Historical Linguistics

As stated in the Preface (IX-XII), this volume is a selection of fifteen papers presented at three meetings (2004, 2005, and 2006) held by the Society for Pidgin and Creole Linguistics and which have been regrouped by the editors into three parts, devoted to phonology, synchronically oriented analyses, and diachronic studies, respectively.

Ce travail examine l’évolution du r final en français jusqu’au XVIᵉ siècle à partir du témoignage de Guillaume Le Doyen, notaire, dans ses Annalles et Cronicques du pays et conté de Laval et parties circonvoysines, une chronique en vers pour des années 1480-1537, où les reflets des rhotiques de l’ancien français en finale de mot peuvent s’écrire  ‑r ou ‑z (plus rarement  ‑rs) et se confondent en partie avec les reflets du [ ‑ts] de l’ancien français en finale de mot, également notés ‑r ou ‑z. L’usage que reflètent la versification et la graphie de cet auteur infirment les thèses voulant que « l’amuïssement de l’r […] se manifeste très largement au XIIIᵉ  siècle [et que] dès cette époque, et jusqu’au XVIIᵉ siècle, on ne prononçait aucune -r en fin de mot » (Straka 1965 : 601; 1979 : 484]).

This paper presents a comprehensive phonetic and phonological description of Northern Sangtam, an essentially undescribed Tibeto-Burman language of central Nagaland belonging to the Aoic subgroup. It is a noteworthy language from a number of phonological perspectives, not least because its phoneme inventory contains two of the world's rarest phonemes: a pre-stopped bilabial trill, and a doubly-articulated labial-coronal nasal. These unique segments are described in detail, and an attempt is made to determine how they might have developed their phonemic status. The tone system is also of interest, as it demonstrates evidence of debuccalization resulting in the development of a new high tone. Following a systematic description of the syllable and word structure, the tone system, and the segmental phonology, some observed age-related differences in the phoneme inventory are discussed. The paper is linked to an online repository containing the audiovisual data and transcribed word lists of approximately 900 items, based on the recorded utterances of eight speakers.

This table began as a comparison of Etruscan words to other Indo-European words, and it is clear that the linkage to Etruscan illuminates some new patterns in Indo-European word relationships. We added for further comparison words from the Baltic group (Latvian), Kartvelian (Georgian) and Uralic (Finnish) and Basque, a "language isolate" that looks as much Indo-European as othes in the Indo-European group. For those who advocate Hurrian connections Hurrian words that are available have been added to the table.  *PIE specialists have been speculating on the idea that the three language families, Baltic, Uralic and Kartvelian may be related to Indo-European, perhaps as a super family.
  The Indo-European family of languages is believed to have originated north of the Black Sea (Pontic Region). Some scholars have indicated a Caucasus origin. Although we can't rule out borrowing among [unrelated] languages it appears from the interesting shifts that the languages in our "Indo-European Table may be one family. I found šāl-a, šali, šala (Hurrian)
ასული, asuli, daughter(Georgian); თვით, t’vit’, self (Georgian), sevi, self (Latvian), vete, (Albanian); ხუთი, khut’i, five (Georgian), пяць, piać (Belarussian), pieci (Latvian), pesë (Albanian), pente (Greek) and pajncha (Sanskrit) interesting. (The interesting relationships continue through the table. The table is alphabetically arranged via the right-hand column, Etruscan words.

This article proposes a new formal reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) nouns containing the suffix *–oi–. I argue that both primary and non-primary derivatives in this class had stress alternating between the derivational suffix and the following inflectional ending (e.g., ACC.SG *[-óy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) rather than the "amphikinetic" alternation between root and inflectional ending (ACC.SG *[´-oy-ṃ] vs. GEN *[-y-ós]) that is traditionally assumed for all primary nominals with suffixal *[o]-vocalism under the widely accepted “Erlangen Model” (Schindler 1975a,b, Rix 1992) of Indo-European morphophonology. Support for this alternative reconstruction comes from Hittite, which confirms that the suffixal stress seen in the Greek reflex of this noun class was inherited from PIE rather than root stress as in Vedic Sanskrit. More broadly, I contend that an adequate account of the prosodic behavior of PIE *–oi-stems requires (i) abandoning the traditional connection between suffixal *[o]-grade and "amphikinetic" word stress; and (ii) adopting a framework (such as the one articulated by Kiparsky 2010) in which the suffix's capacity to attract stress in both primary and non-primary derivation can be modeled in a unified way.

