were previously accepted behaviors.

This publication, a slight revision of my MA thesis from 1967, is the first published report showing the modern Maya use of palygorskite (then called attapulgite), a clay mineral used by the ancient Maya to make Maya Blue, an unusual pigment that is resistant to weathering and retains it rich blue color over time. Most of the report is devoted to demonstrating that the potters of Ticul used palygorskite in their temper, and that they  recognized its unusual properties. The report suggests that nearby Sacalum and perhaps Ticul were sources of the pigment used to obtain palygorskite for Maya Blue since those communities are so close to Mayapan where the pigment was widely used. (In this report, II thought that Maya Blue was made locally and traded widely, but I no longer believe that this is the case.)

The Belgian radical environmental group Aardewerk invited me to give a presentation on my research, so I quickly invented this title (it's a bit too Star Warsy, perhaps) and combined material from two of my papers on hunting. Not sure how it turned out, but it was fun nonetheless.

Applying Bernard Suits’ conceptual definition of game-playing, and his outline of a conceptual definition of sport, I ask and answer the following question: can hunting be a sport? An affirmative answer is substantiated via the following logic. Premise one, all sports are games. Premise two, a game is a voluntary attempt to overcome unnecessary obstacles. Premise three, fair-chase hunters voluntarily accept unnecessary obstacles. Conclusion one: fair-chase hunting is a game. Premise four, a sport can be defined as a game that requires the exercise of physical skill, has a wide following, and institutional stability. Premise five, some fair-chase hunts require physical skill, have a wide following, and have institutional stability. Conclusion two, fair-chase hunting that requires physical skill, has a wide following, and institutional stability is a sport. After substantiating each premise and conclusion I consider and refute several important objections. Primarily, 1) that hunting lacks constitutive rules and 2) that hunting lacks volitional engagement and thus cannot be a game or sport

It is necessary to assess whether the management of protected areas is achieving the objectives set for them. In particular, changes and trends in wildlife populations should be documented. We compared the 1990 abundance of mammals in two Costa Rican protected areas, Corcovado National Park (CNP) and Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve (GDFR), with similar environmental characteristics but different hunting restrictions and levels of protection. We also monitored the abundance of mammals in CNP over a 4-year period. We also devised an inexpensive method of monitoring tropical rainforest mammal populations in a timely and efficient manner. The method is based on the use of mammal track records and arboreal mammal sightings and requires little effort. With this method 20 mammal species were recorded at CNP and 15 at GDFR. Species were consistently less abundant in GDFR than in CNP, principally those species preferred by hunters. Species were grouped according to whether or not they are used as food and whether they are locally or globally threatened or not threatened. The abundance of all these groups of species in GDFR was 6–28% the abundance in CNP. During 1990–1994, overall mammal abundance in CNP remained relatively stable, but there was considerable variability among species. As a group, both species used for food and globally threatened species declined in abundance during that period in CNP. The abundance of all groups of species declined from 1992 to 1994, coinciding with a reduction in hunting vigilance at CNP. Evidence suggests that the main factor differentiating the abundance of mammals in the two protected areas, and at CNP during the study period, was the level of hunting. Golfo Dulce Forest Reserve seems to be achieving only partial success in protecting wildlife, whereas Corcovado National Park seems to be considerably more effective, although not entirely successful. Monitoreo de Poblaciones de Mamíferos en Áreas Protegidas de Costa Rica con Diferentes Restricciones de Cacería Resumen: Es necesario evaluar si el manejo de áreas protegidas está cumpliendo con sus objetivos estableci-dos. En particular, se deben documentar los cambios y tendencias de las poblaciones de vida silvestre. En este estudio comparamos la abundancia de los mamíferos durante 1990 en dos áreas protegidas de Costa Rica con características ambientales semejantes, pero con diferentes restricciones en cuanto a la cacería y difer-entes niveles de protección: el Parque Nacional Corcovado (PNC) y la Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce (RFGD). También comparamos la abundancia de los mamíferos en el PNC durante un periodo de cuatro años (1990-1994). Además desarrollamos un método barato, basado en el registro de huellas de mamíferos y en avista-mientos de mamíferos arborícolas. Este método requiere de poco esfuerzo y se puede usar para dar seguimiento a las poblaciones de mamíferos selváticos de manera rápida y eficiente. Con este método registramos la abun-dancia de 20 especies en el PNC y de 15 en la RFGD. Todas las especies fueron consistentemente menos abundan-tes en la RFGD que en el PNC, principalmente aquéllas preferidas por los cazadores. Agrupamos las especies según su uso o no como alimento y según si se consideran amenazadas o no, a nivel local o mundial. La

The appearance of hybris in the list of hunting dog names given in Xenophon’s Cynegeticus seems, at first glance, surprising. Why would Xenophon recommend such a term for man’s best friend? Often translated to mean violent arrogance, hybris, is socially and politically charged. This chapter explores how naming dogs, particularly in fourth century Athens, speaks to the tensions between the aristocratic hunting set, who, it appears, were Xenophon's intended audience, and the values of the Democracy.