The aim of this paper is to make a case for the considerable influence British Latin has had on Brittonic and on Old English around the middle of the first millennium AD, and to contribute to our knowledge of the way in which British Latin itself relates to prehistoric Old French and how both were influenced by a Celtic substratum of the Brittonic type

Ceci est une version de l'article publié ensuite dans le Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 101, 273-304, en 2006.
On décrit d'abord (1.) la situation linguistique de l'Assam moderne (Inde du Nord-est), et les hypothèses historiques plausibles qui en rendent compte ; ces méthodes sont sujettes à critiques. On analyse ensuite (2.) de façon détaillée les concordances phonologiques entre les parlers tibéto-birmans de l'Assam central, qui forment le groupe boro-garo : on présente des critères précis - les plus fins concernent les diphtongues -, assortis d'exemples, et l'on observe que ces critères permettent de valoriser certaines sources anciennes sur des parlers parfois disparus, et de définir une classification interne. L'examen (3.) de langues tibéto-birmanes extérieures permet de conforter nos critères, et d'en préciser le développement historique. Enfin, nous proposons (4.) une reconstruction historique des nappages lingusitiques, puis (5.) souligne la distinction centrale entre modification des langues et modification des ethnies - elles-mêmes d'ailleurs différentes selon qu'on parle des cultures ou des lignées humaines, avant de proposer une piste pour l'examen plus général des langues boro-garo.

The Berber languages are relatively well-studied, and it is possible to explore their geographical extent today and in the past, and also to reconstruct basic and cultural vocabulary which can be attributed to speakers of proto-Berber. However, there is a major problem reconciling this with textual and archaeological evidence. The proto-Berber we can reconstruct seems to be far too recent to match what we know from other evidence; indeed it seems to reach back to period as late as 200 AD. Textual evidence (and Canarian inscriptions) point to a period prior to 400 BC, while the most credible archaeological correlate would be the spread of pastoralism across the Sahara, pointing to the period 5-4000 BP. The paper explores this disjunction and suggests the explanation must lie in massive language levelling in the period from 0 AD. In other words, the original speakers of Berber did indeed spread out westwards from the Nile Valley, 5-4000 years ago, but the diversity which evolved in this period was eliminated by processes which levelled divergent speech forms. Historical linguists have been wary of invoking such processes until recently, but evidence is mounting for their importance in many and varied cultures, including Madagascar. Hypotheses are evaluated to explain the Berber situation and it is suggested that a combination of the introduction of the camel and the establishment of the Roman limes were the key factors in creating this linguistic bottleneck.

This paper describes the Linear A / Minoan digital corpus and the approaches we applied to develop it. We aim to set up a suitable study resource for Linear A and Minoan. Firstly we start by introducing Linear A and Minoan in order to make it clear why we should develop a digital marked up corpus of the existing Linear A transcriptions. Secondly we list and describe some of the existing resources about Linear A: Linear A documents (seals, statuettes, vessels etc.), the traditional encoding systems (standard code numbers referring to distinct symbols), a Linear A font, and the newest (released on June 16th 2014) Unicode Standard Characters set for Linear A. Thirdly we explain our choice concerning the data format: why we decided to digitize the Linear A resources; why we decided to convert all the transcriptions in standard Unicode characters; why we decided to use an XML format; why we decided to implement the TEI-EpiDoc DTD. Lastly we describe: the developing process (from the data collection to the issues we faced and the solving strategies); a new font we developed (synchronized with the Unicode Characters Set) in order to make the data readable even on systems that are not updated. Finally, we discuss the corpus we developed in a Cultural Heritage preservation perspective and suggest some future works.

The slides: https://www.academia.edu/14675424/Minoan_Linguistic_Resources_The_Linear_A_Digital_Corpus_-_SLIDES.

This interdisciplinary study allowed me to establish, on the basis of linguistic, genetic, archaeological, historical and religious data, that linguistic concordances between Gaulish and Slavic were linked with Neolithic migrations from NorthWestern India and Pakistan to Iran, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, the Caucasus, the North of the Black Sea, Danubic and Balkan Europe, Gaul and Iberia, where Neolithic farmers contributed to the formation of the megalithic civilisation which developed in Gaul from 5.000 BC and brought an archaic language stemming from a Trans-Eurasian original language. This explains the linguistic concordances I established between Gaulish and Dravidian languages-250 common words from the 500 words I studied (and 160 with Burushaski), as well as with Altaic, Uralic, Kartvelian, Anatolian and Middle-Eastern languages. This also explains similarities I have found in the organisation of the Society and religion, which lead certain researchers to suggest, on the basis of the spread of the very ancient haplogroup H2 P-96 from India to Western Europe, that first Europeans and proto-Dravidians had an ancient common origin, as macrohaplogroups F and K, from which stem all European haplogroups, and haplogroup H could appear in India.

Stephen Pax Leonard is a Fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge and a Research Associate at the Scott Polar Research Institute. Educated at the University of Oxford, he studied modern and ancient languages before developing interests in linguistic and existential anthropology. He has carried out both linguistic and ethnographic fieldwork in Iceland and the Faroe Islands. More recently, he spent a year living with the Inugguit of north-west Greenland who live in the northern-most permanently inhabited settlement in the world, documenting their vulnerable minority language and spoken traditions.

Il saggio presenta alcune riflessioni di carattere metodologico sulla questione proposta nel titolo, collegandole e riconducendole ad alcuni casi concreti recentemente affrontati dall'autore. Nel saggio si pubblicano due tracce angiolieresche d'area veneta (trevigiana) e un'inedita preghiera-scongiuro duecentesca di aspetto linguistico meridionale; si torna inoltre a discutere dei «Proverbia quae dicuntur super natura feminarum», della canzone ravennate «Quando eu stava» e delle caratteristiche del romagnolo antico sulla base di testi di carattere pratico di provenienza archivistica.

Este artigo pretende chamar a atención sobre a existencia dalgúns fenómenos dialectais que mostran a existencia dunha área xeolingüística galego-asturiana (que inclúe o Baixo-Minho portugués) que xa ten a súa orixe no mesmo momento da romanización. De feito, retómase a noción xeo-histórico-lingüística de Gallaecia Magna demarcada por Joseph M. Piel como locus xeográfico orixinario do nacemento do portugués, do galego e do asturiano. Esta área estaba formada polo noroeste de Portugal, as provincias de Pontevedra, Coruña, Lugo e a metade occidental de Oviedo. Algunhas diferenzas entre galego e portugués (que agrupan galego con asturiano) deben remitirse á inclusión de Galicia e do oeste de Asturias nesta área. Os fenómenos mostran un prolongado contacto galego-asturiano e unha fidelidade do galego e do asturiano a esta área e un comportamento independente e, ás veces, unitario do portugués e do castelán con respecto a estes fenómenos.

"Words and Phrases, Unchanged for Centuries.

Containing a rich glossary and in excess of 300 words and phrases, the texts demonstrate the strength of the Macedonian language through preservation.

Following is a comparison of sentences between the texts and the Macedonian
dialect of Bitola as spoken today.

16th cent., Kostur dialect
21st cent., Bitola dialect

Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostavi ni da spime, ela da jame, i da pieme, dol da pojdime, da rabotime.
Gospodine, brate, da si zdrav, da si prost, ostai ne da spiame, ela da jaime, i da piame, dolu da pojdime, da rabotime.

Imate hljap-o da kupime, imate vino da kupime, ot koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogasko.
Imate lep da kupime, imate vino da kupime, od koja strana da pojdime vo
Bogatsko.