“The Romantic ideal of the hunter­-colonist is ... : a white man dressed in buckskins, who lives simply in the wilderness on intimate and friendly terms with the natives, dislikes white civilization, and hunts only to satisfy his basic need for food and clothing.” In this thesis, I examine the establishment of the concept of this Romantic hunter, analyze how this character has been heavily mythologized, and research the ways in which he still is still represented in contemporary American hunting literature.

Trophy hunting of Aders’ duiker (Cephalophus adersi) has begun in Zanzibar despite its listing as a critically endangered species and the documented decline of populations on Unguja (Zanzibar) island. This was revealed in an article in the March 2014 issue of The Hunting Report which describes Aders’ as a “rare duiker species of interest to collectors”. Hunting in three community forests in the south of Unguja is being operated by Zanzibar Wildlife Safaris, a company formed for this purpose by a Tanzanian hunting outfitter and his South African-based partner, an expert bow hunter. The Zanzibar government has evidently sanctioned this development, despite receiving funds from elsewhere for the conservation of Aders’ duiker and other species that are now being targeted by the hunters.

There is no evidence to suggest that it has undertaken the thorough investigation of the feasibility of offtake that was recommended when trophy hunting was first mooted more than a decade ago. While the popularity of the package offered by Zanzibar Wildlife Safaris is not yet clear, one well-known Canadian hunter and broadcaster has posted photos of his Aders’ duiker and other Zanzibar trophies online.

Este trabajo de investigación desentraña los orígenes de la elección de las sierras de Cazorla y Segura como marco para la creación del último gran coto de caza nacional del siglo XX, concretamente en uno de los ámbitos serranos andaluces más desfavorecidos desde el punto de vista demográfico y socioeconómico. Fundamental fue el destacado papel que jugaron las Sierras de Cazorla y Segura en la articulación de la política cinegética española que comienza en los años 1950 en España,

Carl Borromäus Ruthart (Gdańsk 1630–L’Aquila, after 1703), also known as Karl Ruthard, Carlo Ruttardo and Fra Andrea di Danzica is as fascinating as little known. He was most likely born in Gdańsk where he first learned to draw and paint, so the Gdańsk painting milieu of the ca. mid-17th century played a key factor in the development of his technique. His mature work was produced in a number of places in Europe, including Antwerp, Vienna, Venice, Rome and ultimately in L’Aquila. His most typical motifs were dramatic hunting scenes, and later religious scenes always in the midst of animals and objects. Especially the begin- nings of his career remain unknown.
Ruthart’s continuously popular animal scenes are kept in and purchased for museums and private collections on several con- tinents. The painter’s sacred works can be mainly found in the churches and museum collections of Rome and L’Aquila. There are also sketches of animals in various techniques and prints that are testament to Ruthart’s interest in studies. It is they that we will mainly use to follow the directions in which Ruthart looked for his models in his early career. Young Carl Borromäus’s interest in animal painting was surely influenced by certain particular features of Gdańsk culture. The 16th-century décor of Artus Court already shows an interest in hunting themes. Ruthart was influenced by such artists as Daniel Schultz, Samuel Niedenthal and Frans Snyders. A collection of Niedenthal’s drawings from Erlangen is lost but the exceptionally large collection of the artist’s work preserved at the Kupferstich-Kabinett (Print Collection) in Dresden. The chronology of Ruthart’s both early and later work is very difficult to determine because he very rarely signed them. His earliest signed work is a quick sketch from the National Museum in Gdańsk. A pen and wash drawing, it shows a dog at rest and is signed “Carl Ruthart/ geschehn[?] in Venetia,/ Den 22 Aug: 1655”. Four similar drawings by Ruthart, depicting single animals at the graphic art collection in Munich and are none-too-widely- known. The first sketch depicts a Sleeping Pig. It is a black chalk drawing on 24.1 × 39 cm blue paper. The next one made in the same technique on cream-coloured paper (14.1 × 18.5 cm), features a boar in profile. The other two, depicting a Calf and a Doe in motion are drawn in black and washed with white chalk. The last drawing is inscribed: „A. Rutharts del” at the bottom and „812” underneath it, written with bistre. ust like the Gdańsk drawing, the Munich sketches focus on the detail and are more toned down than his later work. In these studies of poses, Ruthart shows himself to be an astute observer, focused on depicting a specific animal at rest or posing it in motion. The similarities between both artists’ preparatory sketches and the very interest in the subject do not seem to be accidental. Stags, lions, leopards and all kinds of birds in Niedenthal’s drawings and paintings appear in similar ways in Ruthart’s paintings. Ruthart produced animal “portraits” similar to Niedenthal’s with oil on paper or canvas, for example the Wild Boar and Wolf from the former collection of the Marchesi Strozzi in Florence. A so-far record-breaking sum of €659,000 was paid in 2007 for a painting signed and dated by Ruthart depicting Adam Naming the Animals which, although painted in 1686, has a clear connection to the work of the Gdańsk painters’ milieu of the mid- 17th century. In fact, the subject repeats the iconography of the earlier mentioned painting of the same title, albeit in a somewhat different manner. The animal world fascinated Ruthart. He certainly gained the ability to carefully study various species of birds, animals and amphibians at the workshop of his master, most likely Niedenthal. His travels and the opportunity to see the work of Netherlandish and Italian painters developed him greatly, while his popularity with customers made him use his skills to create many works meant primarily for palace interiors.

Many studies have demonstrated the importance of terrestrial mammal fauna to ecosystem functioning and services. To date, however, few studies of mammal abundance in Trinidad and Tobago have been conducted. Our main objective here was to compare the relative abundance (RA) of agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina), an important bushmeat species, in a lowland, multi-use recreational forest surrounded by urbanization, with a former plantation that is now a protected nature reserve containing upland secondary forest. We hypothesized that coarse-scale factors such as hunting, elevation, proximity to paved roads, and vegetation density, would affect the relative abundance of these two agouti populations. As part of the first pilot survey of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) on Trinidad, using the same camera setup, we deployed paired camera-trap stations at 10 sites in the recreational forest, and five sites in the smaller nature reserve, along a 1 km2 grid of each study site’s trail system between 24 June and 6 November 2016. To test the relative importance of these key ecological factors on agouti relative abundance, we conducted simple linear regressions of each covariate. We found that hunting was significantly associated with lower relative abundance of agouti (p<0.05), whereas increases in elevation had a significant positive effect on relative abundance of agouti (p<0.05). Interestingly, we also found a significant inverse relationship between agouti abundance and the proximity to paved roads (p<0.05), i.e., agouti’s relative abundance was greater at shorter distances or closer to paved roads. We also found no relationship between vegetation density and agouti relative abundance (p>0.05). We concluded that hunting, elevation, and proximity to paved roads, all significantly impact the relative abundance index (RAI) of local agouti populations.

In spite of the regulation, financial assistance and securitisation of
responses to rhino poaching, rhino deaths have escalated over the
past decade. This article discusses why efforts to disrupt illegal
flows of rhino horn have been unsuccessful by honing in on
structural and functional aspects of the broader rhino horn economy.
Existing scholarly literature tends to focus on the legal–illegal
binary in markets. The focus of this article is on grey flows in
wildlife markets through an examination of rhino horn laundering
and illegal hunting in the wildlife industry. Fluid interfaces of legal,
grey and illegal flows have led to the creation of hybrid and highly
adaptable flows. It is also argued that the international regulatory
framework is not geared towards effective transnational enforcement
and lacks social legitimacy amongst key actors. The article
draws on research findings from a multi-sited ethnography, during
which the researcher followed rhino horn from the source to the
market.

The article examines the question of whether J. Bentham’s ethical theory can serve as a theoretical justification for the statutory dereification of animals. This author saw a causal connection between cruelty to animals and classifying them as a thing(res) in law. The correctness of this conclusion appears debatable, however. The obligation to treat animals in a humane manner is not connected to and, in particular, does not issue from a statutory declaration that an animal is not a thing. Thisleads to the conclusion that statutory dereification is an ideological concept rather than a legal one. While by itself it does not improve the situation of animals, it nevertheless, in a legal perspective, opens the door to recognizing them as subjectsof law, and, in the future, possibly to granting them rights.

Built structures to aid hunting activities, such as drive lanes and hunting blinds, have been documented on every continent with the exception of Antarctica. This global phenomenon dates to at least 12,000 years ago and is found across time, space, environments, and cultures. While there is increasing study and documentation of such sites, they are prone to destruction and are not always recognized, resulting in a lack of large-scale comparative studies. However, this widespread pattern deserves greater attention as it can reveal unique facets of social and economic life, particularly in the context of hunter-gatherer societies. Such constructions are literal niche construction, created to increase the yield and predictability of wild animal resources. They represent an investment in the landscape, organization of communal labor, a detailed knowledge of animal behavior, all the while creating socioeconomic tensions concerning permanent facilities and who owns them and the resources they generate among otherwise egalitarian populations. This paper presents a global overview of such features, and the anthropological theory and archaeological method to systematically study such sites. This methodology will be applied to a brief case study, analyzing some of the oldest hunting architecture on the planet, those submerged beneath Lake Huron.