As can be clearly noticed, most of the vocabulary and grammar is identical.
All of the elements that would later be required to rejuvinate the Macedonian people as they were shaking off centuries of subjugation, were present during this period. The language of the people had solidified, a tradition of heraldry and symbolism had developed which incorporated the emblem of a rapant lion and historical figures from Macedonia's past, and the churches continued preserve the local customs and serve as cultural centres for the population. The significance of all these elements together cannot be overstated, the language of medieval Macedonia is the same as the language of the Macedonians today. Unfortunately, only a small portion of the larger amount of Macedonian literature from the Middle Ages has survived, much of it being looted and destroyed by Greek-speaking officials, clerics and teachers. Nevertheless, Macedonian as a language reached its current form centuries before the creation of the Balkan states in the 19th and 20th centuries. "

The work presents etymologies of the Turkic names for the seven most important cereals: barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, rye and wheat. Altogether, 106 names are discussed.
As yet, this subject has not been dealt with as a whole. Propositions for etymologies of various names in single languages are scattered in dictionaries and articles, usually only accompanied by a brief explanation. Here, the author tries to provide a possibly comprehensive commentary.
Each entry presents a list of phonetic variants of the word, an overview of previous etymologies and the author’s standpoint expressed as exhaustively as possible but without loquacity.
The work closes with an enumeration and brief commentary of the most common naming patterns and semantic types which can be distinguished in the presented material.

Livro introdutório ao percurso diacrônico da língua inglesa, desde o protoindo-europeu, passando pelo protogermânico, até as variedades atuais ao redor do mundo. A obra não pressupõe nenhum conhecimento prévio da linguística geral ou histórica, mas oferece breves introduções a áreas principais dessas disciplinas também, de modo a facilitar o tratamento das diversas modificações estruturais que ocorreram ao longo dos séculos e que continuam a se desenvolver hoje. Cada capítulo inclui um panorama da história extralinguística das regiões anglófonas. O texto conta com rica exemplificação na língua original e traduzida, com abundantes ilustrações, mapas e diagramas, com o intuito de enfatizar a estreita relação entre os elementos propriamente linguísticos e o contexto sociocultural.

İkinci kitabım “Antik Türk Yazısı’ndan Uygarlığa” nın İTÜ ve Bilkent Üniversitesi konferanslarında iki perde iki kitaptan sayfalardan anlatımını yapmıştım, ama kitap benden başka kimsede yoktu. Ve ISBN’sini aldığım halde matbaa baskısını yaptıramamıştım.
Araştırması 5-6 sene yazımı yoğun 1 sene sürmüş bir kitap. İçindeki en önemli kısım Zeus’un Oğuz olduğunun keşfi görsel denkliği.
İlk kitabım Türk Hazinesi’ndeki Ares’in Türkçeden çıktığının keşfi de çok önemli ve burada sağlamlanarak tekrarlıyor.
Bu kitabı kağıda bastırıp kitap evi raflarından insanlara ulaşmasını isterdim.
İçinde bulunduğumuz olumsuz koşulları düşündüğümde, kötü bir olasılığa karşı insanları bu çalışmadan bilgilerden keşiflerden mahrum etmek istemedim.
Bu 6 senelik ön çalışma ve 1 senelik yoğun çalışma/yazım ürünü kitap ve içindeki keşifler bilgiler kaybolmasın dedim.
Ölmeye hiç niyetimiz yok tabi.
Allah bana başka bir yerden verir diyorum ve bu içinde Zeus ve Ares keşifleri de olan 2nci kitabı ücretsiz pdf halinde Academia.edu ve Researchgate’den yayınlıyorum.

The paper is my PhD thesis from 2011, submitted to University of Leipzig. In this work I compare modern typological areal patterns in Europe and western Asia with the situation several millenia ago, with data from ancient and reconstructed languages. I attempt to show whether, how, and why these patterns changed or were retained in the past 4000 years. I also describe areal patterns which existed among the ancient languages in the region, but do seemingly not exist anymore, and try to explain how and why they disappeared.

The goal should not be to highlight any language or to trivialize some. Indo-European language theory was built for just such a colonial and racist purpose.I do not have an ideological goal of "Turkish is the greatest". One should be after the truth. Scientists ought to be in favor of bringing the truth to the place it objectively deserves. However, some of them continue to have the same political-ideological aims. Therefore, the Indo-European theory of race and language continues to exist as a totalitarian linguistic theory despite all its uncertainties, contradictions, weaknesses, and the refutation of many of its arguments.

The article I will present below is the newest and most advanced study proving the commonality of Turkish and Sumerian in terms of words, morphology and grammar. Written by a Russian author Kurmaev in 2019. Norm Kisamov translated it from Russian to English and then sent to me. "Between 1914-1915, the German Sumerologist Fritz Hommel compared 200 Turkish-Sumerian words that matched in meaning and phonetics, and wrote an article for a book called "Sumerian is Turkish". However, the article was not published because of the intervening World War I, perhaps because of the racism that started later. A manuscript copy of the article still exists" (1). Noah Kramer, in his publication "Sumerians, Their History, Culture and Character", discussed the Sumerian-Turkish relationship extensively in 1963 (2). Vecihe Hatiboğlu, Osman Nedim Tuna and Olcas Sülaymanov wrote works on the same subject (3). Osman Nedim Tuna published 165 common Sumerian Turkish words (4). Then he increased the number of words. Suleymanov showed 60 common Turkish-Sumerian words only on the subjects of "man, nature and faith" (5). Muazzez İlmiye Çığ, in her book "Sümerler Türklerin Bir Koludur", discussed this relationship extensively and gave many examples of words (1). The most comprehensive Sumerian-Turkish common words list that I have read so far is Polat Kaya's mini dictionary published in English (6). At the end of the article, I will also give many examples from that list.

A contribution to D. Kastovsky and Aleksander Szwedek (eds.), Linguistics across Historical and Geographical Boundaries, vol 1:Linguistic Theory and Historical Linguistics.
Mouton de Gruyter , Berlin / New York / Amsterdam  1986, pp.579 -590.

The recent surge in ancient scripts has resulted in huge image libraries of ancient texts. Data mining of the collected images enables the study of the evolution of these ancient scripts. In particular, the origin of the Indus Valley script is highly debated. We use convolu-tional neural networks to test which Phoenician alphabet letters and Brahmi symbols are closest to the Indus Valley script symbols. Surprisingly, our analysis shows that overall the Phoenician alphabet is much closer than the Brahmi script to the Indus Valley script symbols.

The article deals with the song postil Písně na epištoly a evanjelia nedělní a sváteční (Songs on the Epistles and Gospels for Sundays and Feast Days), written down during the 1570s by the Utraquist priest and follower of Luther Valentin Šubar Lanškrounský and printed during the second decade of the seventeenth century by Jiří Hanuš Lanškrounský z Kronenfeldu and relatives Jan Schumann the Elder. There is a comparison of all five preserved specimens: a manuscript copy (V B 7) and a printing (K16012) from the National Museum Library, two printings from the Education and Research Library of the Pilsen Region (K16012 and K16014), and a printing from the Strahov Library (K16012). Mainly on the basis of chronograms, it has been determined that the previously stated dating of the printed editions was incorrect. The supposedly lost prose "Summas" are found in a specimen dated to 1612, which is the only one also containing a foreword by Valentin Šubar and seven uniquely preserved Easter songs.

Семиотика в Азербайджане: этапы развития или семиотика с  маршрутизатицей в ориентилистику
Semiotics in Azerbaijan: milestones or some itinerary to semiotics with orientalism

Rahilya Geybullayeva
Abstract
Данное исследование посвящено  оценке изучения семиотики в Азербайджане в различные периоды с акцентом на современном-постсоветском периоде. Оно обнаруживает три этапа развития в Азербайджане, а  точкой отчета  можно назвать  1970-е годы – советский период, когда семиотика как наука в Азербайджане формируется в рамках теории  литературы, фольклористики и отчасти лингвистики. Следущим этапом является постсоветский период и начало совместных проектов с Международной ассоциацией семиотики. Важную особенность специфики азербайджанской семиотики определяет предистория - исламский (став частью мусульманского мира в средневековый периода) и доисламский (этнические) элементы культуры. Еще одним этапом – происторическим- можно назвать региональные ососбенности значения-семиотики слов азербайджанского языка.
        В качестве метода дешифровки слов  из азербайджанского языка– на примере религиозных терминов, символов из классической исламской поэзии и некоторых слов каждодневного потребления- мы  используем аджат алфавит и слог, как минимальные единицы носителей семантики.

In this paper, evidence is provided that suggests the Oksapmin language, previously classed as constituting an isolate within the larger Trans-New Guinea family, is related to the Mountain Ok branch of the Ok language family and, by extension, the entire Ok family. A list of cognates and sound correspondences is given, as well as evidence from bound morphology and pronoun