Lorsque Carlo Ginzburg définit le célèbre « paradigme indiciaire », il part de l'histoire d'un chasseur examinant les traces laissées par l'animal qu'il poursuit dans la forêt. La pratique herméneutique (qu’elle soit le fait du personnage ou du lecteur) serait donc chasse. Une chasse, cependant, où le plaisir de la traque semble davantage compter que la capture d’une proie, la métaphore cynégétique ayant sans doute pour fonction essentielle d’exciter au pourchas du sens.

A short series including a distinguishing terms, i.e. ‘moral,’ ‘ethic,’ and ‘Justice.’ I shall defend using animals for human consumption, the current popular problems of big game hunting, and a possible solution to the issues giving as close to a win-win as possible throughout this work. Overall, the running theme will contend that humans are not “equal” to other species of animals, especially not under the law.

There is obviously soo much more that can be said on this topic. Hopefully, this sparks thought provoking conversation.

Being part of an elite goes beyond appearances and involves accommodating and immersing oneself to a culture. This text explores the role of hunting for a Southeastern Europe elite with diplomatic connections and part of the premodern Ottoman Empire. It employs the Phanariot regime as a chronological and cultural frame and argues for significant changes in this time period with reference to hunting. The text takes the reader to Greek and Romanian territories and observes cultural shifts in the use and understanding of what was until eighteenth century an activity that either trained men to war or was seasonally exercised for food supply.

Much philosophical attention has been devoted to “The Land Ethic,” especially by Anglo-American philosophers, but little has been paid to A Sand County Almanac as a whole. Read through the lens of continental philosophy, A Sand County Almanac promulgates an evolutionary-ecological world view and effects a personal self- and a species-specific Self-transformation in its audience. It’s author, Aldo Leopold, realizes these aims through descriptive reflection that has something in common with phenomenology—although Leopold was by no stretch of the imagination a phenomenologist. Consideration of human-animal intersubjectivity, thematized in A Sand County Almanac, brings to light the moral problem of hunting and killing animal subjects. Leopold does not confront that problem, but it is confronted and resolved by Jose Ortega y Gassett, Henry Beston, and Paul Shepard in terms of an appropriate human relationship with wild-animal Others. Comparison with the genuinely Other-based Leopold-Ortega-Beston-Shepard wild-animal ethic shows the purportedly Other-based human and possibly animal ethic of Emmanuel Levinas actually to be Same-based after all.

Mau Forest, the home of the majority of the Ogiek people is located in the Rift Valley Province and straddles Kericho, Nakuru, Narok and Bomet districts .Traditionally, the Ogiek as hunter-gatherers have distinctive histories of interaction with the natural environment. Over the years, the Ogiek have inhabited in the Mau Forest with little impact on the environment. The paper focuses on the influence of hunting apprenticeship as Indigenous Form of Education for sustainable conservation of Wild life in Mau Forest of Kenya. The study was informed by the General Systems Theory and the Cultural Ecology Theory. The argument of the general systems theory is that the intricate relationship of the parts cannot be treated in isolation from the whole. In this case, an analysis of the Ogiek superstructure affirmed that the society’s institutions must be contextualized in their totality. Arguably, an understanding of the Ogiek in general is related to how the community interacts with nature. On the other hand, the cultural ecologists argue that there exist a clear link between the society’s culture, mode of subsistence and the natural environment. An ethno-historical approach was employed in the design, instrumentation, data collection, analysis and interpretation. To achieve systematic collection of data, purposive sampling techniques were used. Forty-five (45) members of the Ogiek community, mainly key cultural consultants were interviewed for the study. Cultural consultants provided the most complete and representative information about particular aspects of Ogiek life because of their experience and training. The main instruments for data collection were observation and interview schedules. In addition to oral interviews, this study used a variety of documentary sources. The information obtained from the various sources was checked for validity and reliability using triangulation as well as external and internal criticism approaches to data analysis. The paper reveals that hunting apprenticeship as indigenous education as practised by the Pre-colonial Ogiek society facilitated sustainable conservation of wild life in Mau Forest of Kenya. In essence, it was arguably revealed that the Ogiek hunting practice and broader socio-cultural contexts as well as human-animal relations incorporated a number of conventions and practices that helped to support and sustain wild life populations.